1 00:00:15,920 --> 00:00:21,590 Good afternoon. Welcome, everyone to this treasure seminar, part of the fourth series. 2 00:00:22,190 --> 00:00:28,700 It is my great pleasure to introduce Frank Barnett, a friend and colleague from Norway. 3 00:00:29,570 --> 00:00:38,540 Our pair is professor emeritus at the University of Oslo, where he has served 32 years as professor of history of religions. 4 00:00:39,170 --> 00:00:49,219 His research covers a huge range of topics, but his main focus has been Tibetan burn religion, on which he has published really extensively. 5 00:00:49,220 --> 00:00:56,690 And a proof of that is a very recent book which is just being printed out right now, put together with Dean Martin, 6 00:00:56,750 --> 00:01:02,930 which includes a translation of the historical Chronicle text from the 12th century. 7 00:01:03,650 --> 00:01:13,010 The book is called Drink Proclamation The Rise and Decline of the Roman Religion in Tibet, and has been published by factual publications in Katmandu. 8 00:01:13,430 --> 00:01:20,360 So this is where you should go to get a copy. And I hope very much that I will also show us how the book actually looks like, 9 00:01:20,510 --> 00:01:28,160 because we've been hearing about it over all these years when the work was in progress and it has been a lot of work. 10 00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:31,550 Now, thank you and welcome, everyone. 11 00:01:32,650 --> 00:01:40,540 Now the phenomenon of sacred texts hidden for generations and then discovered and made use of when the time is ripe, 12 00:01:41,410 --> 00:01:48,010 has been elucidated from various cultural and religious contexts in the course of this seminar series. 13 00:01:49,460 --> 00:01:53,750 Lest anyone should think that this is a phenomenon restricted to the Indo-tibetan sphere, 14 00:01:54,170 --> 00:02:00,800 I would like to remind you of the talk by the anthropologist Charles Stewart, which was given on the 3rd of November last year. 15 00:02:01,460 --> 00:02:06,110 It has been downloaded as a podcast so you can listen to it at any time. 16 00:02:08,740 --> 00:02:19,840 In his book, Charles Stewart shows how Greek Orthodox Christian icons have been according to local beliefs unearthed on the Greek island of Naxos. 17 00:02:21,020 --> 00:02:25,640 By locals to whom the location was revealed in dreams. 18 00:02:26,390 --> 00:02:32,150 Subsequently, the icons became the focus of extensive devotion on national level, 19 00:02:32,480 --> 00:02:39,170 and the place of the discovery has been developed into a major pilgrimage goal, which is still is today. 20 00:02:40,860 --> 00:02:49,290 Now a similar phenomenon, but involving texts rather than paintings has been widespread in Tibet since at least the 11th 21 00:02:49,290 --> 00:02:54,840 century and has been the major source of religious authority and prestige until this state. 22 00:02:55,880 --> 00:02:59,390 Such texts are called thermal pressures. 23 00:03:01,620 --> 00:03:07,169 Crucial constituent Parts of the Buddhist and dominant narrative of Tibetan history and 24 00:03:07,170 --> 00:03:13,830 identity are anchored in certain texts that are considered to be such turmoil as we will see. 25 00:03:14,130 --> 00:03:17,190 The same is true in the case of the burn religion. 26 00:03:20,690 --> 00:03:28,310 The phenomenon of turmoil has been explored by a number of scholars such as Janet Gusto, Michael Aris and Dan Martin. 27 00:03:29,540 --> 00:03:35,660 The remarkable book by Tuco the Rim Butcher entitled Hidden Key Hidden Teachings of Tibet. 28 00:03:35,930 --> 00:03:41,360 An explanation of the Term Tradition of the Numa School of Buddhism was published 29 00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:47,270 in 1986 and deserves to be mentioned among the earliest studies as well. 30 00:03:50,090 --> 00:03:59,510 However, Robert Meyer has made a particularly important contribution by opening up the vistas of the larger range of hidden text phenomena, 31 00:03:59,810 --> 00:04:06,140 not only in the Tibetan but in other Buddhist traditions as well, notably India and China. 32 00:04:07,310 --> 00:04:13,850 This broad approach has characterised the treasure seminar and I'm sure it will take a long time for everyone 33 00:04:14,150 --> 00:04:20,830 to digest all the new information and insight which has been present in the course of these lectures. 34 00:04:21,890 --> 00:04:29,330 However, my talk this afternoon is not on the drama of shocking money and its developments in India and Tibet. 35 00:04:29,810 --> 00:04:40,580 The focus is on them. As the adherents call it, Yong dung burn Eternal burn, a Tibetan religion which claims a completely different origin. 36 00:04:42,660 --> 00:04:48,150 The proceeding. I have to make it clear that the term burned is an ambiguous one. 37 00:04:49,470 --> 00:04:54,270 To clarify it, I suggest that we distinguish between four uses of the term. 38 00:04:55,700 --> 00:05:00,410 First, the term boom probably basically means ritual. 39 00:05:01,320 --> 00:05:06,450 But it is also used to designate a cluster of various non Buddhist religious beliefs 40 00:05:06,450 --> 00:05:11,490 and practices on the Tibetan Plateau during the period of the Tibetan Empire. 41 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:22,630 7 to 9 centuries. These beliefs and practices do not necessarily form a codified or even coherent religious system. 42 00:05:23,140 --> 00:05:30,700 They are documented mainly from the Tibetan Imperial Court, but they by no means exclusively reflect the courtly culture. 43 00:05:31,740 --> 00:05:37,590 Of the centralised Tibetan empire there, evidenced by pillar and rock inscriptions for central Tibet, 44 00:05:38,010 --> 00:05:43,720 as well as animalistic and of particular importance for what we're discussing here. 45 00:05:43,740 --> 00:05:47,670 Ritualistic texts, especially from the cache, 46 00:05:47,670 --> 00:05:58,770 the so-called library of manuscripts discovered in the Buddhist caves at Wang in north western China at the beginning of last century. 47 00:06:01,550 --> 00:06:05,450 With heaven knows something about the rituals of burn in this sense. 48 00:06:05,630 --> 00:06:14,210 But we have no reason to believe that at this time we presented a centralised or well-organised doctrinal system, 49 00:06:14,540 --> 00:06:20,150 nor, as is sometimes maintained, that it had the shamanistic character, even in a loose sense. 50 00:06:21,110 --> 00:06:25,130 It might have had such a character. But the fact is that we do not know. 51 00:06:28,250 --> 00:06:34,370 Second, the term burn may be used, at least for reasons of convenience, 52 00:06:35,120 --> 00:06:40,820 to cover beliefs and practices at the local level in the 10th to 12th centuries. 53 00:06:40,940 --> 00:06:49,460 That is after the demise of the Tibetan Empire. Occasionally, but not always with antecedents in the imperial period. 54 00:06:51,120 --> 00:06:54,299 Most forces ritual and mythological texts, 55 00:06:54,300 --> 00:07:03,870 especially those found in the Dung Stupa Hookah in south eastern central Tibet in 2006 and published in Lhasa the following year. 56 00:07:05,130 --> 00:07:15,210 These texts have elicited considerable scholarly response by, among others, John Barletta, Daniel BORUCKI, Tony Huber and Charles Rambo. 57 00:07:17,240 --> 00:07:19,910 The Guttman texts are important as they, 58 00:07:19,910 --> 00:07:28,070 to some degree bridged the gap between the old Tibetan texts of the imperial period and the scriptures of Eternal Burn, 59 00:07:28,310 --> 00:07:40,410 which constitute a next category. So the third meaning of burn is documented by post 10th century texts and the accompanying rituals and beliefs, 60 00:07:40,950 --> 00:07:48,059 which by then by the 10th century or early 11th century at the latest were in the process 61 00:07:48,060 --> 00:07:57,150 of coalescing probably in central Tibet into a religion styling itself eternal then. 62 00:07:58,190 --> 00:08:06,710 This is a religious phenomenon existing indeed, in some respects flourishing until the present day in Tibet and now also in exile. 63 00:08:07,040 --> 00:08:13,790 And even among Western adherents, it will henceforth be the centre of attention of my talk. 64 00:08:15,360 --> 00:08:19,709 Eternal burn is not unconnected with the preceding category. 65 00:08:19,710 --> 00:08:29,750 That is the governments, groups and so on. But at the same time, this new complex religion borrowed a wide range of cosmological ideas, 66 00:08:29,900 --> 00:08:34,160 meditation techniques and philosophical concepts from Buddhism. 67 00:08:35,350 --> 00:08:41,650 It must be emphasised that in this relationship, Buddhism also received elements from them, 68 00:08:42,010 --> 00:08:49,150 such as the cult of the Loot, the aquatic and subterranean spirits equated to some extent with the Indian Naga. 69 00:08:53,480 --> 00:09:00,290 Finally. There exists a wide range of still current religious beliefs and practices, 70 00:09:00,920 --> 00:09:07,490 chiefly among along the Himalayan margins of the Tibetan Plateau, including Nepal. 71 00:09:08,630 --> 00:09:12,530 There are sometimes, but not always referred to locally as Burma. 72 00:09:13,790 --> 00:09:22,730 These phenomena to some extent continue beliefs and practices from the second category, and they may or may not be influenced by kind of. 73 00:09:22,870 --> 00:09:26,500 Ben Huber in his monumental study, 74 00:09:26,510 --> 00:09:33,200 Source of Life has provided a uniquely detailed study of such ritual specialists whom he 75 00:09:33,200 --> 00:09:40,460 refers to as shamans in Northeastern come in the adjacent areas of ultra natural Pradesh. 76 00:09:41,840 --> 00:09:50,160 The almost vanished tradition and the rituals specialists called new on the chin, high guns, suborder and their vast literary heritage. 77 00:09:50,180 --> 00:09:54,530 The ritual texts should probably also be placed in this category. 78 00:09:57,590 --> 00:10:02,030 It is crucial to distinguish these four meanings of the term burn, 79 00:10:02,900 --> 00:10:08,150 which are related to each other, although to varying degrees, and which are still far from clear. 80 00:10:09,320 --> 00:10:14,719 I would like to repeat that there are no Tibetan texts or inscriptions from the imperial 81 00:10:14,720 --> 00:10:20,300 period that can be securely dated earlier than the seventh century for Common Era. 82 00:10:20,780 --> 00:10:26,150 It is therefore misleading to refer to burn in Imperial Period as pre Buddhist. 83 00:10:29,790 --> 00:10:34,470 Before proceeding. I should make two further clarifications. 84 00:10:35,070 --> 00:10:38,850 First, I consider, as you already will have understood, 85 00:10:39,360 --> 00:10:48,900 that the burn religion that is young burn is a distinct religion in spite of its sharing a large number of elements with Buddhism in Tibet. 86 00:10:50,130 --> 00:11:00,660 My main reason for asserting this is that from the point of view of the adherents of the doctrine, although eternal and unchanging, 87 00:11:01,050 --> 00:11:09,510 was founded as far as our present cosmic era is concerned by the enlightened teacher compassion from the 88 00:11:09,510 --> 00:11:16,170 ruler of the realm of one balloon ring situated vaguely in the western part of a continent of the people. 89 00:11:16,440 --> 00:11:24,739 Hence not at all in India. Moreover, he is believed to have lived many thousands of years before. 90 00:11:24,740 --> 00:11:25,490 Shakir Mooney. 91 00:11:25,850 --> 00:11:36,559 In fact, Shakir Moon is sometimes stated in numerous texts to being a divine Prince was ordered by Trump of Shinra living in one of the heavens, 92 00:11:36,560 --> 00:11:42,860 but ordered by compulsion to take birth in India. 93 00:11:45,200 --> 00:11:50,630 As a human to overcome a demon who is propagating a false doctrine. 94 00:11:52,160 --> 00:12:02,990 The one being so the narrative goes, is born as a prince in the Shakya clan and as such successfully overcomes the demon, 95 00:12:03,260 --> 00:12:15,650 thus establishing Chu that is Dharma, the dharma of shock harmony, which ultimately is no different from its own, but in other words. 96 00:12:16,160 --> 00:12:23,120 But this is according to a prevalent view among the adherents of been simply an ad hoc form of been. 97 00:12:24,110 --> 00:12:28,670 This is why I maintain that it is reasonable to regard burn as a distinct religion. 98 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:37,750 In this characterisation, I follow the understanding of the adherence to bend themselves. 99 00:12:38,230 --> 00:12:44,050 But of course, as a historian, I have to maintain that, just as in the case of Buddhism. 100 00:12:47,470 --> 00:12:51,250 As it became in the former became dominant in Tibet. 101 00:12:52,380 --> 00:13:00,510 The origins of Yangon. Burma must, in the main, be so in the period of the second propagation of Buddhism in Tibet. 102 00:13:01,080 --> 00:13:05,100 In other words, in the late 10th century and the following centuries. 103 00:13:08,210 --> 00:13:15,890 Given that, according to Byrne, there is ultimately no irreconcilable difference between Byrne and Buddhism. 104 00:13:16,310 --> 00:13:23,780 One may ask why the nevertheless tends to exist, according to Byrne antagonistic relationship between the two religions. 105 00:13:24,680 --> 00:13:30,740 The standard Byrne narrative is that while the Dharma shock community is true and pure, 106 00:13:31,130 --> 00:13:43,100 it was of course at the time mixed with what bumble texts call the evil spells of India and hence became a false and harmful doctrine. 107 00:13:46,190 --> 00:13:51,980 The propagator of this evil to this evil Dharma in Tibet was, above all, 108 00:13:52,340 --> 00:13:57,709 the Indian tantric master, Padma Sumbawa, who gained the favour of the Tibetan Buddhism. 109 00:13:57,710 --> 00:14:02,960 That's a swathe of the latter, to banish the burned priests from his realm. 110 00:14:04,390 --> 00:14:13,930 Thus, by means of this narrative, those who wish to establish pre Buddhist credentials during the second propagation of Buddhism in Tibet would 111 00:14:13,930 --> 00:14:21,790 explain why Berne shared basic elements of doctrine with Buddhism and at the same time explain why Buddhism, 112 00:14:21,910 --> 00:14:27,760 as introduced into Tibet during the Tibetan Empire, was a pernicious and perverted doctrine. 113 00:14:34,550 --> 00:14:37,970 When the priests were expelled from Tibet in the eighth century. 114 00:14:38,720 --> 00:14:41,800 In some deaths, the later young, 115 00:14:42,110 --> 00:14:50,480 the narrative maintained that the priests took some of their sacred texts with them and that they hid others in various places, 116 00:14:50,720 --> 00:15:00,910 mostly in central Tibet. These hidden hidden texts or terma will later be rediscovered or literally extracted in the future, 117 00:15:01,420 --> 00:15:06,310 thus ensuring that the doctrine of burn would be propagated and flourish once more. 118 00:15:07,690 --> 00:15:11,830 This largely parallels the Buddhist narrative, which emerged at the same time. 119 00:15:12,220 --> 00:15:15,700 That is from the 11th century onwards, according to which, of course. 120 00:15:15,700 --> 00:15:23,920 But most notable is the hero, the initial mission master who hid Buddhist texts for the benefit of future generations. 121 00:15:27,320 --> 00:15:33,650 When the study of Burn of Young London was established in the West in the mid and late 1960s, 122 00:15:34,370 --> 00:15:38,390 it soon became clear that this religion, just like Buddhism in Tibet, 123 00:15:38,870 --> 00:15:44,120 possessed a vast corpus of sacred texts dating from various periods, 124 00:15:44,330 --> 00:15:49,610 although none of them could be dated to an empire or even before the 10th century. 125 00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:58,220 It was also clear that a large number of the texts, perhaps the majority, at least of the older ones, were thermal. 126 00:16:00,980 --> 00:16:04,879 However, before we can develop this topic of turmoil further, 127 00:16:04,880 --> 00:16:11,480 I have to say something about two seminal works that were published at this early stage of Urban Studies in the West. 128 00:16:12,050 --> 00:16:15,410 That is in the late 1960s and early 1970s. 129 00:16:16,880 --> 00:16:22,490 The first was a selection of passages translated from Tibetan by David Snelgrove. 130 00:16:23,440 --> 00:16:30,730 With the help of a learned monk fencing number from a 12 volume 14th century work entitled The Zig. 131 00:16:32,370 --> 00:16:35,699 Attributed to a burning visionary Lord. 132 00:16:35,700 --> 00:16:42,360 The new pope was born in 1360, is year of death of a known, but probably 14 six. 133 00:16:44,010 --> 00:16:49,829 These selected passages gave a systematic presentation of the entire end range 134 00:16:49,830 --> 00:16:55,900 of doctrine and rituals organised by the bumpers and what they call bags. 135 00:16:56,520 --> 00:17:00,780 The main ways of vehicles corresponding to the Sanskrit term Yano. 136 00:17:02,140 --> 00:17:07,810 The study of these texts led Snelgrove to the conclusion that Young Bern comprises the 137 00:17:07,810 --> 00:17:13,990 entire range of religious beliefs and practices in Tibet from divination and magic. 138 00:17:14,280 --> 00:17:17,350 The most sophisticated philosophical speculation. 139 00:17:19,090 --> 00:17:23,770 In this respect. The profile, if we can use that term of young Don then, 140 00:17:24,430 --> 00:17:30,370 is very similar to that of the Buddhist humour tradition which emerged as a specific 141 00:17:30,370 --> 00:17:34,810 school during the Lakewood propagation at the turn of the first millennium. 142 00:17:35,260 --> 00:17:43,660 That is at about the same time as younger men and has much the same kind of eclectic or all inclusive nature. 143 00:17:46,280 --> 00:17:55,700 The other work is a translation with an important introduction by something else and Committee of Historical Narrative by Boehm Scholar. 144 00:17:56,300 --> 00:18:00,290 Shards of Glass dating from the 1920s. 145 00:18:01,190 --> 00:18:07,190 Something Gibson himself came from a burn community in the Tibet of Chinese borderlands but settled 146 00:18:07,190 --> 00:18:14,840 into the West by the early 1960s and soon became and has remained a brilliant and prolific scholar. 147 00:18:16,460 --> 00:18:26,360 This story of graphic work is particularly detailed when it comes to explaining how, when and where a large number of burned treasures came to light. 148 00:18:27,290 --> 00:18:33,200 The title of the book is A Treasury of Good Sayings A Tibetan History of the Collections of. 149 00:18:36,100 --> 00:18:46,810 Now combining the rich information in this book, which extensively quotes older sources with the chronological data offered in a tendency, 150 00:18:47,170 --> 00:18:55,990 a chronological table composed in 1842 by the celebrated bumper scholar Naima Tenzing, who was born in 1813. 151 00:18:59,080 --> 00:19:05,200 A cancer which I had published and translated in October in Italia 1971. 152 00:19:05,920 --> 00:19:14,020 It is possible to establish at least a tentative chronological framework for the post-imperial England religion. 153 00:19:16,220 --> 00:19:24,320 A couple of years later, basing myself on a catalogue of the canonical scriptures by the same scholar Numa Tenzing. 154 00:19:24,890 --> 00:19:31,370 I presented a complete, although very summary inventory of all the texts contained in the burn canon, 155 00:19:31,910 --> 00:19:38,480 which is referred to by the Bamforth as the CoQ10, or as with the Buddhists as the conjurer. 156 00:19:40,100 --> 00:19:45,050 The inventor was published in the in the Iranian Journal in 1974. 157 00:19:45,980 --> 00:19:52,880 For each text, the inventory states whether the text in question is a terma and who the treasure finder is. 158 00:19:54,550 --> 00:20:01,420 So by combining this information with the references in the Treasury of good scenes and the chronology of animal testing, 159 00:20:01,750 --> 00:20:05,500 a picture emerged of the burned copies of canonical scriptures. 160 00:20:08,700 --> 00:20:14,490 After this long, but I think necessary contextual presentation. 161 00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:25,440 I shall finally turn to the actual burn on hidden texts, the chronology and classification based on the works of Nick McKenzie. 162 00:20:26,920 --> 00:20:36,340 It is true that a deeper study of the works of other and more detailed catalogues of the 100 which have become available since the 1970s, 163 00:20:36,790 --> 00:20:41,590 would provide many adjustments, refinements and, of course, fresh problems. 164 00:20:42,160 --> 00:20:50,319 But the old line, which I shall present here, would not, I think, be fundamentally altered for those, however, 165 00:20:50,320 --> 00:20:59,170 who would like to study more detailed catalogues, not to mention the composition and competence of the entire uncontrolled, 166 00:20:59,740 --> 00:21:07,870 I refer to the introduction written by Dan Martin in the work call entitled A Catalogue of the Burn Conjurer, 167 00:21:08,140 --> 00:21:19,510 edited by the then Martin Yasuhiro Nagano and Myself, published in Osaka by the National Museum of Knowledge in 2003. 168 00:21:24,730 --> 00:21:35,050 According then to burn narratives, the coming to light of hidden burned texts began in 913 of the Common Era. 169 00:21:36,060 --> 00:21:42,000 Personally, I feel the data can be questioned as perhaps being somewhat early. 170 00:21:43,580 --> 00:21:52,460 Be that as it may, the earliest discovery, at least one of the earliest occurring to younger burn took place at the Buddhist monastery of Summit, 171 00:21:52,760 --> 00:21:55,820 a monastery dating back to the eighth century. 172 00:21:56,790 --> 00:22:02,000 The protagonists here are three errant monks, Axelrod says. 173 00:22:02,510 --> 00:22:07,130 Transcript. Asked audio from the pope. We're not pompous at all. 174 00:22:08,090 --> 00:22:15,950 Their sole purpose, it said, in coming to some you, was to obtain gold by fair means or foe. 175 00:22:16,730 --> 00:22:23,389 At some you they found a box and stole it in the belief that it contained gold to their disappointment, 176 00:22:23,390 --> 00:22:26,690 one must assume the contents turned out to be books. 177 00:22:27,080 --> 00:22:32,060 So later they exchange some of the books for food and continued their wanderings. 178 00:22:34,080 --> 00:22:43,950 The colourful account of this event, as narrated in the Treasury of Good Sings and translated by something else, and Kermit is worth quoting. 179 00:22:44,790 --> 00:22:52,260 It gives an impression of the authenticity, not least because of the complete absence of supernatural elements. 180 00:22:52,560 --> 00:22:59,400 Special reads a somewhat abridged quotation from this text. 181 00:23:01,790 --> 00:23:09,260 Because of news reaching the ears of the three Nepalese or Chaudhry house that one could get all the gold wanted in Tibet. 182 00:23:10,080 --> 00:23:14,840 On inquiring they were told that in some year there was a lot of gold. 183 00:23:15,960 --> 00:23:21,250 They went to some you. As they were performing circum ambulation and the like. 184 00:23:21,550 --> 00:23:26,500 The custodian of the temple led them into the temple and then went away, closing the door. 185 00:23:27,510 --> 00:23:31,770 The Met Police saw a box sealed with bronze and lifting it. 186 00:23:32,070 --> 00:23:35,490 They found it was very heavy. Thinking it must be gold. 187 00:23:35,940 --> 00:23:39,659 They took it to the place in the valley. And then them there. 188 00:23:39,660 --> 00:23:44,940 They broke the seal, looked inside a tiger bag, a leopard bag, and the bareback were revealed. 189 00:23:46,080 --> 00:23:51,210 On being open. They were found to be full of burnt texts. Then they proceeded to turn on. 190 00:23:52,080 --> 00:23:58,530 By the time they arrived there, the rituals had run out. And so one stayed behind to look after the bags. 191 00:23:59,070 --> 00:24:03,240 And as the other two were searching for food. They heard drum beats in the village. 192 00:24:03,960 --> 00:24:10,230 They asked what was going on there and were told that the one who called Taiji to sing was performing a rite. 193 00:24:11,820 --> 00:24:16,260 They told him that they had some burnt texts and we're going to give them to him in return. 194 00:24:16,650 --> 00:24:19,920 In return, they begged for food, so he gave them beer. 195 00:24:20,370 --> 00:24:27,690 And though the barley flour and the carcase of meat, they returned with him and told him it could take one volume. 196 00:24:28,150 --> 00:24:32,910 It took out one volume from the beer bag. It was the burn rate of the body. 197 00:24:32,910 --> 00:24:36,510 So the basic text together with its concrete. 198 00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:47,680 In the report. It is worth noting that this discovery, if we may call it that, was made at some gave the importance of this monastery, 199 00:24:47,680 --> 00:24:55,000 the oldest in Tibet founded by the in Patrice on death sometime in the latter part of the eighth century is well known. 200 00:24:56,680 --> 00:25:02,380 In the letter religious epics centring on Padma Sumbawa and the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet. 201 00:25:02,620 --> 00:25:05,979 It is, at least in some sources not written, 202 00:25:05,980 --> 00:25:15,310 but soon after its foundation not only Buddhist but also burned texts were translated into Tibetan as some of the Buddhist texts, 203 00:25:15,320 --> 00:25:21,640 translated, of course, from Sanskrit, and the text translated from the language of Changchun. 204 00:25:22,870 --> 00:25:31,329 Now, Shanksville was a kingdom conquered by the Tibetans in the seventh century and subsequently considered by the Danes of Jordan, 205 00:25:31,330 --> 00:25:40,540 burned once they appeared on the scene as a realm where their texts had been preserved for centuries before finally being translated into Tibetan. 206 00:25:42,020 --> 00:25:48,920 This is supposed to have happened in the Temple of Overlook at Borough at some year on the orders of Emperor Jesus on deaths. 207 00:25:49,610 --> 00:25:53,690 In fact, the burn, the historiographical narrative, which I refer, 208 00:25:54,260 --> 00:26:02,720 which honour kindly referred to in our introduction, that from the 12th century Tempus proclamation, 209 00:26:03,740 --> 00:26:09,290 and which is probably earlier than the fully developed Padma Sumbawa epic emphasises 210 00:26:09,290 --> 00:26:14,050 the ambiguous relationship of the Emperor towards Buddhism as well as both. 211 00:26:15,710 --> 00:26:19,250 In any case, there's no doubt that in the 10th or 11th century. 212 00:26:21,400 --> 00:26:28,660 There was a period of change and innovation in Tibetan history in the course of which the multiple 213 00:26:28,660 --> 00:26:35,000 religious traditions from which ultimately there is within schools emerged as well as the. 214 00:26:38,050 --> 00:26:42,970 Not only the somu terma found by the three police search areas, 215 00:26:43,360 --> 00:26:49,120 but a number of other early hidden treasures appeared to have been discovered by accident. 216 00:26:49,750 --> 00:27:00,100 Thus, in 1962, a crack in the pillar at some year disclosed the texts which Cole younger Kamal is considered the discoverer. 217 00:27:02,290 --> 00:27:10,420 We also have texts buried in the ground being discovered by hunters digging for a stone, perhaps to make a fireplace. 218 00:27:10,810 --> 00:27:14,020 Having no interest in the texts, they simply sold them. 219 00:27:14,920 --> 00:27:24,370 Likewise, we are told, of a group of Buddhists in the 11th century who are looking for Buddhist texts yet about zong moussa. 220 00:27:24,760 --> 00:27:31,809 But finding only burned texts is so. We also hear about guidebooks. 221 00:27:31,810 --> 00:27:38,500 Caution often come across by chance, which describe how to find a particular turmoil. 222 00:27:39,830 --> 00:27:48,830 This was the case with the Treasury revealed a quarter W was born in 2024. 223 00:27:50,780 --> 00:27:59,690 Who discovered texts a puddle in present day become The guide was given to him by his father. 224 00:28:00,110 --> 00:28:11,060 So it's quite a prosaic thing. It was given to him in compensation for not legally recognising his son as legal U.S. 225 00:28:11,330 --> 00:28:18,500 So he got this guide and they set off reached Puddle and the Treasury of Good Sayings tells us that I quote. 226 00:28:19,100 --> 00:28:22,460 He began to dig according to the measurements in the guide. 227 00:28:23,390 --> 00:28:27,720 He found a rocky cave with four doors inside the first store. 228 00:28:27,740 --> 00:28:37,160 There was a built in the second and upright bill in the third, a horoscope chart and the fourth razor with a flat bell. 229 00:28:37,190 --> 00:28:47,030 The repaired bone texts with upright fill, Buddhist texts, horoscope chart, astrological texts, and with the razor medical texts. 230 00:28:49,270 --> 00:28:56,500 It's worth noting that the burn texts constitute only one part of the texts discovered. 231 00:28:57,220 --> 00:28:59,870 This is often the case with early abandonment. 232 00:29:03,360 --> 00:29:11,969 It is possible to see the succession of three stages in the history of the appearance of hidden texts in the religion in the period, 233 00:29:11,970 --> 00:29:15,300 and focusing on that is from the 10th to the 14th century. 234 00:29:16,350 --> 00:29:25,590 The first period is the one we have already dealt with. That is the period which we can cross of a model assigned to the 10th and 11th century. 235 00:29:27,310 --> 00:29:35,320 In a number of cases, these texts came to light by chance, and the discoveries are characterised by the absence of supernatural elements. 236 00:29:36,520 --> 00:29:41,230 The individuals who make the actual discoveries are often depicted as unaware 237 00:29:41,410 --> 00:29:46,060 or uninterested in the texts which have unexpectedly come into their hands. 238 00:29:46,690 --> 00:29:58,590 And they sometimes seem to be at a loss. What to do with the. However, after this initial period in the course of the 11th and 12th century, 239 00:29:59,310 --> 00:30:09,480 the discoveries tend to be surrounded with increasing frequency by supernatural phenomena such as premonitory dreams, visions, prophecies, said. 240 00:30:10,940 --> 00:30:19,760 An extremely important figure at the beginning of this second period, which to some extent overlaps with the end of the first is change in Lugo. 241 00:30:22,870 --> 00:30:26,200 He's a key figure in the history of them. Hidden texts. 242 00:30:26,440 --> 00:30:33,220 And this discovery, dated to 1007 ten, include numerous important texts. 243 00:30:34,390 --> 00:30:44,800 What distinguishes. Him, however, was that the discovery was preceded by several years of preparation, 244 00:30:45,310 --> 00:30:53,440 culminating in the series of visions in which supernatural beings of various kinds revealed the place with a cache of texts. 245 00:30:53,590 --> 00:31:06,770 The terma where had. Since Beluga has been studied in depth by Dan Martin in his book Unearthing Bernard Treasures, published in 2001. 246 00:31:07,990 --> 00:31:13,300 And I recommend this work to anyone who is interested in the broader phenomenon of karma. 247 00:31:14,780 --> 00:31:23,270 Here's an excerpt from a 14th century text quoted by Dan Martin, which purports to reproduce Shanshan Lugar's own words. 248 00:31:23,600 --> 00:31:32,020 So I quote, When I reached my 13th year, my father said, You and Hunka run the log of epic white Dungeon and. 249 00:31:33,440 --> 00:31:44,230 So with that said, we went. I left Gecko to pick Jim and I went to find timber in a further valley where a voice spoke from the sky saying, 250 00:31:44,620 --> 00:31:49,720 Shin Luger, Shall I bestow the spiritual power on bone of bone? 251 00:31:51,160 --> 00:31:59,110 The place where I stood shook and the crevice in the rock was filled with liquid, thinking this to be the spiritual power. 252 00:31:59,500 --> 00:32:01,960 I kept it secret, even from my parents. 253 00:32:04,340 --> 00:32:15,110 Then I read the bridge a bit here, then followed six years of various adventures during which he became partly crippled, duties back being broken. 254 00:32:16,130 --> 00:32:22,880 He then turned to religion and requested various teachings and initiations from above. 255 00:32:24,440 --> 00:32:28,850 As a result of this, his spiritual power, which had been lost, reappeared. 256 00:32:29,900 --> 00:32:36,080 However, his father died. So to spend several years on the memorial observances and that he had to marry. 257 00:32:36,470 --> 00:32:43,700 But after some years, supernatural signs started reappearing, such as I quote a black woman, 258 00:32:43,940 --> 00:32:50,360 the locks of hair pressing against her shoulders, her angry fangs bared as if ready to eat something. 259 00:32:53,010 --> 00:32:58,560 Undaunted, he continued on his way, and the place called Drucker the good. 260 00:32:58,890 --> 00:33:05,790 He was met by many children with turquoise ornamented topknot and women dressed in fine white cloth. 261 00:33:05,940 --> 00:33:09,870 They prostrated offerings as gathered flowers. 262 00:33:10,860 --> 00:33:18,150 I sat without expressing delight in this, and they disappeared so that I had no idea where they went. 263 00:33:21,150 --> 00:33:27,780 Finally, after many similar visions, is led to a rock under which a textual treasure was hidden. 264 00:33:29,210 --> 00:33:35,930 It was covered by a large boulder which was able to remove the night coat below. 265 00:33:35,930 --> 00:33:40,010 That was another square boulder with two swastikas drawn on it. 266 00:33:40,220 --> 00:33:52,190 1 million. The other in Crystal. I took the boulder out and there were two small boxes in the larger box where many burn texts. 267 00:33:52,820 --> 00:33:57,310 But no sooner had you taken them out, then they disappeared. 268 00:33:58,700 --> 00:34:09,510 I continue to quote the textbook. In the evening, a black woman and the black man came and said, Do not take away these things of ours. 269 00:34:10,520 --> 00:34:20,240 When you extract them, set up as their substitute a white sheet with brilliant eyes and the white duke with red forehead spot. 270 00:34:21,560 --> 00:34:31,670 Apparently it was not prepared to offer the substitute, so he took only the smaller box, leaving the big one in its place. 271 00:34:32,180 --> 00:34:35,420 In the small box, he found a number of important contexts. 272 00:34:36,140 --> 00:34:39,140 It is somewhat puzzling why the box was called small, 273 00:34:41,270 --> 00:34:45,560 since the sheer weight and volume of the texts it is stated to have contained 274 00:34:45,770 --> 00:34:53,000 would have been significantly heavier than one person could even possibly carry. 275 00:34:56,410 --> 00:35:00,820 At other times, the part played by the supernatural was more discreet. 276 00:35:01,570 --> 00:35:06,580 Thus, in 2067, a shepherd later known as Gentium showed up. 277 00:35:06,580 --> 00:35:17,260 Dorji followed a ray of light which led to a crack in the rock and thus discovered a quote, a cave full of volumes of books all around the walls. 278 00:35:18,430 --> 00:35:29,260 In other words, physical texts were found in the physical place, but only thanks to a supernatural sign, a ray of light that comes out from the crack. 279 00:35:30,310 --> 00:35:33,550 The name of this particular treasure discoverer, Sharp Doji, 280 00:35:33,970 --> 00:35:38,860 suggests that he might in fact have been a Buddhist rather than the bumper once again 281 00:35:39,160 --> 00:35:44,170 indicating that the borderline between the two religions was not particularly rigid. 282 00:35:46,510 --> 00:35:52,090 It is not necessary to enumerate all the following Caterham, but two points should be mentioned. 283 00:35:52,360 --> 00:35:57,850 First, often only a certain part of the treasure in question was actually extracted, 284 00:35:58,420 --> 00:36:05,440 so it is implied that the remainder was left in place awaiting discovery later at a suitable time in the future. 285 00:36:06,640 --> 00:36:12,010 Thus the rediscovery of the teachings of burn is not yet the completed process. 286 00:36:13,770 --> 00:36:21,180 Second, the Guardian elite is watching over the treasures, sometimes prevented the original texts from being removed, 287 00:36:21,750 --> 00:36:29,100 only permitting the Turton to copy them in situ, thus ensuring the possibility of the rediscovery in the future. 288 00:36:32,220 --> 00:36:41,880 A third stage in the history of Burn of the Burn Hidden Texts was initiated at the beginning of the 12th century with the appearance of texts 289 00:36:42,150 --> 00:36:51,450 which was said to have been orally transmitted into people that is dictated to the curtain by supernatural beings in the course of revision. 290 00:36:52,710 --> 00:36:58,020 This is not really a third stage in the strictly controlled chronological sense, 291 00:36:58,950 --> 00:37:06,870 but rather a new category of discoveries, which to some extent overlaps with those of the second stage. 292 00:37:07,260 --> 00:37:17,430 The point here is that that we are dealing not only with a quantitative, but above all a qualitative increase in the supernatural element. 293 00:37:17,670 --> 00:37:23,010 In the process of revelation, we hear of texts being transmitted orally. 294 00:37:23,970 --> 00:37:29,610 Apparently for the first time in the case of a treasure discovery called Jeremy Neiwert, 295 00:37:30,690 --> 00:37:34,140 to whom they were said to have been transmitted but temper nunca. 296 00:37:36,760 --> 00:37:46,180 The air is unknown, but it most likely would have been early in the 12th century as this person discovered other texts in 11 eight. 297 00:37:47,630 --> 00:37:53,270 Another oral transmission from the same period was bestowed on a certain number. 298 00:37:53,360 --> 00:37:56,480 Bunyan was born in 1008. 299 00:37:59,290 --> 00:38:06,640 The follows an unbroken series of other visionaries to whom Texas dictated the supernatural begins. 300 00:38:07,630 --> 00:38:16,990 For the 12th century alone. The treasurer of good sayings mentions that this six among them the important figure of Milton Ponzi Goodson. 301 00:38:18,390 --> 00:38:25,870 In the second half of the 14th century, we find a group of particularly important visionaries key from being a composer. 302 00:38:26,070 --> 00:38:37,110 The new pope was born, as I said before, in 1360, and among whose transmissions accounted not only the 12 volume ZG, 303 00:38:37,590 --> 00:38:44,400 which is negative, took excerpts for his book, but also numerous other texts. 304 00:38:47,110 --> 00:38:58,300 Finally, certain other texts accepted as authoritative are regarded as having arisen in the mind of treasure finders without any divine mediation. 305 00:38:58,840 --> 00:39:01,330 This is referred to as Gong Paracha. 306 00:39:02,390 --> 00:39:11,870 Or simply as luminous letters worker Yeager Bumper, which sort of descend into the mind of spontaneously of the treasure, 307 00:39:11,870 --> 00:39:20,000 discover a subgroup of this kind of revelation consists of texts written in what is called symbolic 308 00:39:20,150 --> 00:39:28,970 letters like which are the ciphers deciphered by the recipient in question is just like a few syllables, 309 00:39:29,510 --> 00:39:37,280 but they contain the whole text once they are read and deciphered and reveal the contents to the treasure. 310 00:39:37,280 --> 00:39:48,530 Discover. Or there can be texts which are said to have been written in the script of the Pure Gods. 311 00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:54,860 So the treasure, this discovery, someone was able to read that script when the texts arrived in his mind. 312 00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:08,180 Sometimes the entire group of non-material revelations, with or without divine intervention, are called gold, their mental treasures, 313 00:40:08,660 --> 00:40:16,820 as opposed to texts which exist physically before being discovered again, with or without divine intervention. 314 00:40:17,480 --> 00:40:21,290 The latter texts are known as succour Earth prejudice. 315 00:40:24,090 --> 00:40:27,630 The main part of this survey will end with the 14th century, 316 00:40:27,930 --> 00:40:33,509 because that seems to be the century in which a selection of the vast range of texts 317 00:40:33,510 --> 00:40:39,930 which were already in circulation and then were constituted as a canonical corpus. 318 00:40:40,320 --> 00:40:48,780 The criterion being that the chosen texts were considered to be the actual words of the ultimate authority of the doctrine, 319 00:40:49,110 --> 00:40:59,100 namely the word of compassion. This corpus, as I've pointed out, is still known as the Gherkin alternative, thus the conjurer. 320 00:41:01,420 --> 00:41:09,400 And it was created more or less at the same time as the Buddhist culture, except, of course, that the source of authority was different. 321 00:41:09,790 --> 00:41:13,920 The Buddhists tracing the texts that they accepted back to Yemeni. 322 00:41:16,880 --> 00:41:23,090 Just as in the case of the Buddhists, the formation of the scriptural canon was a slow process, 323 00:41:23,720 --> 00:41:29,090 with texts claimed by some to be authentic, ending up by being rejected. 324 00:41:30,570 --> 00:41:33,360 Similar controversies took place among the Buddhists, 325 00:41:33,630 --> 00:41:42,270 resulting in the collection of the Enigma double a collection of countries which was gradually constituted within the normal school, 326 00:41:42,570 --> 00:41:50,760 but were rejected by the editors of the Buddhist counter in the 14th century as not being authentic translations of Indian originals. 327 00:41:52,260 --> 00:41:56,130 Regarding some of the controversies in the burn community. 328 00:41:57,150 --> 00:42:07,710 The Treasury of Good Sayings quotes the verse warning else that liquidated the country is full of false lying and specious textual treasures, 329 00:42:08,260 --> 00:42:14,910 and such as have no knowledge of the doctrine and are fond of arguing and the women. 330 00:42:18,360 --> 00:42:27,390 Let's One should be led to believe that discovering hidden treasures in the context of boom is a phenomenon which only belongs to a distant past. 331 00:42:28,530 --> 00:42:36,120 I would like to quote from a contemporary eyewitness account of the disclosing of a treasure. 332 00:42:38,120 --> 00:42:50,300 In this case consisting not of texts but objects by female bond treasure discoverer in Compal in southeastern central Tibet in 1986. 333 00:42:52,870 --> 00:42:56,140 The witness in question is Sponge Hannah, 334 00:42:56,830 --> 00:43:06,750 a lady from Australia who in September 1986 encountered the group of Tibetans in both were planning to make a circumnavigation of the sacred mountain, 335 00:43:06,750 --> 00:43:16,810 the berry in southeastern and central Tibet. This mountain, as the name indicates, is particularly sacred to Bumpus. 336 00:43:18,470 --> 00:43:26,120 The group was led by a woman named Coach Wang, who was considered to be a Tatar. 337 00:43:27,000 --> 00:43:36,720 Actually, she was the youngest of five children of a famous Turton, whom John Doe Delingpole, who lived from 1901 to 1956. 338 00:43:37,670 --> 00:43:41,450 Who had revealed treasures at the in the past. 339 00:43:43,390 --> 00:43:47,830 Her brothers referred to my spend Hummer Hummer as shrimp butcher. 340 00:43:48,640 --> 00:43:52,330 As we know from other sources, his name was Moon Jealousy. 341 00:43:54,080 --> 00:44:03,470 Not long after spend, Hannah's encounter with her cocky one who passed away between 1987 and 89. 342 00:44:05,000 --> 00:44:13,730 China has given a lively account of the days she spent with an extraordinary Tibetan woman in an article entitled Amongst as the Sky. 343 00:44:14,090 --> 00:44:18,320 The term A Tradition in Modern Tibet. You'll see the full reference in the moment. 344 00:44:20,800 --> 00:44:24,040 Of the cup. She writes that after a couple of days of walking, 345 00:44:24,040 --> 00:44:32,770 the group which span Hannah had joined reached the circum ambulation park of the following the track for a day or two. 346 00:44:33,690 --> 00:44:37,650 Reached a rock which condo asserted contained a thermal. 347 00:44:38,810 --> 00:44:43,250 At this point, I shall quote a passage from Spain Hamas account. 348 00:44:46,500 --> 00:44:52,620 The shrine was quickly assembled. About 50 yards from the rock. 349 00:44:54,860 --> 00:44:58,970 Biscuits, sweets and fruits were laid out on a large cloth. 350 00:45:00,550 --> 00:45:04,520 At the head of a cloth, replaced some pictures of Earth as part of lamps, 351 00:45:04,520 --> 00:45:10,550 a framed photo of the father and the women butcher and butcher's ceremonial dagger called a papa. 352 00:45:11,870 --> 00:45:14,960 At least 100 people were gathered on a narrow path. 353 00:45:15,290 --> 00:45:22,430 Vultures were seen wheeling in the sky above, and this was taken to be an auspicious sign for them. 354 00:45:22,850 --> 00:45:30,210 As the weather cleared, candles suddenly got to her feet and began moving towards the rock shed, 355 00:45:30,260 --> 00:45:35,420 stripped to the waist, and was carrying for impetuous papa. 356 00:45:37,580 --> 00:45:49,490 When Condor reached the Rock, she struck it with a purple mouth violently, but as if testing it as she turned momentarily to face the crowd, 357 00:45:50,150 --> 00:45:57,200 a delicate but the resting sound of a clear small bell rang out, soft, quickly fading. 358 00:45:58,660 --> 00:45:59,980 As soon as it sounded, 359 00:46:00,580 --> 00:46:13,050 kind of climbed a little way up the rock and began striking it again as Benjamin Hammer was able to take a few photos of this event as it happened. 360 00:46:14,050 --> 00:46:24,040 She doesn't give captions, but I imagine this is more or less at this moment when she is tough way up the rock and strikes it for the second time. 361 00:46:26,870 --> 00:46:32,450 A noticeable thrill passed through. The crowd has come to remove the slab of stone. 362 00:46:33,480 --> 00:46:39,540 This caused my stomach to drop almost as if I were watching surgery being performed. 363 00:46:40,350 --> 00:46:44,010 Conrad removed several more slabs of stone, perhaps five in all. 364 00:46:44,760 --> 00:46:52,260 Then she reached into the cavity she had made and turned back to the crowd, holding her hand aloft for all to see. 365 00:46:52,950 --> 00:47:00,810 She had removed a small silver figurine, perhaps two inches high, as the crowd chanted with fresh enthusiasm, 366 00:47:01,650 --> 00:47:09,330 reached into the cavity again, this time produced a Dodger about the same size as the figurine. 367 00:47:13,420 --> 00:47:19,090 I imagine this is more or less the moment which is described here. 368 00:47:21,160 --> 00:47:29,380 It is impossible to describe the feeling which swept through the crowd then, and it was impossible not to be caught up in it oneself. 369 00:47:30,340 --> 00:47:39,190 For a while I don't think I really knew where I was until the crowd about me began to swarm forward to see the two objects come to a head, 370 00:47:39,190 --> 00:47:46,780 held them up one in each hand as the crowd gathered around her, offering scarves and valuables. 371 00:47:47,650 --> 00:47:51,910 There were subsequently replaced in the rock in exchange for the sight of. 372 00:47:54,540 --> 00:47:57,570 At this point, I leave the account. 373 00:48:00,280 --> 00:48:03,560 For the purposes of understanding the phenomenon of terrorism, 374 00:48:03,820 --> 00:48:10,090 it is a little important whether the Empire SEALs was simply the result of sleight of hand. 375 00:48:10,690 --> 00:48:21,220 What is important is to note the mechanism of the discovery, which is entirely in accordance with what we might call classical term discoveries. 376 00:48:22,000 --> 00:48:27,970 And equally important, that the group of pilgrims, for whose edification the discovery was made, 377 00:48:28,690 --> 00:48:37,300 expressed strong emotion and unquestioning faith in the supernatural nature of what they had witnessed. 378 00:48:38,470 --> 00:48:44,320 It is also worth noting that Ben Hannah writes that when the crowds came to receive the 379 00:48:44,320 --> 00:48:49,810 blessings of Condor and Butcher after they had returned to the local administrative centre, 380 00:48:50,440 --> 00:48:58,300 I quote, We noticed that they dealt with Buddhists and Bumpus alike, showing no religious partisanship whatsoever. 381 00:48:59,530 --> 00:49:07,540 Once, for blessing a prayer, we'll ask its owner whether he revolved it clockwise or anticlockwise, 382 00:49:08,050 --> 00:49:17,650 but is visiting burn in progress so circumvented and circumnavigated anticlockwise as the bump was still. 383 00:49:20,700 --> 00:49:29,170 Espen. Hannah's account illustrates the term tradition is often basically non-sectarian, although it's identifiable as either Buddhist or. 384 00:49:30,490 --> 00:49:36,850 As far as the burnt tradition is concerned, the burnt term a tradition was, especially in its initial phases, 385 00:49:37,270 --> 00:49:43,599 frequently free of supernatural elements or circumstances which might at least suggest that 386 00:49:43,600 --> 00:49:50,140 its origins perhaps are to be found in texts which in fact had been physically in the way. 387 00:49:52,610 --> 00:49:58,880 However, as we have no hidden text that can be firmly dated back to the imperial period, 388 00:49:59,210 --> 00:50:03,260 the question still needs to be answered why and when the text we had. 389 00:50:04,410 --> 00:50:08,580 Perhaps the period during which they were hidden away did not last very long. 390 00:50:08,730 --> 00:50:15,480 Or perhaps they were not hidden at all. But they emerged together with the narratives of the discovery narratives that 391 00:50:15,480 --> 00:50:23,250 served to establish their authenticity in terms of pre imperial period origins. 392 00:50:24,330 --> 00:50:31,170 If this question is ever to be solved, a lot of research still remains to be undertaken. 393 00:50:31,500 --> 00:50:34,890 Research, which has still hardly begun. 394 00:50:36,050 --> 00:50:47,780 It's my hope that my certainty that this whole series of lectures on hidden texts will inspire many scholars 395 00:50:47,780 --> 00:50:56,120 to pursue this kind of research in what is truly a very important but also very fascinating field. 396 00:50:56,420 --> 00:50:57,140 Thank you very much.