1 00:00:02,490 --> 00:00:32,890 For. So welcome everyone to the first meeting of Trinity Church 2023. 2 00:00:33,770 --> 00:00:40,010 And it's a great pleasure to have Rainier along allow back again, this time as a doctor. 3 00:00:40,250 --> 00:00:44,480 Dr. Rainier, a long life since he spoke to us. He's gained his Ph.D. 4 00:00:47,800 --> 00:00:54,550 And it was a very brilliant page, by all accounts. So let me introduce you to those of you who weren't here before. 5 00:00:54,700 --> 00:01:02,260 Rainier studied religious studies at the University of London and received his M.A. in Central Asian Studies from the Humboldt University in Berlin. 6 00:01:03,450 --> 00:01:10,149 He's a. Dissertation focuses on late medieval clan genealogies done grab and was written within 7 00:01:10,150 --> 00:01:14,590 the framework of the interdisciplinary comparative project visions of Community. 8 00:01:15,820 --> 00:01:23,380 The Present. Granier is the main researcher in the project who just narratives and Tibetan ethno genesis, 9 00:01:23,830 --> 00:01:28,959 which focuses on the textual and social history of a widespread origin narrative of the 10 00:01:28,960 --> 00:01:34,090 Tibetans and its implications for the historical study of ethnicity and nationalism. 11 00:01:35,170 --> 00:01:42,130 His research interests include Tibetan kinship, social history, ethnography and philology. 12 00:01:42,760 --> 00:01:50,190 Virginia over you. Thank you for the introduction and thanks for the invitation. 13 00:01:50,200 --> 00:01:55,780 It's a pleasure to be here and to see familiar faces in the audience. 14 00:01:58,350 --> 00:02:06,629 So today I guess I'll be taking the seminar into a slightly different direction again after the last few instalments, 15 00:02:06,630 --> 00:02:15,370 which were more of a comparative bent and looked at the broader neighbouring cultural contexts and also 16 00:02:15,480 --> 00:02:25,050 broader influences that may explain how treasured literature as it as it is known in Tibet came about today, 17 00:02:25,440 --> 00:02:31,260 will take a more focussed book on specific treasure works within Tibet. 18 00:02:33,150 --> 00:02:38,740 So I went to. They too passed for stations chiefly. 19 00:02:39,040 --> 00:02:48,550 First, though, briefly introduce some of the chief sources I'm working with and we'll be talking about and how they present themselves. 20 00:02:49,870 --> 00:03:02,020 Vis a vis sutra and other types of scripture. Then I'll show a few practical examples of how they cite and use Sugiura. 21 00:03:02,380 --> 00:03:08,920 Then there'll be a bit of a more abstract part where I look at some of the themes 22 00:03:09,340 --> 00:03:13,960 that may derive from Sugiura that influenced the origin story of the Tibetans. 23 00:03:14,140 --> 00:03:18,820 That's number three. And then finally, I'll be looking at. 24 00:03:22,010 --> 00:03:29,600 Some of the Sioux Trust did get mentioned repeatedly across these sources yet that are not known to us anymore. 25 00:03:30,890 --> 00:03:34,520 And see. To what degree? 26 00:03:35,390 --> 00:03:44,299 These sources, these were the sources that we no longer have access to may have been involved in creating the mythology 27 00:03:44,300 --> 00:03:48,470 that we see across all these types of treasure literature associated with something important, 28 00:03:50,060 --> 00:03:55,840 technical problems. I'll be saying slide a lot, which will then cause Anna to move the slide on. 29 00:03:56,030 --> 00:03:58,980 And I could you. Move ahead, please. 30 00:04:00,750 --> 00:04:11,190 So the source that I'm looking at our chiefly these early second millennium treasure texts associated with Empire, 31 00:04:11,220 --> 00:04:22,170 something ascribed to something gone. So chief amongst these are the American Moon, as it is mostly known and the Cochin Kokumo. 32 00:04:22,920 --> 00:04:28,170 These are two rather different works. So the money components are work itself work. 33 00:04:28,260 --> 00:04:39,030 In the narrow sense, it's a collection of various texts. And one of the chief texts in it is the work achievements, the grand, the great history. 34 00:04:40,900 --> 00:04:48,160 So yeah, the money can boom. And chief amongst that in that collection in the Gorky chain was the great history. 35 00:04:49,570 --> 00:04:58,660 And the Great History is basically a large collection of stories concerning look at this forum and it chiefly focuses on at it as such. 36 00:04:59,080 --> 00:05:06,460 Whereas the kitchen procurement is more about something people also considered an emanation of FATA, 37 00:05:07,150 --> 00:05:10,280 but that's very much focussed on Tibet, the Kakuma. 38 00:05:10,300 --> 00:05:17,560 Whereas the money comes as a somewhat broader cosmological perspective and also 39 00:05:18,160 --> 00:05:22,600 chiefly on the side will be looking at various other works such as the percussion, 40 00:05:23,080 --> 00:05:32,260 which is a text in 35 chapters that has been recorded on microfilm by the Nepal German Manuscript Preservation Project, as well as some other. 41 00:05:34,470 --> 00:05:39,540 Texts recorded by them. And as you work on these sources, 42 00:05:39,540 --> 00:05:49,169 it turns out that you really cannot work on them individually so much because all these texts seem to have at some point touched each other, 43 00:05:49,170 --> 00:05:57,750 influenced each other. So I've worked quite a bit on the culture of Kakuma, and there's an article forthcoming on the textual history of that work. 44 00:05:58,650 --> 00:06:03,180 We look at the different excellent manuscripts and. 45 00:06:04,400 --> 00:06:10,650 There, for instance, you'll see that the text. That there are citations. 46 00:06:12,030 --> 00:06:19,889 That are affixed to it, for instance, and in other witnesses you will find them embedded in the text. 47 00:06:19,890 --> 00:06:22,080 You'll also find them embedded in the mine. 48 00:06:22,530 --> 00:06:31,290 You'll find them embedded in, for instance, the memory numbers and key number in the historiography attributed to Yamato. 49 00:06:32,040 --> 00:06:34,830 And many of these texts share bits and pieces of text, 50 00:06:35,640 --> 00:06:44,969 so they're very much interrelated and the textual histories have not been worked up for the yet and for the current curriculum. 51 00:06:44,970 --> 00:06:51,900 I've tried to do that with the available manuscript material that we do have, one that has not yet been done. 52 00:06:51,900 --> 00:06:59,070 And it also seems to be a bit more difficult because that text as opposed to the custom block printed and that seems 53 00:06:59,070 --> 00:07:07,050 to have muted a lot of the different manuscript witnesses that must have existed prior to the work being printed. 54 00:07:10,680 --> 00:07:14,430 Yes. So these sources all are quite. 55 00:07:15,760 --> 00:07:23,709 Unequivocal about their reliance and agreement and based in sutra material and other scriptural sources. 56 00:07:23,710 --> 00:07:31,700 So we're talking to track down to date on the. So one of the most conservative witnesses of the culture of Coca-Cola. 57 00:07:31,700 --> 00:07:40,339 So this is one that has hardly been used or looked at at all in the literature that commences with a homage to Italians. 58 00:07:40,340 --> 00:07:48,410 And then I've looked to Sephora and it says something along the lines of emanations, of opportunities that are unimaginable, unfathomable. 59 00:07:48,710 --> 00:07:52,970 It's the first two or three lines. Then it goes on to say, How do we know this? 60 00:07:55,380 --> 00:08:01,320 And then refers to, first of all, the cuts in Kakuma itself. 61 00:08:02,420 --> 00:08:08,540 And this is also known. There it is. How do we know this is known from numerous through trust, though. 62 00:08:09,020 --> 00:08:18,860 So here is just the actual the little archaic spelling elementary, the thought that we know it is known from viewers through tricks, 63 00:08:18,860 --> 00:08:25,399 which are the word of that photographer and from the testamentary document of King Charles said, emanation of Earth. 64 00:08:25,400 --> 00:08:31,490 Look at this one. So this is a reference to the work itself, the custom procurement. 65 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:36,560 And it seems to be this the testamentary document seems to be the older name for the term. 66 00:08:36,680 --> 00:08:42,290 The name came about only later, and it's not used in this witness of the text. 67 00:08:44,170 --> 00:08:52,150 Much about Africa for them has also been related into Sudan's current of you are the white lotus which is the sadhana from the Rega, 68 00:08:52,600 --> 00:09:00,310 the truly nutso Pedro to pull the Rekha and a number of a girl per temple and so on, as well as in numerous countries. 69 00:09:01,270 --> 00:09:05,069 And you can try to move the slide. Yes. 70 00:09:05,070 --> 00:09:12,150 Wonderful. Perfect. And the money come boom also signals the large role of scripture. 71 00:09:12,480 --> 00:09:15,640 So its first collection was made up of cycles. 72 00:09:16,040 --> 00:09:23,470 The collection is called the Water Cycle, so this is quite obvious that it rub shoulders with children. 73 00:09:25,350 --> 00:09:32,370 And originally, if the index indexes of this collection are any indication, 74 00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:39,329 the Duke or the Sutra cycle seems to have been made up of this great history and two scriptures. 75 00:09:39,330 --> 00:09:45,750 So the two scriptures are the current of U.S. Sutra and what is in Tibetan known as the chuckling gentleness. 76 00:09:45,940 --> 00:09:51,750 So this is a dichotomy text under a thousand armed thousand I'd four of other British foreign. 77 00:09:53,300 --> 00:09:57,960 Now, not only that. The. 78 00:09:58,860 --> 00:10:03,179 Burger chain, the great history. It's made up of 36 chapters, 79 00:10:03,180 --> 00:10:13,049 and four of these explicitly use the word supra or tundra and like one chapter discusses 80 00:10:13,050 --> 00:10:18,540 a list of 22 trials associated with of look at these and cites or paraphrases from them. 81 00:10:19,230 --> 00:10:24,180 Whereas yet another chapter just lists the places where these 21 structures were spoken. 82 00:10:24,840 --> 00:10:34,320 So slide, please. So it's very clear that both the accord and the great history so chiefly focus on the great history. 83 00:10:34,350 --> 00:10:40,620 Again, are there presented alongside Scripture, but also as being inspired by Scripture. 84 00:10:40,980 --> 00:10:49,500 And it's obviously a tough point, an important point as well, that the purported author something was considered an emanation of our forum. 85 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:54,600 So when you look at that citation from the Kakuma, for instance, we know this, 86 00:10:54,600 --> 00:10:57,900 we know it from the testament of the emperor and we know it from through trust. 87 00:10:58,170 --> 00:11:03,600 This really kind of seems to weaken or soften the boundaries a little bit between 88 00:11:03,600 --> 00:11:09,930 what constitutes the rationale for if something is a bodhisattva and his word. 89 00:11:11,800 --> 00:11:15,700 It can perhaps be considered too large to be equal to Mr. Trump. 90 00:11:15,700 --> 00:11:22,780 So it's actually interesting how it presents itself alongside a list of food trust flight, please. 91 00:11:24,650 --> 00:11:31,130 So now we'll be looking at some practical instances of where these sources actually cite and use scripture. 92 00:11:31,460 --> 00:11:35,270 So very interestingly, the just conservative redaction of the Kakuma, 93 00:11:35,510 --> 00:11:42,450 it opens up with this to not associated fractal imagery from the other comes across. 94 00:11:42,450 --> 00:11:52,910 So what I mean by this fractal imagery is you get this picture of a group that with worlds being created and in these worlds other worlds appear. 95 00:11:52,920 --> 00:12:00,680 In these worlds, numerous manifestations appear like a reverse of like one of these Russian nested dolls. 96 00:12:02,350 --> 00:12:08,980 And is this that's known from the Democrats who would run. In fact, it explicitly references it. 97 00:12:09,910 --> 00:12:11,320 Slide, please. 98 00:12:12,190 --> 00:12:20,040 But the interesting thing is that here it does not centre around virtue or not, even though it mentions stuff the Democrats who travel its stars up. 99 00:12:20,050 --> 00:12:31,950 Look at these foreign. So this is a motive that we'll keep running into whether sources are being used and relied upon. 100 00:12:33,090 --> 00:12:39,450 Yet their representation doesn't quite align with the canonical versions of these texts we know. 101 00:12:39,880 --> 00:12:45,870 So they become more if we look at this for Iraq after we get terrorised, so to speak. 102 00:12:46,590 --> 00:12:49,560 Slide, please. Then. 103 00:12:51,580 --> 00:12:59,500 The Great History also uses such imagery to describe a look at each party's activity and interest as it goes a little bit further. 104 00:13:01,420 --> 00:13:05,980 So beyond words that are imitated, so are Tibet and Sultan Gumbel and his wives. 105 00:13:06,010 --> 00:13:12,940 This passage has been translated by Capstone, and he rightly considered that a very interesting passage, 106 00:13:13,210 --> 00:13:22,720 because it really ties Tibet into this larger Buddhist cosmology involving Buddhist duties to India, then Tibet. 107 00:13:22,990 --> 00:13:30,520 So it really moves away from seeing Tibet as this isolated place, but ties in to this broader cosmology. 108 00:13:31,210 --> 00:13:36,340 Slide, please. The same thing is happens in this percussion. 109 00:13:37,430 --> 00:13:41,089 Where, again, you get this as again mentioned by name. 110 00:13:41,090 --> 00:13:44,870 Yet the star is often pretty far. A slide. 111 00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:54,379 Then the Kakuma also produces the Koran of you are to help frame the origin stories 112 00:13:54,380 --> 00:13:59,510 of both Africa differs engagement with Tibet and the Jewish community statue. 113 00:14:00,110 --> 00:14:03,470 So the way it does this is quite interesting. It's quite subtle really. 114 00:14:04,040 --> 00:14:14,299 So it presents a, an episode where I look at it before I speak into Amitava Amitava dispatch his application for it to go check up on shocking people, 115 00:14:14,300 --> 00:14:23,180 the Buddha because he realises he is about to die and he sends them off to ask him to please stay living. 116 00:14:23,930 --> 00:14:34,490 So he travels to shock him when he. And then in the Kakuma in search of passage where we find the bodies of survived never an fish coming. 117 00:14:37,110 --> 00:14:40,260 Expressing the desire to go see other British foreign. 118 00:14:42,330 --> 00:14:46,470 And wondering about the qualities of the British FA. And this is from the Koran. 119 00:14:46,560 --> 00:14:49,680 If you are sutra and the text says so as well. 120 00:14:50,010 --> 00:14:55,500 So here in the middle of this narrative, you get a reference from the Koran you have and it's name dropped. 121 00:14:56,400 --> 00:15:02,810 And then the text goes on to say at that very moment and the story goes on and they start to arrive. 122 00:15:02,820 --> 00:15:04,650 So now we're outside of the ground of you are. 123 00:15:06,170 --> 00:15:13,340 But the story goes on and I've looked at each one of them, ends up being charged with money by U.S. money to go into Tibet. 124 00:15:13,710 --> 00:15:17,510 There are good days where I ask [INAUDIBLE] would you please take because you haven't been to Tibet yet. 125 00:15:17,510 --> 00:15:20,510 The Tibetans have not been tamed. You should stay. 126 00:15:20,990 --> 00:15:25,970 Your task is not complete yet. And the Buddha goes, That's on you. 127 00:15:26,110 --> 00:15:29,510 That'll. That'll be your job. That be your task to fulfil in the future. 128 00:15:30,200 --> 00:15:35,960 Then people also ask, So if such money is to die, who will tame the heretics? 129 00:15:38,600 --> 00:15:44,510 No these types of worries his followers have. And in response to that, also statues are commissioned. 130 00:15:44,810 --> 00:15:48,350 And this is to Georgia, the Jewish icon when his statue. 131 00:15:50,120 --> 00:16:00,710 So here the current view was briefly inserted to give this entire narrative to imbue it with the authority of the centre. 132 00:16:02,030 --> 00:16:07,440 Slide, please. We also find. 133 00:16:10,560 --> 00:16:14,020 Marla. In the kitchen. 134 00:16:14,020 --> 00:16:17,560 We're in the great history. So this story is quite well-known. 135 00:16:18,010 --> 00:16:28,040 It's a famous Buddhist narrative that appears in various forms across a bunch of scripture in Tibet. 136 00:16:28,060 --> 00:16:33,550 Arguably, it's best known from the sewage of the wise and the foolish that some really don't. 137 00:16:35,660 --> 00:16:40,670 And there again, the story features shocking features shocking when he put up. 138 00:16:42,340 --> 00:16:49,810 Who encounters a person who has been duped into murdering a thousand people in order to. 139 00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:53,850 Attain rebirth among the plasma gods. 140 00:16:54,330 --> 00:17:03,060 So this figure is misguided by his heretic teacher and he killed a whole bunch of people to attain his goals. 141 00:17:03,570 --> 00:17:07,530 Then after he was murdered, a 999 people, he's about to kill his mother. 142 00:17:08,130 --> 00:17:14,790 The thousandth person to attain his goal is a disappointed chuckling when he sends an animated monk. 143 00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:25,080 Who distracts, who decides who killed that monk and goes after disseminated monk. 144 00:17:25,770 --> 00:17:29,399 But he can't get closer. And the monk speaks to him. 145 00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:32,610 Klimala tells him, You have been duped, you have been misguided. 146 00:17:32,610 --> 00:17:37,980 What you are doing is sinful, and upon hearing this angrily materialises, 147 00:17:38,340 --> 00:17:46,560 realises his mistake and becomes a follower of the Buddha and even attains enlightenment in the end of the story. 148 00:17:47,610 --> 00:17:55,439 Slide, please. The interesting thing now again, in the money come the story of angry, modest, rather centred round of lucrative farm. 149 00:17:55,440 --> 00:18:03,590 So again, we find scriptural precedent which gets presented in a different way, reframed around of look at Jewish Pharaoh. 150 00:18:04,140 --> 00:18:09,660 So here the story goes, all money to me. Next, the body that found Lord of Compassion area. 151 00:18:10,110 --> 00:18:14,190 What I did as follows Because are erratic with wrong views at all. 152 00:18:14,400 --> 00:18:19,410 The short, strong and ugly matter. They would become a Buddha if he murdered a thousand people. 153 00:18:19,830 --> 00:18:26,940 He killed 999 people when he was preparing to murder the one remaining person to be killed. 154 00:18:27,300 --> 00:18:31,860 The Lord of compassion. Aria of looking that looked on with compassion. 155 00:18:32,960 --> 00:18:40,970 He emanated as the sun took some good up and said to unruly Milo was set to experience the suffering of coursing around 18 held realms. 156 00:18:41,300 --> 00:18:46,790 All money demon. Thus unduly modest suffering from heat turned into well-being, 157 00:18:47,480 --> 00:18:52,490 and when the thought of the lion's strength arose in the attain unsurpassed enlightenment. 158 00:18:53,030 --> 00:18:57,290 This is the first chapter on Uncle Émile being taken out of [INAUDIBLE]. 159 00:18:58,460 --> 00:19:05,530 So here, clearly the story gets revamped. Instead of shock to him when he Buddha emanating a monk, 160 00:19:05,990 --> 00:19:16,550 we have of reputation for emanating a Buddha in rather than a brief but dire sermon on the sinfulness of his actions. 161 00:19:17,870 --> 00:19:25,399 It simply uses the six syllable mantra, or Moneypenny, which is the mantra of Abdul Kadesh Fara in the Koran of us, 162 00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:32,270 who, through this source, is eminently important, as we will see a slight piece. 163 00:19:34,950 --> 00:19:44,340 Now something similar happens in a quote from the opportunities for a not so subtle CA just 108 names of lubrication. 164 00:19:44,670 --> 00:19:53,250 This is also among the 21 scriptures that are repeatedly referenced in the language and other sources as well. 165 00:19:55,080 --> 00:19:58,890 So in this passage you can click on the next slide already on a. 166 00:20:02,490 --> 00:20:08,340 Praising Africa days for Abyei has 108 names, promises a range of benefits. 167 00:20:08,910 --> 00:20:15,250 So here you can see. And one who does that will be reborn. 168 00:20:16,340 --> 00:20:20,360 In bad realms will not be. You will not go to a VCE Hill. 169 00:20:21,170 --> 00:20:25,670 Whoever gets up in the morning and reads it or has it read or recites it. 170 00:20:26,390 --> 00:20:30,500 His body will not contract. Leprosy will won't get lung disease. 171 00:20:32,560 --> 00:20:37,420 When you die, you'll be reborn in poverty. You will remember your births and so on and so forth. 172 00:20:38,080 --> 00:20:44,950 A slide, please. And this very same passage is also cited in the great history. 173 00:20:45,430 --> 00:20:52,010 So here the you on the line text is. Very much what we read just now. 174 00:20:52,100 --> 00:20:57,649 There are some differences in in the exact formulation, but it's clearly the same passage. 175 00:20:57,650 --> 00:21:02,600 And the sources mentioned as well, the ten that's accepted or subsumed, probably 180 names. 176 00:21:03,080 --> 00:21:04,760 Now you can move to the next slide. 177 00:21:05,330 --> 00:21:12,870 The interesting thing here, though, again, the benefits do not come from the 108 names, but from the mantra Money, Moneypenny, you know. 178 00:21:12,920 --> 00:21:24,260 So once again, who tries used? But it seems to be bent in the direction of the money companies chief aim which is. 179 00:21:27,790 --> 00:21:41,100 To promote the mantra or make them young. It's not quite obvious to me to what degree there is conscious authorial intent behind all these changes, 180 00:21:41,110 --> 00:21:47,290 because many of these citations seem to, of course, from text to text and there. 181 00:21:48,290 --> 00:21:52,490 Are obvious mistakes that enter in the accrue. 182 00:21:55,940 --> 00:22:05,000 Transmission errors. Sometimes citation particles turn into or get turned into paraphrases. 183 00:22:05,420 --> 00:22:12,080 So there are many. Yeah, it's very unclear whether this person sat down, had this to track, 184 00:22:12,230 --> 00:22:18,530 changed it, or rather whether they had access to this citation from elsewhere. 185 00:22:18,740 --> 00:22:26,840 So for the interesting thing, this thing this very citation also appears at the end of Groucho Wong's when he. 186 00:22:29,420 --> 00:22:32,180 And there, too, it says humanitarian. 187 00:22:34,050 --> 00:22:39,750 So it's clear that at least one of the two is likely to not read the soldier, but they take the citation as they find it and use it. 188 00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:43,530 But it fits the larger project of the work. 189 00:22:43,920 --> 00:22:47,610 The slide, please. Now. 190 00:22:51,780 --> 00:22:58,280 Many chapters of the great history are. Straightforwardly based on passengers from the current one. 191 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:02,940 So some examples. And this is not an exhaustive list. 192 00:23:04,720 --> 00:23:11,300 Chapter 11 is the body's up far short of any pattern of his coming and his quest for the mantra of money from evil, 193 00:23:11,530 --> 00:23:16,210 which is what the he was really at heart about his quest for this month the. 194 00:23:18,110 --> 00:23:26,070 The Chapter 26 focuses on African Jewish pharaoh, who, in the form of a man, visits a destitute, poor and suffering diva, 195 00:23:26,370 --> 00:23:33,210 asks him for food, and he says, I don't have anything I can give you, anything you please go look in your house. 196 00:23:33,480 --> 00:23:39,390 And he enters to only to find his rooms overflowing with food and riches. 197 00:23:39,510 --> 00:23:50,639 And this then leads later on into chapter, into a brace of quotation from the chapter 27 is obligated for saving 500 traders 198 00:23:50,640 --> 00:23:55,330 from a fractious invested island in the form of the worst King Abdullah. 199 00:23:58,130 --> 00:24:07,550 Chapter 22 as allocated for our rain food from the sky to tame meat eating beings in Magadan in India. 200 00:24:07,560 --> 00:24:11,780 This is also from the ground of you have. And Chapter 23. 201 00:24:12,020 --> 00:24:20,810 As I've looked for, I've travelled to Single Island as a black man boy and marry these rock rocks to see women in order to tame them. 202 00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:33,979 Slide, please. Now let us now have a look and take it from a different tack and look at some of the 203 00:24:33,980 --> 00:24:38,900 differences in the origin story of the Tibetans as we find it in the great history. 204 00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:45,740 So there are two, two main classic sources for this origin narrative, which is quite well known, 205 00:24:45,740 --> 00:24:53,950 I'm sure you've heard of it, where the Tibetans supposedly descend from a monkey and a rock grew like a truck. 206 00:24:53,960 --> 00:24:58,270 Through what? Now the story appears in many permutations. 207 00:25:00,330 --> 00:25:11,070 You can slide. But there are notable differences between the Akuma and the Monica. 208 00:25:13,100 --> 00:25:17,570 So the cocoon, the conservative version of it, does not use all money at all. 209 00:25:18,650 --> 00:25:21,920 Not a single time, not in all its pages. It doesn't use them under. 210 00:25:23,690 --> 00:25:34,940 It also has the monkey and Jimenez first have a single child, which then become four and then eventually 400, and he's branched off into four groups. 211 00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:41,660 And these are associated also with the Four Horns of Tibet, but also with the young IMU. 212 00:25:42,140 --> 00:25:47,810 So there are four internal groups of the ancestral lands of Tibet. 213 00:25:48,650 --> 00:25:58,580 So the number four pops up in the Kakuma. Although in the early redaction of the Kakuma, the monkey is just a monkey is a Buddhist. 214 00:25:58,580 --> 00:26:04,780 It's a monkey. He's not a rookie. Dishwater. No in the money. 215 00:26:04,780 --> 00:26:10,520 Come boom. All of this changes. So the story immediately opens up the. 216 00:26:11,770 --> 00:26:15,790 The offspring goes from 1 to 6. 217 00:26:16,390 --> 00:26:23,560 And this seems to be a case where the demands of narrative symmetry change the content of the work. 218 00:26:27,740 --> 00:26:36,890 So six mirrors the six syllables of the six syllable mantra, obviously, but also the six realms of rebirth. 219 00:26:37,100 --> 00:26:41,570 And this is explicitly cited. So they get six children. 220 00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:47,540 They get six children. And each one of them is reborn from a different realm in the universe. 221 00:26:51,380 --> 00:26:58,910 And it also mirrors the six perfections, which also appear in this version and in this version of the origin story. 222 00:26:58,910 --> 00:27:05,880 And Monika. So here narrative symmetry seems to change. 223 00:27:07,190 --> 00:27:11,140 The number of offspring from four. Two six. 224 00:27:12,770 --> 00:27:18,370 And this also actually, interestingly, returns India in the Tibetan flag. 225 00:27:18,380 --> 00:27:27,680 So the Tibetan flag has six sunrays. And the official symbol logical explanation of that is that it represents the six original clans of Tibet. 226 00:27:29,060 --> 00:27:37,040 So if my reading here is correct that India's very current of you were in infused setting, 227 00:27:37,670 --> 00:27:45,200 the narrative was again slightly changed much in the way that we saw with the previous stories. 228 00:27:47,440 --> 00:27:57,110 The number of claims moved from 4 to 6. In likely emulation of these Buddhist notions and Buddhist themes. 229 00:27:57,110 --> 00:28:00,830 The Sixth Woman Through the Six Realms of Rebirth. The Six Perfections. 230 00:28:02,510 --> 00:28:07,730 What also happens in the money is that the monkey becomes becomes equated with other lucrative foreign. 231 00:28:08,390 --> 00:28:12,140 And this is yet another instance where you see text perhaps influencing each other, 232 00:28:12,140 --> 00:28:16,610 because then in later productions of the cartoon, the monkey also becomes dishwater. 233 00:28:16,850 --> 00:28:24,630 But originally it seemed to have not been. Then it also inserts Buddhist sermons. 234 00:28:25,720 --> 00:28:27,910 Which also picks up on this. 235 00:28:30,570 --> 00:28:38,550 Theme we find in such a book is that fans engage with people they want to team by through gifts, material gifts, and through gifts to Dharma. 236 00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:47,130 This is also mentioned in this origin story where these four are charged with taming the Tibetans through material gifts and through gifts of Dharma. 237 00:28:48,610 --> 00:28:51,820 But the letters I really followed up on in the Kakuma. 238 00:28:52,210 --> 00:28:59,200 But it gets picked up on in the camp and then you get a lot of drama content added to this chapter. 239 00:29:00,500 --> 00:29:06,980 And slide, please. And the interesting thing in these changes is that so now in the money cam boom, 240 00:29:07,430 --> 00:29:11,540 we actually find a police officer himself marrying a bloodthirsty, sexy. 241 00:29:12,570 --> 00:29:21,240 So the Roxy herself becomes more bloodthirsty. So in the CARCAMO, she is surely a violent and bloodthirsty being. 242 00:29:21,990 --> 00:29:29,380 But she is. She threatens to commit suicide if the monkey does not bear with her, does not meet with her. 243 00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:33,990 So she says. You should meet with me. And if you don't, I will die right here. 244 00:29:34,440 --> 00:29:39,540 And I will die filled with hatred. And therefore I will surely be reborn in [INAUDIBLE]. 245 00:29:40,380 --> 00:29:47,790 And that will be on your conscience. Surely keeping your vows and doing your meditation thing in here. 246 00:29:50,260 --> 00:29:53,860 But that happening is worse than you just marrying me. 247 00:29:54,730 --> 00:30:00,820 And then he goes off and speaks to abductees forever and gets permission and marries her. 248 00:30:01,120 --> 00:30:05,560 And they get children. But in the money come, woman. 249 00:30:06,280 --> 00:30:12,660 It's the it's put the bodies out for himself, obviously, who now meets with the reactions to the sin. 250 00:30:13,510 --> 00:30:18,459 And so this is interesting. So some of these themes, they really seem to be present in Kakuma, 251 00:30:18,460 --> 00:30:25,330 but I wonder they certainly become more pronounced here when you consider the fact that the 252 00:30:25,330 --> 00:30:31,840 current of you are so important in giving direction to the narratives that we find in them. 253 00:30:31,840 --> 00:30:42,070 When it comes to the fact that here it is, the poor result from Mary's advocacy, that's an element you also find in the Koran, the fewer the wary. 254 00:30:43,150 --> 00:30:50,559 Turns up they want to marry him and he does. He says, I will marry you if you will give up your if you will abandon your bad ways. 255 00:30:50,560 --> 00:30:56,680 And they do. So he uses it as a means to civilise bloodthirsty beings. 256 00:30:58,360 --> 00:31:07,360 Yet another nice little detail alongside the introduction of the six syllable mantra and the number six and the bodies of himself being the chief. 257 00:31:08,480 --> 00:31:13,360 Missionary agent. From that. 258 00:31:14,190 --> 00:31:20,760 There's another interesting little overlap with the current viewer, because that clue contains a chapter that we briefly discussed just now. 259 00:31:21,540 --> 00:31:27,019 Where? It introduces five types of agricultural produce. 260 00:31:27,020 --> 00:31:30,350 And this is also an element we find in these origin stories of the Tibetans. 261 00:31:30,710 --> 00:31:36,080 So I wonder whether some of these elements actually derive from Buddhist scripture. 262 00:31:38,550 --> 00:31:47,470 You can move the slide. And I'll come to the final just point and I will be touching on some unknown scriptures. 263 00:31:47,980 --> 00:31:53,350 So the grade two history repeatedly invokes a set of 21 scriptures I've looked for. 264 00:31:53,350 --> 00:32:01,870 I already mentioned this briefly before. Parties are grouped into a set of 14. 265 00:32:03,200 --> 00:32:06,980 Which hour of look days for I related data needs. 266 00:32:08,260 --> 00:32:13,110 And a group of seven scriptures that are described as soon as you could tend to. 267 00:32:13,120 --> 00:32:18,820 They didn't think it so so draws on the benefits of hearing the name of architectural. 268 00:32:20,490 --> 00:32:27,940 The first. That is listed off the set of 14 is The Gentle Museum, 269 00:32:28,700 --> 00:32:35,899 which is the text that was included in the sutra cycle of the money come the first 270 00:32:35,900 --> 00:32:40,520 text of the second set is current of you were which was supposedly also included. 271 00:32:41,360 --> 00:32:50,130 So these are two important works. Some of the other names are rather mysterious and enigmatic. 272 00:32:50,670 --> 00:32:55,730 So there are. A few that are quite easily identified. 273 00:32:56,650 --> 00:33:01,450 And some that I still have not been able to identify. They also use different names. 274 00:33:01,460 --> 00:33:06,160 This is not completely unknown. This is not unparalleled that soldiers have multiple names. 275 00:33:06,640 --> 00:33:12,430 But if, for instance, references one send up also Dampier do so. 276 00:33:12,490 --> 00:33:16,420 The soldier, the thoroughly teachers, the list of names. 277 00:33:17,260 --> 00:33:22,930 And I have never heard of this name before, and I couldn't find it anywhere either. 278 00:33:24,310 --> 00:33:31,510 But there is a citation and that clarifies that this is in fact a reference to the kind of you are sutra, 279 00:33:31,630 --> 00:33:38,740 which has a chapter that focuses on opportunities for. Got a slide, please? 280 00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:46,170 Yeah. So. And you can move onto the next slide as well. 281 00:33:47,820 --> 00:33:55,130 So these seven include the Koran, the shooting incident, one recount, another one, Erica Putra, probably the corona. 282 00:33:55,350 --> 00:33:59,429 The recap, although the citation is hard to trace, nobody here. 283 00:33:59,430 --> 00:34:06,900 I want to focus on two that are cited throughout like throughout much of this literature. 284 00:34:07,980 --> 00:34:12,300 That have proven elusive to me anyway. Slide, please. 285 00:34:13,050 --> 00:34:22,560 So the first one is to not talk radio. So this work is cited or at least mentioned in numerous early Tibetan works. 286 00:34:22,560 --> 00:34:24,450 So I've come across references, 287 00:34:24,660 --> 00:34:31,590 references to it in the money come in various reductions of the kitchen cloakroom up in different places and in different contexts, 288 00:34:31,590 --> 00:34:34,410 sometimes with citation, sometimes without. 289 00:34:35,820 --> 00:34:44,790 It's cited in the memo announcing that it cited in young gross or the historiography attributed to Young another. 290 00:34:46,730 --> 00:34:53,880 It pops up in these other. Susan Gumbel. 291 00:34:56,870 --> 00:35:01,309 Testaments that have been recorded by the Nepal German Manuscript Preservation Project. 292 00:35:01,310 --> 00:35:05,350 So it seems to have been. A rather well-known works at some. 293 00:35:06,510 --> 00:35:10,920 Bunch in the tradition, it was certainly quite well known. 294 00:35:12,960 --> 00:35:17,580 With this, like some of these other sources appears under a wide variety of titles. 295 00:35:17,580 --> 00:35:18,719 It makes it more difficult. 296 00:35:18,720 --> 00:35:28,890 So these include true not so pedal to long spell differently not saltwater not torpedo talk troubadour true moon paratrooper do. 297 00:35:31,010 --> 00:35:38,360 And then you get references where you clearly have the same setting with the name of the subject changes. 298 00:35:38,360 --> 00:35:47,659 Then you suddenly they talk about the parts and do. And that also appears in a variety of names of true but certain two parts touching it. 299 00:35:47,660 --> 00:35:55,760 All parts are true. For instance. And it's it was unclear to me in the beginning whether this actually refers to the 300 00:35:55,760 --> 00:36:01,370 same two or three because two different contexts or just different readings of that. 301 00:36:01,370 --> 00:36:06,110 But in the end, I think this letter is actually a different sort. 302 00:36:07,940 --> 00:36:12,499 So we're dealing with the true nuts. So. You can move the slide if you. 303 00:36:12,500 --> 00:36:18,910 If you would honour. Know there's one long citation in there in the Monica. 304 00:36:20,580 --> 00:36:33,870 Where the content of the citation maps quite well. If the contents of a text that is preserved in the control. 305 00:36:34,930 --> 00:36:43,750 Twice, no less. Although quite interesting one took a young she was also the Diana named mother of aria and look at this photo. 306 00:36:46,880 --> 00:36:51,320 You can move the slide again. But there are some problems with this. 307 00:36:52,570 --> 00:36:55,590 Because. The. 308 00:36:59,020 --> 00:37:04,810 It's when you look at the student in the cannon, there's no indication whatsoever why this should be called to not talk about. 309 00:37:04,960 --> 00:37:11,950 That's one thing. Second of all, the citation is that in finally, where is the money come in another chapter. 310 00:37:11,950 --> 00:37:17,410 It's quite clear about the setting of this. True. Not so, Pedro, which is Mount Malaya. 311 00:37:18,310 --> 00:37:23,980 So this is a bit tricky. And then we find a second citation which indeed seems to reflect a different text. 312 00:37:24,460 --> 00:37:34,400 We can move to the next slide. And the other citation is this one here, and that gives us an impression of the contents of this truck, 313 00:37:34,400 --> 00:37:38,420 which was so widely referred to in this early literature. 314 00:37:39,560 --> 00:37:48,250 So at that time, the bulk of upset at the peak of Mount Malia. A retinue of countless staffers, as expensive as the ocean's become, 315 00:37:48,250 --> 00:37:55,560 emulated him and then set down the bucket that began to speak on the great virtues of for quote. 316 00:37:55,660 --> 00:37:57,790 So this is now the Buddha speaking about every British. 317 00:37:57,790 --> 00:38:05,990 But the one known as I view British fries foremost among bodies, the first in world realms equal in number to the world realms. 318 00:38:06,010 --> 00:38:10,990 The great trickling causes, which are as numerous as grains of sand in river Ganges. 319 00:38:11,440 --> 00:38:16,030 The emanates is 1002 Buddhas and then works for the sake of sentient beings. 320 00:38:16,510 --> 00:38:28,899 Thus has been put forth that to not talk the. So here it states through a trial that we no longer seem to have where abrogation 321 00:38:28,900 --> 00:38:35,560 of features the chief body's outcome even the emanation or source of Buddhas. 322 00:38:36,070 --> 00:38:41,040 So we're very much along the lines of some of the strands we find in the money come from. 323 00:38:44,340 --> 00:38:50,310 It's a source that we no longer know of that doesn't seem to have been retained. 324 00:38:51,530 --> 00:39:00,740 You can move to the next text. And the second text that is mentioned often is the number that. 325 00:39:01,410 --> 00:39:08,190 So here again, it's cited in many works and it appears and with different names here, it's a bit worse. 326 00:39:08,580 --> 00:39:14,850 So we find none what troubadour number they can't put simple digit number triplet 327 00:39:15,030 --> 00:39:18,840 being the group of number watching the door and door to door number two. 328 00:39:23,610 --> 00:39:29,370 So some of these names sound like certain other soldiers, but I have not been able to pin this down either. 329 00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:38,360 A slide. But here again, we get a nice, very long citation from this source, 330 00:39:38,360 --> 00:39:48,950 which again gives us a few of the source material that the trade ins behind the money behind the auditor general in Manitoba seemed 331 00:39:48,950 --> 00:39:57,230 to have had that their proposal quote the duck of upset in the grove appreciate that data from it together with numerous followers. 332 00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:08,510 At that point, magical emanations of reputation were teaching down in the six realms, amazed at the dharma of who taught the bhagavAn to smile. 333 00:40:09,530 --> 00:40:14,360 Subsequently, many rays of light burst forth and disappeared into crown of Ted. 334 00:40:15,480 --> 00:40:20,830 Anonymous said the following to the about. Why did you smile? 335 00:40:21,750 --> 00:40:24,490 Navarro replied. Oh, son of good family. 336 00:40:24,730 --> 00:40:33,370 Right now, the Buddhist area reputation for having created magical, miraculous displays is thoroughly ripening scented beings. 337 00:40:35,200 --> 00:40:38,440 Some emanations went to the data realm and are teaching other. 338 00:40:39,460 --> 00:40:47,480 Some emanations went to the US who are around and are teaching Dharma. Some emanations went to the human realm and our teaching dharma first, 339 00:40:48,330 --> 00:40:54,180 which is to the best ends first thought we gathered them with material gifts and then it completely ripened them with the dollar. 340 00:40:54,390 --> 00:40:57,990 So here again, you get this element that you also find in the origin story of the Tibetans. 341 00:40:59,070 --> 00:41:03,650 But this happens in this occurs, many such trust continues. 342 00:41:03,660 --> 00:41:09,270 Some emanations went to the [INAUDIBLE] realm and are teaching dharma. The flaming iron buildings were destroyed. 343 00:41:09,690 --> 00:41:16,530 The Iron family trees toppled to unaffordable river to calm down the trenches with red 344 00:41:16,530 --> 00:41:22,380 fire cooled down to bronze skills broke and turned into ponds covered with flowers. 345 00:41:23,710 --> 00:41:30,550 Some emanations went to the greater realm. Flows of ambrosia flowed from the ten fingers of their hands. 346 00:41:30,970 --> 00:41:34,120 Rivers of divine ambrosia flowed from the ten toes of their feet. 347 00:41:34,570 --> 00:41:37,960 Rivers of ambrosia flows all their force. And thus. 348 00:41:38,920 --> 00:41:42,430 They satiated all hungry ghosts or predators? 349 00:41:43,650 --> 00:41:47,370 Some emanations finally went to the animal realm and went inside the animal's 350 00:41:47,370 --> 00:41:51,719 ear canals and proclaimed obedience to the Buddha's obedience to the Dharma, 351 00:41:51,720 --> 00:41:55,030 obedience to the Sangha. Obeisance to how they look at dishwater. 352 00:41:56,010 --> 00:42:00,900 And by doing so, all these animals after passing on were reborn among gave us and humans. 353 00:42:02,290 --> 00:42:06,010 So here we seem to have to try where again after British foreign is. 354 00:42:07,260 --> 00:42:11,540 Chief. Is so true. Power is unparalleled. 355 00:42:11,550 --> 00:42:17,820 He travels to all realms. And interestingly he is invoked alongside the three Ratana as well. 356 00:42:18,310 --> 00:42:21,360 So stars now alongside the Buddha, the diamond, the sun. 357 00:42:25,330 --> 00:42:30,010 And there is another citation from this text, which is more interesting even. 358 00:42:30,730 --> 00:42:41,540 And could you move to the next slide? And that citation appears in the gun picture in a memo announcing that in the meantime, 359 00:42:41,540 --> 00:42:45,950 you put on the tube and it may occur in other other sources as well. 360 00:42:46,550 --> 00:42:51,320 I would be somewhat surprised if it doesn't, but that's those are the words I've come across. 361 00:42:52,070 --> 00:42:55,100 And you can toggle the next the next slide. 362 00:42:59,150 --> 00:43:03,740 So in this passage, what happens is very interesting. 363 00:43:04,460 --> 00:43:12,710 So what we read just now is very much in the realm of a Buddha sutra, as you might expect one to be translated from Sanskrit. 364 00:43:13,430 --> 00:43:22,850 But in this passage, so again cited from the same source you can see in the lower fields, Tibet appears. 365 00:43:24,350 --> 00:43:27,380 So here again, we have this imagery of worlds being created. 366 00:43:28,220 --> 00:43:33,680 And towards the bottom here, it says so in its jumbled vapour. 367 00:43:34,130 --> 00:43:39,830 So now we're already deep into the creation of these images, of these various worlds in each movie. 368 00:43:39,830 --> 00:43:44,390 But there was a in the right text here. 369 00:43:45,800 --> 00:43:55,490 A barbarian world that is a reference to Tibet in each of these terrain and a gap of sorts annotated on the Moreira two. 370 00:43:56,210 --> 00:44:04,600 So in each of these. Tibet. Emanated it. 371 00:44:04,600 --> 00:44:08,560 KING Sorenson. Gumbel KING Sorenson and his two wives. 372 00:44:09,550 --> 00:44:14,160 And after having made it, they worked for the sake of beings. 373 00:44:15,190 --> 00:44:16,270 So here we are. 374 00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:26,770 If the citation, if we go by the citation and we can get into the details of whether we can, because I'm not necessarily convinced that we can. 375 00:44:27,190 --> 00:44:34,330 But if we go by the citation, so here we then have a sutra that speaks about King Sultan. 376 00:44:35,260 --> 00:44:41,200 And his wives and how they are emanations or how some term is an emanation of our reputation for our in a soldier. 377 00:44:42,270 --> 00:44:47,210 And this text was cited widely. So. 378 00:44:50,780 --> 00:44:53,300 In this suit. Again, we don't have. 379 00:44:53,750 --> 00:45:02,200 So it's very interesting to see this passage and for it to contain some of the imagery that we associate with this early treasure literature. 380 00:45:02,680 --> 00:45:09,440 It is being attributed to a Sutro. And it gets a little more interesting still. 381 00:45:09,440 --> 00:45:15,530 I actually came across a passage just this weekend when I was reading it and just really feels familiar. 382 00:45:15,770 --> 00:45:20,050 I'm not could you move the slide then? 383 00:45:20,210 --> 00:45:28,230 We're in the third chapter of the burger chain. We seem to find like a slightly inflated version of this very same narrative. 384 00:45:28,740 --> 00:45:37,170 But here it's not credited to a sutro. This is standard fare, it seems to be, because many of the chapters, for instance, 385 00:45:37,170 --> 00:45:46,530 are styled after the middle or the the view, and they get changed a bit as to some of the citations. 386 00:45:48,160 --> 00:45:55,690 But when you compare, some have highlighted in colouring some of the shared elements in the upper row. 387 00:45:57,710 --> 00:46:05,810 The correspondences are relatively generic, although this group apart object thing become really it's not quite so common, 388 00:46:06,200 --> 00:46:12,590 but especially when you look at the lower half. Here again you find in the text of the the great history. 389 00:46:12,920 --> 00:46:18,470 Again this doubling rarer in each jumbled viper. You a veteran listener? 390 00:46:19,520 --> 00:46:24,770 Which appears in all the other citations as well. And to the north. 391 00:46:25,720 --> 00:46:29,590 Of these budget arsonists. There is a barbaric country. 392 00:46:30,120 --> 00:46:41,799 We land here. The north north of such rationale is retained in two of the stations, whereas the barbaric land is retained in the other side. 393 00:46:41,800 --> 00:46:47,430 Taken. The lower down, we find the line. 394 00:46:48,900 --> 00:46:53,100 Give us something to look forward to. Memorial to truth. Through again. 395 00:46:53,100 --> 00:46:57,320 We have. This image of worlds being emanated. 396 00:46:59,750 --> 00:47:03,200 Getting good VPA. We could fetch an astronaut to the north of its rostrum. 397 00:47:03,290 --> 00:47:10,130 We get a barbaric country, and in this barbaric country you get emanations of King Sultan and his two wives. 398 00:47:10,400 --> 00:47:14,000 And then they work the wheel of beings that work for the sake of beings. 399 00:47:14,780 --> 00:47:22,099 And to move to the next slide and some of the insert of material very much seems to fit the 400 00:47:22,100 --> 00:47:31,970 type of material that we find the great history inserting we're often name the material about. 401 00:47:34,030 --> 00:47:40,970 Right from the kind of you are. So here he mentions the horse ballet. And 11 faced of look at dish photo. 402 00:47:44,060 --> 00:47:51,920 And in the lower portion macaroon up and damnation of numerous six syllable mantras. 403 00:47:54,720 --> 00:48:01,260 So my hypothesis is that here in the third chapter of The Great History, in fact, 404 00:48:01,260 --> 00:48:07,620 we are looking at a piece of text that builds on a sutra that is no longer extant. 405 00:48:10,160 --> 00:48:15,640 And this is quite interesting because this passage has also been transmitted by Capps to me, 406 00:48:15,650 --> 00:48:26,000 understandably called it an important innovation in America, where Tibet gets folded into this broader Buddhist world. 407 00:48:26,750 --> 00:48:36,170 But if these citations pertained in the percussion and the metronomes that are what we want to go by, 408 00:48:37,220 --> 00:48:42,890 this text seems to not have been an innovation, but have been taken straight from a sutra. 409 00:48:44,990 --> 00:48:50,330 Now the fact that this drop mentions Tibet and it mentioned Sultan may have been 410 00:48:50,810 --> 00:48:55,520 but I'm purely this is all purely speculative now may have been the reason why 411 00:48:55,700 --> 00:49:01,790 later on the Sioux tribe was perhaps not considered authentic and not included 412 00:49:01,790 --> 00:49:06,140 in the cannons because it doesn't seem to have been included in the cannons. And I cannot find it anywhere. 413 00:49:06,620 --> 00:49:11,180 So it seems to be seems to have gone and it seems to no longer be extant. 414 00:49:13,340 --> 00:49:24,620 But then these passengers. Said quite interesting late on the sources that the people behind the money still seem to have had at their disposal. 415 00:49:24,890 --> 00:49:29,990 I know. Could you move to the final slide and we're coming to the end of the presentation? 416 00:49:30,950 --> 00:49:41,209 Just some conclusions then. It is quite obvious that the British scripture inspired and in many instances even provided written material 417 00:49:41,210 --> 00:49:48,740 for this early treasure literature ascribed to swords and customs and when it comes in related texts. 418 00:49:50,210 --> 00:49:56,470 Slide. And very interestingly. 419 00:49:57,460 --> 00:50:04,090 There seemed to have been suture that are no longer extant that may have provided an important impetus to Tibet. 420 00:50:04,300 --> 00:50:10,300 I've looked for a mythology to these treasured texts, which we may see as innovative, 421 00:50:10,990 --> 00:50:18,090 maybe less innovative than previously believed and may have banked on through trust. 422 00:50:18,400 --> 00:50:22,030 Maybe partly localised. Maybe even indigenous creations. 423 00:50:22,030 --> 00:50:28,750 Because who's to say? But texts that were believed to be. 424 00:50:30,450 --> 00:50:38,490 Genuine stories that in part included very much the materials that we find in these early treasure sources. 425 00:50:39,970 --> 00:50:47,230 So that is all from my side. If you move to the last slide, that will be visually there as well. 426 00:50:48,100 --> 00:50:49,870 Thanks for your attention.