1 00:00:03,750 --> 00:00:11,670 [Auto-generated transcript. Edits may have been applied for clarity.] Oh. You. 2 00:00:18,130 --> 00:00:21,250 So greetings, everybody, to the final. 3 00:00:21,250 --> 00:00:25,490 Uh. Session this term of the seminar. 4 00:00:26,820 --> 00:00:30,690 And I'm particularly delighted to be able to welcome John Guy. 5 00:00:31,700 --> 00:00:33,230 Because he has really, uh, 6 00:00:33,590 --> 00:00:43,900 compiled this really the most comprehensive study so far compiled of territorial deities in India from art historical sources. 7 00:00:43,910 --> 00:00:49,040 It's a magnificent piece of work. I'm sure [INAUDIBLE] be mentioning it as we go along. 8 00:00:50,250 --> 00:00:56,130 Uh, John Guy is curator of South and Southeast Asian art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. 9 00:00:56,700 --> 00:01:05,850 He's been an elected fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in London since 2003, and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2016. 10 00:01:06,690 --> 00:01:13,560 He joined the met in 2008, having formerly served as Senior Curator of South Asian Art at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 11 00:01:14,540 --> 00:01:19,960 He has created numerous international exhibitions and authored many associated publications. 12 00:01:20,650 --> 00:01:24,580 His major books include Indian Temple Sculpture, 2007. 13 00:01:25,120 --> 00:01:32,900 Republish, 2014. Lost Kingdoms Hindu Buddhist sculptures of Southeast Asia from 2014. 14 00:01:33,710 --> 00:01:41,470 And this one. Tree and Serpent early Buddhist Art in India, 2023. 15 00:01:42,600 --> 00:01:46,680 And, uh, John, thank you very much for taking the time to be here with us. 16 00:01:46,830 --> 00:01:52,570 Very, very grateful. And over to you. Thank you, girl. 17 00:01:52,830 --> 00:01:59,890 And, um, let me begin by by saying thank you to you and the team for inviting me to speak in the treasure series. 18 00:02:00,120 --> 00:02:07,630 Um, suffice to say, I'm ever willing to remind textual folks, um, of the to the visual record that's in plain sight. 19 00:02:07,900 --> 00:02:10,630 Uh, in in the in the archaeological landscape. 20 00:02:11,200 --> 00:02:17,379 So I'm very happy to do this talk that foregrounds the imagery that the subcontinent's early religious landscape 21 00:02:17,380 --> 00:02:24,850 has provided for us a vast corpus of primary historical evidence that largely awaits analysis and interpretation. 22 00:02:25,270 --> 00:02:29,290 And perhaps most importantly, uh, integration into broader studies. 23 00:02:30,670 --> 00:02:34,180 Does. I think money grows on trees. Um, Yorkshires not goats. 24 00:02:34,180 --> 00:02:43,959 And it is, um. I begin with the premise that the subcontinental to ancient India was marked by the embracing presence of God supplies the 25 00:02:43,960 --> 00:02:52,020 pervasiveness of local deities as later codified in such texts as the Maha Maiuri and the governing deities of the internet. 26 00:02:52,100 --> 00:02:57,370 INR Sutra point to their localised nature and named identities. 27 00:02:58,490 --> 00:03:06,350 The formalism according to place that where each presided as a tutor retained the latter by the iconographic features. 28 00:03:06,920 --> 00:03:14,750 As we move into the first millennium, the constellation of pan-Indian deities coalesces around a divine pantheon, 29 00:03:15,470 --> 00:03:23,000 reducing the usual space occupied by this nature deities and seemingly marginalising those that survive. 30 00:03:24,070 --> 00:03:27,340 Um, in this talk, I'll examine the place of inductions in Argos, 31 00:03:27,340 --> 00:03:33,700 and it is in this shifting devotional landscape and their afterlife in the polytheistic system. 32 00:03:37,140 --> 00:03:45,600 I would begin with this extraordinary image from the stupa, one of Tirana, um, where we see the assembled. 33 00:03:45,600 --> 00:03:50,060 Um. A quarter of the extras, presumably at the Himalayan. 34 00:03:50,300 --> 00:03:53,300 Uh, about of, uh, of cabaret to a locker. 35 00:03:53,720 --> 00:03:57,440 A locker under, um, uh, in a celebratory mood. 36 00:03:57,890 --> 00:04:04,879 Um, and I'm reminded of the book about, uh, data exchange between Christa and Andrew. 37 00:04:04,880 --> 00:04:09,740 And, uh, when he says Votaries of the gods. Go to the gods. 38 00:04:09,740 --> 00:04:14,720 Votaries of the fathers, to the fathers Votaries of the gospel on this well, until the confidence. 39 00:04:15,590 --> 00:04:19,130 And this talk is very much about the God plans. 40 00:04:22,520 --> 00:04:30,680 We have many images that have come down to us from all of the types of ways in which of these nature forces were represented, 41 00:04:30,980 --> 00:04:33,770 um, essentially malevolent, 42 00:04:34,040 --> 00:04:44,630 um, unless tamed, uh, through, um, uh, placated through offerings or in the case of Buddhism, uh, one over by the power of the Buddhist teachings. 43 00:04:44,930 --> 00:04:50,720 Um, that many of the representations that survive in early terracotta showed them as malevolent, 44 00:04:51,080 --> 00:04:58,440 uh, um, forces, uh, to be vacated and, uh, through, uh, offerings and, uh, and, uh, 45 00:04:58,460 --> 00:05:06,710 and then by other means that central uh, receives, uh, uh, an image of sexual violence, of abduction of a woman, 46 00:05:07,040 --> 00:05:13,340 uh, by Yorkshire and carried to the his mountainous abode indicated on the on the right of the screen. 47 00:05:13,640 --> 00:05:26,270 Um, and, uh, a subject which, um, uh, very much reflects, um, uh, the perceived nature of the, of the actions in this early moment. 48 00:05:29,610 --> 00:05:33,120 When discussing Yorkshire's. We really have to begin with trees. 49 00:05:33,780 --> 00:05:44,460 And, uh, it's a better place than that idea around second century BCE and the, uh, uh, this crude, um, uh, archway framing a rock cut, uh, 50 00:05:44,790 --> 00:05:50,639 sanctuary cell in which we see the veneration of a tree, a couple making offerings, 51 00:05:50,640 --> 00:05:57,510 including garlands, uh, and attended by, uh, Garner like figures, uh, left and right. 52 00:05:57,720 --> 00:06:01,170 And bring, uh, vessels to, uh, water. 53 00:06:01,350 --> 00:06:07,110 Uh, the roots of the tree. Uh oh. Part of the illustration of the tree framed in the whole tree. 54 00:06:07,120 --> 00:06:14,220 Watch with the, uh, um, the carrying lotus, uh, the the Buddha's messengers and all of that. 55 00:06:14,490 --> 00:06:22,649 Uh, overall, just by the presence of the Nagas. Um, so that is a very sort of powerful image that sums up the state of knowledge, if you like, 56 00:06:22,650 --> 00:06:33,120 in the second century BCE and the prevalence, of course, um, of, uh, trees, uh, understood to embody treasure in various forms. 57 00:06:34,560 --> 00:06:37,770 We have one of the most wondrous objects in ancient India, uh, 58 00:06:37,770 --> 00:06:43,200 isn't due to fully sculpted in the round representation of the wish fulfilment tree as a cup of Photoshop. 59 00:06:43,710 --> 00:06:48,680 Uh, the unique survivor from around 200 BCE. First recorded, uh, 60 00:06:48,690 --> 00:06:58,229 reported by Alexander Cunningham in 1977 during his survey of the ancient vessel Nagar at the conference of the water on these Rivers in British, 61 00:06:58,230 --> 00:07:10,410 uh, in modern times, and photographed here by, uh, Bangalore, uh by 1855, the Maharaja of Gwalior and donated it to the Indian Museum in Kolkata, 62 00:07:10,410 --> 00:07:13,950 which functioned as the national museum of the day and where remains. 63 00:07:13,950 --> 00:07:20,670 And I would recommend anyone who's not stood before it in the greater reception hall of the interviews in Kolkata, 64 00:07:21,000 --> 00:07:25,680 um, to, uh, to do so at some point in this, in this, uh, this lifetime. 65 00:07:25,680 --> 00:07:28,050 It's an extraordinary, extraordinary object. 66 00:07:31,250 --> 00:07:39,860 Meandering of branches of this magnificent banyan tree, uh, which form a leafy canopy and then shelter beneath it between the original roots. 67 00:07:40,160 --> 00:07:51,350 Um, these sacks of money and jars and pots of money, of coinage, uh, represented here, uh, all of it, and enclosed in this wicker, uh, um, railing, 68 00:07:51,620 --> 00:08:01,880 um, and then with a square, uh, vertical type, uh, post and lintel construction that's presumably wood, uh, around the base of the tree as well. 69 00:08:02,090 --> 00:08:05,060 So this is the classic, uh, tree under worship. 70 00:08:05,390 --> 00:08:13,430 Um, uh, trees, of course, we see today, uh, throughout all of rural India, even in the back streets of urban India. 71 00:08:15,110 --> 00:08:17,470 For views of the, uh, 72 00:08:17,660 --> 00:08:27,110 this extraordinary under I should stress unique object as the only three dimensional representation that has come down to us in monumental form. 73 00:08:27,620 --> 00:08:35,680 And you can see very clearly in these very special photographs were taken for the transfer of an exhibition of the representation of the foliage, 74 00:08:35,740 --> 00:08:39,520 the aerial roots, um, and then the sex of uh, 75 00:08:39,660 --> 00:08:45,090 um, insects, which we assume can contain coins, and then the other containers, uh, 76 00:08:45,110 --> 00:08:51,590 which are cascading, overflowing with abundant, uh, or, as we're told, inexhaustible, uh, wealth. 77 00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:59,870 Um, and I draw your attention, uh, to two particular, uh, aspects, which we'll return to later on the left of the screen. 78 00:09:00,200 --> 00:09:07,630 Um, the, um. Body of coinage which is issuing from an inverted conch shell. 79 00:09:07,960 --> 00:09:21,610 Um. Uh, uh, and the third one over, uh, sorry, the, uh, fourth one over, which has the, um, uh, representation of the lotus cascading coins. 80 00:09:22,160 --> 00:09:26,710 Um, Padma, um, there's a representation. I'll come to these a little later. 81 00:09:28,060 --> 00:09:37,950 Uh, and so what we are seeing here in this wish fulfilment tree offering is fulfilment of everyday desires for material wealth from the worshippers. 82 00:09:39,930 --> 00:09:46,169 Two of the vessels take the form which is seen here, uh, for the very first time, of the conch in the lotus. 83 00:09:46,170 --> 00:09:54,480 As I mentioned a moment ago, the guardianship of the Earth's treasures in ancient India was linked to Kabira and his return of the nine, 84 00:09:54,840 --> 00:09:59,950 uh, treasures of huge, uh, sunken Indian Pokemon were from a premier. 85 00:10:00,570 --> 00:10:06,840 The best Nigar wish fulfilling tree thus carries within its decor the oldest depictions of the concept of beauties, 86 00:10:07,140 --> 00:10:10,469 treasures of the earth and the promise of immeasurable wealth. 87 00:10:10,470 --> 00:10:17,220 For devotees to get a sense of the types of coins being represented, I think we can assume, 88 00:10:17,520 --> 00:10:22,799 uh, the, uh, we're probably looking at the partial panel type coins, 89 00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:28,740 which reveal the precise form of which we don't really have a true understanding of the form, 90 00:10:28,920 --> 00:10:32,310 but this is probably as close as we'll ever get to an informed. 91 00:10:32,610 --> 00:10:36,570 Guess what they looked like in square on mark coins? 92 00:10:36,780 --> 00:10:43,320 Um, you know, originated in the later more period, um, and soon superseded by other types of coins. 93 00:10:43,620 --> 00:10:50,219 Uh, this is probably the type we're looking at here. You see it on the screen at the first nickel tree on the upper. 94 00:10:50,220 --> 00:10:54,330 The lower screen shows depiction of the church of the purchase, 95 00:10:54,330 --> 00:11:00,900 the Church of Honour Park fund for the Monastery of Representative Oto, early phase, Amravati, 96 00:11:01,440 --> 00:11:12,089 and a detail of that wondrous image of the truck prevalent in um from uh Krishna district in Andhra Pradesh and now housed in Kolkata museum, 97 00:11:12,090 --> 00:11:20,150 in which we see the cascading of the square coins raining down from the clouds, touched by the, uh, the power of the truck revolution. 98 00:11:22,670 --> 00:11:28,340 This cool coins keep appearing in other places. We have an image of guns, guns, horror and images variety. 99 00:11:28,640 --> 00:11:30,560 And so, uh, cornucopia. 100 00:11:30,890 --> 00:11:41,750 Um, and let us see it, uh, to the sonification of of of the trials of, of wealth, uh, represented here again, casting coins, um, before her. 101 00:11:46,080 --> 00:11:49,680 Trees and treasures along had an association in ancient India. 102 00:11:49,980 --> 00:11:55,590 Folklore has linked the presence of trees with the fine spots of treasures concealed beneath the earth. 103 00:11:56,130 --> 00:12:04,650 However, not all trees hold the promise of treasure. That discovery was in the gift of the youngsters to whom these underground riches belonged. 104 00:12:04,920 --> 00:12:08,370 But ultimately, however, the treasures guarded by the Nagas, 105 00:12:09,090 --> 00:12:13,890 tree shrines of those seem to reflect the divination by which precious trees were identified. 106 00:12:14,340 --> 00:12:22,530 It is evident both textual and visual sources, that the auspicious tree shrines was was appropriated into Buddhist practice and imagery very early, 107 00:12:23,430 --> 00:12:28,260 routinely depicted in enclosure railings about on some tree, as we see here. 108 00:12:28,590 --> 00:12:38,510 Um. I heard on the left. In fact, the one on the right is from a original, uh, vertical enclosure railing, uh, medallion from bungalow. 109 00:12:38,810 --> 00:12:46,960 Uh, the very first, uh, railing, which was installed and buried on the site and go up to period the. 110 00:12:48,250 --> 00:12:52,900 And the veneration of these, um. Um, uh, was already prescribed. 111 00:12:53,200 --> 00:13:01,900 Uh, uh, as we've seen above by the broader church of Varna, as told on the calendar, which he advises and under um. 112 00:13:02,260 --> 00:13:05,620 Uh, in a very beautiful passage which everyone quoted lines. 113 00:13:05,860 --> 00:13:12,760 That's the best way to, uh, evoke the Buddha's presence and remind worshippers most of us away on pilgrimage. 114 00:13:13,030 --> 00:13:21,250 Uh, was to plant the great poetry used by the Buddha, which could be seen as fit as a shrine, a substitute shrine for his presence. 115 00:13:21,460 --> 00:13:29,720 I haven't even been listening to a symphony with a word. The word of truth as ordained by the words of the border to be a relic of you, 116 00:13:30,410 --> 00:13:37,280 that is, a contact relic appropriate to a veneration of the wish fulfilling tree. 117 00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:42,800 The abode of the actions has thus been fully appropriated into the broader system of of worship. 118 00:13:46,210 --> 00:13:52,960 There are various forms in which we see the trees being altered across the Indian subcontinent with a watering of trees, uh. 119 00:13:53,020 --> 00:13:58,390 Understood to be the abodes of Yorkshires, uh, and, um, being maintained by devotees. 120 00:13:58,720 --> 00:14:04,330 Uh, uh, the garlands, um, of such trees we've seen already the placing of umbrellas and so on. 121 00:14:04,510 --> 00:14:13,720 All of these are listed, um, in multiple, uh, um, water sources, particularly, um, relating to the veneration of, uh, trees. 122 00:14:13,930 --> 00:14:18,009 Um, and of course, the use of the, uh, the palm tree. 123 00:14:18,010 --> 00:14:22,570 Gulick. Uh, the five finger mark, um, which, uh, we see, uh, 124 00:14:22,960 --> 00:14:29,890 selectively repeated several times about and 1 or 2 other places other than fades from, um, from the landscape. 125 00:14:30,190 --> 00:14:38,650 But it's clearly there as part of the worship of, uh, stupas, an acknowledgement of the sanctity of the, uh, relics within, uh, that they had, 126 00:14:38,890 --> 00:14:47,710 uh, and print on the body of the, of the dome of the stupor or the drum of those two of um, uh, was was important part of um, um. 127 00:14:49,340 --> 00:14:55,940 Uh, surrounding those two persons relics with auspicious, um, uh, marks and, uh. 128 00:14:56,940 --> 00:15:06,820 Presence. As to the worship of the stupa, the body of the article says great works of worship paid to this tree. 129 00:15:07,270 --> 00:15:13,660 No water was poured about it. Handprints of sand or paste applied upon colocar. 130 00:15:14,050 --> 00:15:17,800 A garlands festooned around a lamp kept burning scented oil. 131 00:15:17,980 --> 00:15:27,130 All around was placed a strand of cloth. These offerings promised Bountiful rewards for devotees. 132 00:15:27,150 --> 00:15:29,070 We see this continually, um. 133 00:15:29,370 --> 00:15:39,210 Uh, in the representation of the trees being part of the Buddhist cosmologies, um, and prevalent in the heavenly locations like lies the Capella. 134 00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:48,960 A lot to the wish for filling lotus. Uh, which also decorated the, you know, surface of the vertical and the production of Potter pathway. 135 00:15:49,200 --> 00:15:55,740 Uh, mantle devotees was really embraced by this, the abundant riches offered by devotion. 136 00:15:55,980 --> 00:15:59,640 Um, and represented by jewellery, particularly. And textiles. 137 00:15:59,880 --> 00:16:05,250 Uh, which were repeatedly carved uh, in these these scenes of man during the lotus vine. 138 00:16:08,840 --> 00:16:14,780 It was a. Half a half a millennium later that Canada's um. 139 00:16:15,220 --> 00:16:22,420 Um in the making due to, uh, praise the wish fulfilment tree as the immeasurable source of all things beautiful. 140 00:16:22,810 --> 00:16:30,610 Citing cloth for patterns one flowers variety of jewels red, like every item of feminine decoration, 141 00:16:30,610 --> 00:16:38,080 is produced by the, uh lotus fulfilling, um wish fulfilling lotus find. 142 00:16:45,730 --> 00:16:55,120 Turning to Yorkshire's themselves. Um territorial gains of place are recognised by several distinctive features, many of which we familiar to. 143 00:16:55,270 --> 00:16:56,710 To many of you, um. 144 00:16:56,980 --> 00:17:10,900 Um, the corpulent form, uh, uh, representing the abundant unlimited, um, nourishment um, uh, represented, uh, with uh, very distinctive features, 145 00:17:10,900 --> 00:17:14,320 particularly this pointed, uh, device, um, 146 00:17:14,320 --> 00:17:22,360 which means people have speculated on its origins might even be traced back to the Greek poem, um, the pan images. 147 00:17:22,540 --> 00:17:30,519 Um, and so much has been written on this, uh, but but there's also these representations of extraordinary drollery, uh, 148 00:17:30,520 --> 00:17:38,170 together with the pointed ears is non-human elements of which distinguish these figures, um, from being a mere mortals. 149 00:17:38,470 --> 00:17:43,930 Um, we see them here again at, uh, Houghton also lived in the south, in Andhra territory in Galilee, 150 00:17:44,260 --> 00:17:51,550 uh, to representations with the, uh, the broad faced, wide eyed, uh, coarse social features. 151 00:17:51,760 --> 00:18:00,880 And these extraordinary is, uh, set them apart, uh, although them folded and garlanded and represented with children, uh, treated with great respect. 152 00:18:02,670 --> 00:18:10,620 Of the corpulent figures, of course, becoming a very important feature of this, the greatest challenge of the religious landscape of early India. 153 00:18:10,620 --> 00:18:15,870 The confronted the Buddha and his teaching was the pervasive allegiance to the wider populace. 154 00:18:15,870 --> 00:18:24,150 To these nature cults, they manifested the forces of nature personified in the living landscape of trees, rivers, snakes, and so on. 155 00:18:24,720 --> 00:18:33,750 Supreme amongst some of the actions of the female counterparts, the actions the spirits of which most frequently inhabited the trees, 156 00:18:34,440 --> 00:18:39,360 but at least the second century BCE over life sized stone images we're talking 157 00:18:39,360 --> 00:18:44,550 2 to 3m in height were recorded as cold images to localised Yorkshire's. 158 00:18:46,370 --> 00:18:55,880 Um, you have a, um, an image from the metro region of everyone for earliest but very early representation of the Yorkshire and on the right, 159 00:18:56,180 --> 00:19:00,889 um, the depiction of the earliest name depiction of Tarboro, 160 00:19:00,890 --> 00:19:05,120 which appears, of course, at Fort Hood or roughly 150 BQ, 161 00:19:05,570 --> 00:19:11,840 something which is seen with his hands folded on the chest, standing on a sort of Garner type figure. 162 00:19:12,140 --> 00:19:18,890 Um, and you'll notice the absence of a money purse, uh, distinguishing feature in later later on General Grocery. 163 00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:29,710 That it's with um for the two for the Yorkshire's corporates routinely um in later iconography shown with this moneybag. 164 00:19:30,130 --> 00:19:30,490 However, 165 00:19:30,490 --> 00:19:40,980 the two earliest inscribed monumental junctures that we know on the screen now that from park on the the south of Mount Tara and the Ohio one, 166 00:19:41,100 --> 00:19:47,169 Gwalior on the right. Uh, both uh, name these purse bearing, uh, Yorkshire's Osmani. 167 00:19:47,170 --> 00:19:50,590 Bhadra. Um the excellent one with drools. Not. 168 00:19:51,670 --> 00:19:57,129 So we have to also, um, acknowledge that a monument to a poet plays a, uh, 169 00:19:57,130 --> 00:20:02,470 very important role in this early period and almost certainly in competition with capoeira. 170 00:20:02,690 --> 00:20:11,980 Uh, in this at this time, both images from the inscriptions, uh, we know, were funded by local guilds. 171 00:20:12,280 --> 00:20:23,110 Uh, almost certainly. And guilds. Um, you have a vested interest in, uh, and, and and, uh, having such a major allegiance. 172 00:20:26,850 --> 00:20:34,920 It's the largest single Yorkshire I've ever recorded, and indeed the largest monumental freestanding sculpture in India. 173 00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:38,670 Uh, excluding 21st century monuments, of course. 174 00:20:38,940 --> 00:20:46,550 Um, um, uh, it was this, this image of of of the Yorkshire from the show, um, uh, recovered. 175 00:20:46,560 --> 00:20:51,570 Um, so um, recorded, I should say, by Cunningham in the 1870s. 176 00:20:52,080 --> 00:21:01,230 Uh, seven. Um, this an extraordinary, um, image, um, found together with the Yorkshire on the screen, uh, in the same neighbourhood as the. 177 00:21:01,350 --> 00:21:07,050 Which really intrigued me. Uh, prints a presentation with, um, uh, it's very clear. 178 00:21:07,110 --> 00:21:12,360 Uh, uh, he's represented, um. Holding the, uh. 179 00:21:12,700 --> 00:21:17,720 Uh, purse in his lower hand. Uh, the sack of money, as it were. 180 00:21:17,960 --> 00:21:20,780 Such as we saw on the tree as well. Uh. 181 00:21:22,310 --> 00:21:30,800 It's interesting that both Moneyball and Cabrera are mentioned side by side in my Peralta as chiefs of the auctions. 182 00:21:31,190 --> 00:21:36,290 So clearly the status was, uh, much for a notch on a par. 183 00:21:36,290 --> 00:21:45,710 Thus, at that early moment when it appears when Carrboro appears at, uh, about was, um, termed um, Cairo. 184 00:21:46,190 --> 00:21:52,760 Um, um is identified already as the guardian of the Northern Quarter overall and retains to the stunning. 185 00:21:57,270 --> 00:22:00,120 With the rise of the urbanised globalisation, the name, 186 00:22:00,120 --> 00:22:05,940 junctures and reaction is going to be identified as a two tree deities of particular locales and communities. 187 00:22:06,780 --> 00:22:13,390 It could only be surpassed several centuries later by the compilation of the Maha matura of, 188 00:22:13,410 --> 00:22:18,570 simply put, as text that catalogues the presiding Yorkshires of early towns and cities. 189 00:22:20,780 --> 00:22:24,290 Here we have the representations of the money sex and the money. 190 00:22:24,590 --> 00:22:27,710 Money purse. Uh, saying that, uh, the best. 191 00:22:27,920 --> 00:22:37,460 Like, uh uh, Yorkshire. Uh uh, I would declare interested in the representation of the Yorkshire who are found in close proximity to the Yorkshire. 192 00:22:37,820 --> 00:22:41,720 Um, you look at the details. She's holding plants in both hands. 193 00:22:42,080 --> 00:22:46,220 Uh, suggest the upper hand is, um, most probably sugar cane. 194 00:22:47,220 --> 00:22:56,430 And the lower one. Uh, horseradish. Um, and if this is correct, then we're looking at very clear agricultural associations. 195 00:22:56,700 --> 00:22:59,790 Uh, for this particular, um, Yorkshire. 196 00:23:01,670 --> 00:23:05,030 Both of these sculptures are now just outside of the museum in London. 197 00:23:05,030 --> 00:23:11,100 British. Such monumental cult images undoubtedly emulate earlier versions in board. 198 00:23:11,170 --> 00:23:16,530 Though no traces of such prototypes have survived the commissioning of such costly icons, 199 00:23:16,830 --> 00:23:20,940 or have been undertaken by the mood of the other merchant and craft cults. 200 00:23:21,090 --> 00:23:25,350 As wealthy communities venerated these propitious reactions and reactions, 201 00:23:25,740 --> 00:23:32,430 petitioning for protection and trade a familiar thing, of course, from what was tragically dumped and success in business. 202 00:23:34,010 --> 00:23:38,780 Arguably, much of this imagery spills over into that of the Nasher and in later times, 203 00:23:39,050 --> 00:23:44,150 and enhances the authority of that cult as the harbinger of good fortune can assure. 204 00:23:44,390 --> 00:23:49,660 That's obvious links to prosperity and to wealth. Its corpulent form out of command. 205 00:23:49,910 --> 00:23:54,860 And the other Yorkshires, uh, with women. He she has a noble lordship of the garners. 206 00:23:55,670 --> 00:24:03,380 And I show you other this extraordinary image of kanisha from, uh, central Vietnam, from the, uh, 207 00:24:03,500 --> 00:24:12,380 religious centre of me song and trumpet territory, uh, uh, from, uh, from the around the seventh century common era. 208 00:24:12,620 --> 00:24:19,850 Um, and I show you the line drawing, particularly because, uh, here we see a representation of Kenosha holding, 209 00:24:20,060 --> 00:24:27,020 um, the horseradish, uh, as the, I would suggest the Yorkshire from the synagogue a moment ago similarly held, 210 00:24:27,200 --> 00:24:36,770 uh, the this horseradish and was very much tied to agriculture and the early origins of connection, which seemed to be that of an agricultural deity. 211 00:24:37,010 --> 00:24:45,740 Uh, largely forgotten in subcontinental wind that I understand, um, uh, and perhaps go to a vegetarian can help us at the discussion time. 212 00:24:46,040 --> 00:24:52,150 I understand that not nature is still, uh, worshipped, um, in the Kathmandu Valley, uh, 213 00:24:52,160 --> 00:24:58,520 with offerings of horseradish, uh, which show a memory of this agricultural association. 214 00:25:01,100 --> 00:25:04,940 Put a parameter of the importance of the actions in early Buddhism, 215 00:25:04,940 --> 00:25:11,810 as underscored by the story of Queen Maya, um, presenting the newborn, but also community. 216 00:25:12,140 --> 00:25:18,440 Um, uh, the voter said, for to the two tree deity of the soccer club, um, uh, soccer for dinner. 217 00:25:18,800 --> 00:25:24,020 Um, and we see it here represented on a panel of mantra, um, in which the, um, 218 00:25:24,350 --> 00:25:30,710 the auction emerges from the trunk of the tree to acknowledge, um, the, uh, imminent of. 219 00:25:31,910 --> 00:25:43,490 Power of the boat was represented by the swaddling cloth on the pair of feet that a Queen Maia holds forth, uh, it presents before the family deity. 220 00:25:43,790 --> 00:25:51,050 Now this subject appears multiple times, and Endre early on a sculpture of including, um, Amravati and other places. 221 00:25:51,290 --> 00:25:56,930 Um, it's a very, very rare subject in the north, but, uh, great popularity in the south. 222 00:25:59,650 --> 00:26:08,200 A Yorkshire escape, appearing in the context of um, of some monasteries that are close association. 223 00:26:08,650 --> 00:26:15,950 And we can look from some of the on the north, uh, to open the gate of don't come down a holiday and um, 224 00:26:16,630 --> 00:26:22,000 the deacon, uh, most recently opened a gallery in Telangana with a clear, 225 00:26:22,030 --> 00:26:31,629 uh, evidence, archaeological evidence of the presence of Yorkshire's shrines within the compounds of monasteries with small chapels. 226 00:26:31,630 --> 00:26:41,410 Constructed on the screen is a recently excavated brick sanctuary, perhaps only a metre square, a small, little freestanding independent. 227 00:26:41,420 --> 00:26:49,389 So, um, in which, uh, this, uh, substantial, uh, uh, stucco over clay, uh, 228 00:26:49,390 --> 00:26:54,850 figure of a Yorkshire was, was, was archaeologically recovered 2019 I think, 229 00:26:55,180 --> 00:27:07,840 um, and um, um, clear evidence that the Yorkshire cults played a very important part, uh, within the monastic life, uh, of early, early, uh, Buddhism. 230 00:27:08,140 --> 00:27:14,590 Um, and, um, we see clear evidence of this in some big as well documented many years ago. 231 00:27:14,830 --> 00:27:24,650 Um, and, um, a clear picture of the claim, which they themselves of this particular, uh, shrine and, uh, public gallery now about, 232 00:27:25,030 --> 00:27:33,100 um, uh, was located in the vicinity of the monastic quarters where the monks slept, their private quarters. 233 00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:37,210 Um, this was clearly not for the outlying, uh, populace who were visiting. 234 00:27:37,390 --> 00:27:43,900 This was in the more restricted spaces of the monastery, uh, where essentially, then the monks would have access. 235 00:27:46,760 --> 00:27:56,479 We then come to a whole series of really quite spectacular drama slab and platform slabs depicting large male figures, 236 00:27:56,480 --> 00:28:04,620 Maha Purusha like, uh, holding up a lotus and, uh, honouring and offering um, and, um, this. 237 00:28:05,870 --> 00:28:09,139 Sir, I say on occasion has been published. Um. Um. 238 00:28:09,140 --> 00:28:12,530 As bodhisattvas. Um. Uh. Padma pani. Whatever. 239 00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:16,760 Um, I would contest that. And I do in the transfer of one publication. 240 00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:20,270 Um, I the presence of the garners, um, Yorkshire. 241 00:28:20,270 --> 00:28:31,459 Those that you see attending that is unambiguous that these figures are in fact Yorkshire's um and, um, offering, uh, lotus to, uh, the Buddha. 242 00:28:31,460 --> 00:28:36,500 Those were placed, of course, in the context of a stupa sculptural program. 243 00:28:36,680 --> 00:28:41,810 And so that already makes this identification, uh, highly probable. 244 00:28:42,110 --> 00:28:51,950 Um, and, um, did these figures then provide prototypes for the classic, uh, early bodhisattvas, types of lotus carrying, uh, bodhisattvas? 245 00:28:52,220 --> 00:28:54,050 The answer almost certainly is yes. 246 00:28:54,320 --> 00:29:03,170 Um, but, uh, the identification here, I, I would, uh, argue is, is that with, uh, Yorkshire's in worshipping it, honouring the Buddha. 247 00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:12,569 And then we have then of course, the images of of Entrepeneur um or identified in numerous sources as being, 248 00:29:12,570 --> 00:29:17,190 uh, Yorkshire originally um, uh, absorbed into the Buddhist pantheon. 249 00:29:17,460 --> 00:29:22,980 Um, and I show a remarkable image on the left of the screen in Lucknow Museum. 250 00:29:22,980 --> 00:29:36,760 It's my turn to represent ocean, um, of almost, almost lifesize torso, um, of a, uh, if take a, um, I think we can reasonably identify as Trapani. 251 00:29:37,110 --> 00:29:41,280 Um, although, of course, was the back of one's mind, you know, is it Intere? 252 00:29:41,520 --> 00:29:45,089 Uh, but, uh, I think the Buddhist context seems strong. Yeah. 253 00:29:45,090 --> 00:29:49,410 A Kashmiri one on the centre from around the, uh, late fifth century. 254 00:29:49,710 --> 00:29:54,210 Um, and then, of course, he appears in triads in the earliest triads with the Buddha, 255 00:29:54,480 --> 00:29:59,310 uh, of a local church and vajra pony, uh, is the typical configuration. 256 00:29:59,550 --> 00:30:03,090 Later Entrepeneur seems to be displaced by Maitreya. 257 00:30:03,390 --> 00:30:09,600 Uh, but it only shows us this, uh, this terracotta, uh, try out is probably around 1050, 258 00:30:09,900 --> 00:30:14,700 uh, from supper on monastery around the time, in fact, that I was teaching there. 259 00:30:15,030 --> 00:30:19,020 Um, very important object collected by two troop in the 1940s. 260 00:30:20,480 --> 00:30:28,670 Which I was very fortunate to acquire for the museum. Now, I would like a slight digression, a small digression, if I may. 261 00:30:29,210 --> 00:30:33,740 And that is to to put some importance to early juncture imagery. 262 00:30:34,070 --> 00:30:37,550 And that is to look at the role of water. Um, and um. 263 00:30:38,690 --> 00:30:44,630 Uh, water imagery, aquatic plants, and the emergence of the role of your actions as life progenitors. 264 00:30:44,960 --> 00:30:55,610 And I do this by just showing a few images of Yorkshires in association with, uh, aquatic plant life, um, uh, in lotus vines and so on, 265 00:30:56,000 --> 00:31:07,780 um, and, uh, bracketed by, uh, dolphins, um, like ocean dolphins or banshees, water freshwater dolphins, you can say, uh, nonetheless. 266 00:31:07,790 --> 00:31:13,430 And that's an imagery which again, um, uh, has very important Hellenistic connections. 267 00:31:13,650 --> 00:31:22,310 Uh, we see the Yorkshire here in Montara, um, uh, literally metamorphosing out of plant life. 268 00:31:22,610 --> 00:31:30,530 Um, uh, and then bracketed by, uh, these, uh, dolphin like creatures after four and a half mackerel. 269 00:31:30,920 --> 00:31:34,870 Um, um, it's dolphin tale of two and the non-current roles. 270 00:31:35,180 --> 00:31:39,980 Uh, it's repeated or not until Donald trucker and partner, uh, on the screen. 271 00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:45,500 Um, and, uh, uh, a popular section from Punch Gallery. 272 00:31:45,860 --> 00:31:58,100 Um, um, which, uh, which we see, uh, the Garner type figures emerging from plant life and the dolphin tale, uh, figures represented left and right. 273 00:31:58,400 --> 00:32:02,720 Uh, this is very powerful water imagery in which youngsters are integrated. 274 00:32:04,040 --> 00:32:12,560 Um, and, um, we have don't have to go back to boat and see this extraordinary, uh, half round or from one of the, from the boat, 275 00:32:12,710 --> 00:32:22,490 um, uh, vertical, um, in which we see the Kano figure or the Yorkshire figure, uh, seated in a watery place at a lotus pool. 276 00:32:22,730 --> 00:32:28,370 Um, and, uh, vines, lotus vine emerging, I would argue, from his mouth. 277 00:32:28,850 --> 00:32:33,140 Uh, and I will demonstrate this in a moment. Uh, we see it again here. 278 00:32:33,290 --> 00:32:40,700 First phase. Amravati. This is the first coping Stone series to be, um, produced at around 100 BCE. 279 00:32:41,180 --> 00:32:45,680 Um, and we see the upper right, the elephants guarding the relics. 280 00:32:45,980 --> 00:32:50,030 Um, and but the main subject, of course, is this, uh, wonderful. 281 00:32:50,420 --> 00:32:58,350 Uh. Yorkshire, um, um, uh, attended by this handsome young, um, um, 282 00:32:58,530 --> 00:33:06,030 semi-divine figures who are assisting him, uh, as if, uh, the birthing the lotus vine from his mouth. 283 00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:09,450 And I use the word birthing, uh, purposefully. 284 00:33:09,450 --> 00:33:14,860 Because if you look at this image on the bottom of the next screen, um, we see Yorkshire. 285 00:33:14,890 --> 00:33:22,920 You doing precisely that, seated in, uh, legs, knees up, um, drawing the lotus out of the jaws of the makara. 286 00:33:23,160 --> 00:33:27,240 Um, and this then becomes the all enveloping, uh, lotus. 287 00:33:27,480 --> 00:33:36,240 Uh, uh, Garland, uh, that runs the entire, uh, circles of the interior wall of the, uh, enclosure railing. 288 00:33:36,720 --> 00:33:41,550 Uh. And it gets repeated and repeated. Another image on the screen above. 289 00:33:42,210 --> 00:33:43,660 Coming through the drawers of the locker. 290 00:33:45,480 --> 00:33:54,480 Not turning now to August, because this was really a way of introducing the watery themes, water imagery, uh, brings us to the realm of the Nagas. 291 00:33:54,780 --> 00:34:02,100 Of course, trees and ponds, the abodes of Yorkshires and nuggets, uh, very, very important in early India. 292 00:34:02,460 --> 00:34:11,040 Um, and the great image on the screen. Many of you all know I've inscribed data to you 40 and, uh, uh, koreshkov of rain. 293 00:34:11,340 --> 00:34:21,960 Um, um, the following, uh, Harry, folks dating this dated precisely to 167 common era, um, firmly in the mid second century. 294 00:34:22,170 --> 00:34:30,360 Um, with an associated pond, um, major over life size image two metre high image of a Naga Raja. 295 00:34:30,570 --> 00:34:35,790 Um uh, in worship. Uh uh, associated with the water type. 296 00:34:38,420 --> 00:34:46,580 So was the element of water belong to the Nagas, so that of the earth belonged to the actions of the source of treasures. 297 00:34:46,690 --> 00:34:51,169 Think we can look at the way in which each domain functions? 298 00:34:51,170 --> 00:34:55,970 Gems and rock crystal coming from the earth and clearly belonging to the oceans. 299 00:34:56,240 --> 00:34:59,390 Gold in India is essentially alluvial gold. 300 00:34:59,690 --> 00:35:04,760 Um, we think of the Indus being called the golden Indus in the Vedas already. 301 00:35:05,090 --> 00:35:09,320 Um, this was the alluvial gold I would suggest. So what's been alluded to? 302 00:35:09,740 --> 00:35:14,150 Uh, gold associated with rivers, valleys and coral, of course, coming from the oceans. 303 00:35:14,330 --> 00:35:18,500 The domain of the mockers and other, um, monstrous creatures. 304 00:35:19,160 --> 00:35:25,940 And from the outset, the Nagas appear as the fierce protectors and guardians of both the earth and the oceans riches. 305 00:35:26,930 --> 00:35:31,730 Um, some sources speak of the Nagas presiding over four treasures. 306 00:35:32,090 --> 00:35:37,360 Um. Go to gold and associated with the particular regions. 307 00:35:37,660 --> 00:35:42,740 The gold of and gather round treasures of silver guarded by the Naga under. 308 00:35:43,240 --> 00:35:48,940 Uh. Uh, the treasure of money of gems and the, uh, treasure of um. 309 00:35:50,250 --> 00:35:55,950 But do a job of gems. 203 gemstones associated with foreigners. 310 00:35:57,510 --> 00:36:02,520 Um, interesting. These treasures can all be characterised as terrestrial from the earth. 311 00:36:02,670 --> 00:36:10,350 The domains of the actions, assuming the bond between cultures, analogous to a lowering of authority, seems to be at play here, 312 00:36:10,680 --> 00:36:18,780 with the actress presiding over the land asserting ownership, if you like, of the land and its treasures and the narcos as its protectors. 313 00:36:19,290 --> 00:36:25,739 Narcos occupied their own world. Of course, the Naga local, uh, watery realm between the three peaks of support Mountain, 314 00:36:25,740 --> 00:36:35,400 Meru and quantum cosmology and we think of for the Nagas are primarily, um, uh, in our world or they're associated with the Buddha. 315 00:36:35,880 --> 00:36:41,880 But evidence abounds of their autonomous cults. Uh, Yondu focusing in the focus imagery. 316 00:36:42,330 --> 00:36:46,200 Um, there was erected in India. So the countryside. 317 00:36:47,540 --> 00:36:55,520 The most spectacular evidence of this. Was revealed by the excavations in the late 1960s at Sonke district of Mount Tura, 318 00:36:55,850 --> 00:37:08,250 unearthed by a joint German side excavation in which um a major York um um Nagar uh shrine and absolute shrine was uh, 319 00:37:08,270 --> 00:37:21,050 excavated um, which included uh, traces of um uh Torana uh, over the crossbar from that torana uh, in which we see the, uh, courtly, um. 320 00:37:22,320 --> 00:37:26,350 Oh. Scene of the, um, Roger on Gagne. 321 00:37:26,850 --> 00:37:31,559 Uh oh. The City of Enjoyment logo. That's a fun logo. 322 00:37:31,560 --> 00:37:35,430 That's, um, that's an extraordinary, uh, survivor. 323 00:37:35,520 --> 00:37:39,030 Um, and of of points to the the language. 324 00:37:39,030 --> 00:37:46,830 Naga cults, uh, were not just subsidiary, uh, uh, activities taking place in the countryside, but represented, uh, 325 00:37:46,920 --> 00:37:56,490 major cults alongside, uh, uh, Protestant German, uh, activities, um, as archaeology around matter, um, as already suggested. 326 00:37:57,810 --> 00:38:03,210 We then get other instances here, uh, to, um, elements from to realness. 327 00:38:03,570 --> 00:38:07,770 Uh, and above. From Barberton. Below from Montara. 328 00:38:08,010 --> 00:38:14,070 Uh, and the one below. If you look carefully, you'll notice the figure stepping out of stepping in. 329 00:38:14,370 --> 00:38:20,610 Uh, the draws of the makara is an Aga, and it's a wooded canopy, um, above, uh, above his head. 330 00:38:20,940 --> 00:38:25,680 Um, and one thinks of the, uh, issue of the Nagas, of course, 331 00:38:25,860 --> 00:38:30,750 wanting to possess and guard all the treasures of the earth, including the pearls of the ocean. 332 00:38:31,110 --> 00:38:35,790 Um, and the makers of, of course, have control over those territories. 333 00:38:36,090 --> 00:38:41,660 Uh, and I think a reading of this sculpture, uh, would have to take into account, uh, 334 00:38:41,700 --> 00:38:49,200 the importance of the ocean as a source of, uh, of its own rituals of pearls and and coral. 335 00:38:54,460 --> 00:38:59,360 No, because of course crossed devotional barriers as well. 336 00:38:59,360 --> 00:39:06,080 We see them brought into play here at Nigerian Moja Pradesh around 400 401. 337 00:39:06,380 --> 00:39:14,150 According to the inscriptions, this extraordinary monumental rock art representation of a rock emerging from the ocean, 338 00:39:14,150 --> 00:39:24,560 rescuing the goddess Earth, um, um, in his drawers, um, and uh, and venerated, uh, directly beneath his, uh, Lower fort. 339 00:39:24,890 --> 00:39:33,680 Uh, the rising figure of, uh, Naga Raja. Uh, and beyond that, uh, is the representation of the leading figure of the patron of this, 340 00:39:33,830 --> 00:39:40,280 uh, religious, the sculptor religious site, um, Chandragupta the second. 341 00:39:40,580 --> 00:39:51,320 Um, so as an extraordinary manifestation of the are often Argos um and across the for radical and Buddhist um the landscape. 342 00:39:56,280 --> 00:40:05,040 But not the Mongols Nagas for pre-eminence in the popular imagination, as is to do with Buddhism. 343 00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:10,080 Um, and that the role that an assumed um serving of the Buddha. 344 00:40:10,440 --> 00:40:18,910 Um. Their unwavering devotion, combined with their unmatched strength, made them an ideal defenders of the border. 345 00:40:19,480 --> 00:40:30,010 They appear in numerous articles and other donors, a frequency associated with particular places named rivers, tanks, and so on as their abodes. 346 00:40:30,370 --> 00:40:40,179 On the screen you have the posing of the the first. The first part of the building from photo uh at uh performed of the company by the the 347 00:40:40,180 --> 00:40:45,069 chiefs of the knowledge of the Klingons in all garages and under and open under um, 348 00:40:45,070 --> 00:40:55,660 as described on the lot of the storm. Um, but I play the in front of us at some info on cold waters, and it's a 2 to 1 image emerged in August. 349 00:40:56,470 --> 00:41:02,170 Rise not from ponds. Um, to represent perhaps here represented by tanks, by brick. 350 00:41:02,440 --> 00:41:11,799 Um, uh, Wells. Um, the infant not so innocent, uh, figure of the newborn water standing the only representation, 351 00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:15,700 in fact, uh, I'm aware of of the water, uh, represented naked. 352 00:41:16,180 --> 00:41:27,010 Um, um, and, um, and celebrated by the gods, uh, represented by the celestial instruments, uh, in the upper register of the scope of this panel. 353 00:41:27,400 --> 00:41:30,930 Uh, no human presence, but the instruments themselves, uh, 354 00:41:30,970 --> 00:41:38,770 represented evoking the divine music that was provided when the portals, uh, first bath was performed. 355 00:41:40,660 --> 00:41:46,510 Um, number of representations. I'll show you just one from Pawnee and, um, Maharashtra. 356 00:41:46,840 --> 00:41:53,910 Arguably one of the earliest, uh, representations of some of the, uh, more calendar, uh, legend. 357 00:41:54,190 --> 00:42:03,040 Uh, and we see it here on the corner post of the, uh, the Vertica overall site, which is and have not been extensively excavated judgements, 358 00:42:03,340 --> 00:42:08,680 but later data structures, including a temple, Hindu temple, which prevent full excavation. 359 00:42:09,160 --> 00:42:12,420 But, uh, some items were recovered, uh, in the 1970s. 360 00:42:12,470 --> 00:42:22,840 This is one of them in which we see, um, the Nagano calendar, uh, raising up and protecting the presence of the Buddha, indicated by the empty throne. 361 00:42:23,320 --> 00:42:29,920 Now that, um, flat little stool with toned legs, uh, the dog of emerging from the lotus pond. 362 00:42:30,250 --> 00:42:35,710 The knees. We know the name of the lotus pond. Uh, that's from our just south of Poggio. 363 00:42:36,160 --> 00:42:48,450 Um, and, um, the inscription Brahmi gives of the, uh, protrude version of the calendar and names of the donors as a as and as an as a protest name. 364 00:42:48,960 --> 00:42:57,100 Um, so Nagas themselves, um, essentially gave themselves to two roles in the emerging, um, narratives of Buddhism. 365 00:42:57,520 --> 00:42:59,230 First, as the protectors of the potter. 366 00:42:59,410 --> 00:43:09,610 Um, the calendar story is so good, Demises epitomises that the second role of of of the Nagas, uh, came after his passing, um, 367 00:43:09,760 --> 00:43:16,960 where they sought to transform themselves into the unchallenged, self-appointed guardians of the his remains of the relics. 368 00:43:19,220 --> 00:43:21,300 And we see this in various forms. 369 00:43:21,340 --> 00:43:27,970 Or this relates to the previous point in which this extraordinary image of a trout is going under the cover of the book. 370 00:43:28,270 --> 00:43:34,210 Um, and it shows there's the great Naga with his wondrous and strange rule. 371 00:43:34,390 --> 00:43:36,100 Uh, sorry. Throat draw. 372 00:43:36,400 --> 00:43:47,800 Uh, you see represented, uh uh uh, above and then his throat and below the throne here with the Buddha powder attached as well. 373 00:43:48,010 --> 00:43:51,850 Another version for this. Oh, from a panel from the same site. 374 00:43:52,090 --> 00:43:55,569 Uh, Dr. Decatur. Uh, upper right. It's a little hard to read. 375 00:43:55,570 --> 00:43:58,960 It's now an act of worship in a nearby village. 376 00:43:59,350 --> 00:44:09,550 Um, and remains there undisturbed. Uh, as it shows, not, uh, the empty throne, but in fact shows the stupa and so called. 377 00:44:10,180 --> 00:44:16,990 So several read. This is the, uh, Rama Grama stupa, uh, where the Nagas protected the eight portion of the relics. 378 00:44:17,170 --> 00:44:23,470 So, uh, you know that, uh, that their role as those, as protectors is very important. 379 00:44:23,890 --> 00:44:29,020 Um, all of this goes, takes us back and forth to that moment, uh, of the division of the relics. 380 00:44:29,290 --> 00:44:33,639 Um, and at that seminal moment when the Drona, um, 381 00:44:33,640 --> 00:44:40,900 divided the relics into eight portions in order to prevent a, uh, a war between contesting parties shown here. 382 00:44:41,320 --> 00:44:48,340 Uh, it was recently discovered representation from kind of going to Hollywood on the upper screen and from the older, 383 00:44:48,970 --> 00:44:52,810 better known image from Nagarjuna, Konda Lo, in which, 384 00:44:52,840 --> 00:44:58,600 uh, Drona was shown presenting, uh, the devoted relics, um, and the rather agitated, 385 00:44:58,910 --> 00:45:05,020 uh, Mongols, uh, flanking him, um, cloak making the arguably making the claim. 386 00:45:05,320 --> 00:45:14,910 Uh, for one portion. There are multiple stories about how the eighth portion of the relics were ended up in the possession of the nuggets. 387 00:45:15,180 --> 00:45:19,590 You read for CNO swansong. Um, the Tron is, uh, to Pokemon. 388 00:45:19,770 --> 00:45:26,910 Tron is Pokemon accounts. You get variant versions of whatever means whichever story you subscribe to. 389 00:45:27,420 --> 00:45:31,170 Um, and August came at the procession of the eight portion, um, 390 00:45:31,710 --> 00:45:38,490 which had been placed in the realm of Grandmaster Weathers and washed into the river and ended up in Mango Loco. 391 00:45:38,520 --> 00:45:52,320 Whatever, uh, representation of that story here at Nagarjuna at $10 Harley, uh, controls the Nagas, clearly, uh, enveloping the dome of the stupa. 392 00:45:52,680 --> 00:45:58,500 Uh, this affectionately knotted form of the twin bodies, uh, protecting the relics within. 393 00:45:58,890 --> 00:46:06,720 And the scene on the left, I would suggest, represents that moment, that recorded historic moment when Emperor Ashoka, 394 00:46:07,080 --> 00:46:16,290 um, uh, visited, uh, the the the eight locations to gather the relics for redistribution across the the Moyane Empire. 395 00:46:16,560 --> 00:46:19,770 Uh, and was denied by the Nagas. 396 00:46:19,770 --> 00:46:25,980 The oath portion. Um, and, um, and so just this is probably what the purposes were presented. 397 00:46:26,340 --> 00:46:40,920 Uh, you know. The association of um the Nagas um, with tho with the relics um, and is enormously um and important um, and uh, 398 00:46:41,010 --> 00:46:48,330 one of the things which gives us the special authority, uh, must relate to their exceptional, 399 00:46:48,570 --> 00:46:52,050 uh, uh, their ability to live for a great age, their longevity. 400 00:46:52,560 --> 00:47:00,600 Um, and we're told to never have, um, so, uh, that Ashoka honoured, uh, one Naga, uh, who at the at the, 401 00:47:00,600 --> 00:47:11,340 at scene lived through the lifetime of four of the past Buddhas representing, uh, one and two, uh, you know, um, um, that images were was, was made. 402 00:47:11,580 --> 00:47:18,770 Um, uh, so let's say mahalo, you know, doc Schnauz, um, and first of all, was held, um, uh, 403 00:47:18,780 --> 00:47:24,840 this is all over encountered in the film server and echoed in the, um, uh, the other donor. 404 00:47:25,470 --> 00:47:30,630 Um, but the, the one of the the key function of the of the Nagas, uh, 405 00:47:30,810 --> 00:47:37,500 from the early time and why they were of such compelling interest to Buddhists, of course, was their ability to control the rains. 406 00:47:37,920 --> 00:47:45,840 Um, and this, of course, exercised, uh, uh, life giving life, uh, over the life of mortals. 407 00:47:46,080 --> 00:47:53,580 Uh, the path of the the coming of the monsoons or not, was, uh, critical to sustaining life in the subcontinent. 408 00:47:53,880 --> 00:48:01,140 So Nargis, as the master of rains, was a pre-eminent concern, um, and acknowledged by Buddhists from the outset. 409 00:48:02,370 --> 00:48:10,590 Um, and sometimes, sometime in the first millennium, rituals emerged in Buddhist practice to evoke the Nagas pleasure, to bring forth the rains. 410 00:48:12,530 --> 00:48:15,659 Ronald Davidson has examined the Mueller mantra. 411 00:48:15,660 --> 00:48:24,480 Darren is through a text verse preserved in Chinese translation in the early sixth century and later in Go-gurt, Gandhara and Tibetan versions. 412 00:48:24,840 --> 00:48:31,980 It's an instrumental instructional text for rain making for use by ritual practitioners, by the jurors. 413 00:48:32,130 --> 00:48:40,770 But Davidson calls saucers and reflects the wider use of mantras and ironies in Buddhist ritual practice in the mid first millennium. 414 00:48:41,190 --> 00:48:47,070 As Davidson noted, the form of the ritual slightly embody rural practices of Naga wash, 415 00:48:47,610 --> 00:48:54,870 including simple altars and the casting of grains and seeds accompanied by the recitation of magical spells. 416 00:48:56,830 --> 00:49:04,510 At a junta. Uh, we see, um, several very majestic representations of narcos and mugginess. 417 00:49:04,780 --> 00:49:14,950 Uh, through one on the screen. Um, we have an inscription from cave 16 which associates a donor inscription from Peralta Tovar. 418 00:49:15,310 --> 00:49:21,670 Uh, which refers to the junta River Gorge as original, having been the abode of the Naga king. 419 00:49:22,060 --> 00:49:26,200 Its peak. Quote, uh, reached by masses of rain clouds. 420 00:49:26,770 --> 00:49:35,740 Um, and the inscription then goes on to say that this ruler founded a large cistern for water storage and a dwelling for the Naga king. 421 00:49:36,370 --> 00:49:43,179 Uh, the Caroli suggests a Naga shrine on the pathway to cave 16 is likely. 422 00:49:43,180 --> 00:49:47,050 That's a dwelling. Um. And it is referred to in the inscription. 423 00:49:47,410 --> 00:49:51,670 Uh, more appropriate, perhaps marked with the place of the place of the abode of the Naga. 424 00:49:51,910 --> 00:49:55,180 Also, in fact, the water tank itself. Um. It's noggins. 425 00:49:55,480 --> 00:49:59,800 That's where they tend to like to. Um, I lived, um. 426 00:50:01,110 --> 00:50:05,820 Water features at almost all the early bottles rock at sites. 427 00:50:06,000 --> 00:50:10,230 We see it here at Patel Quarter Caves around the second century BC. 428 00:50:10,560 --> 00:50:18,450 He uh, in which uh, in the folk ground of the great rock China, which is now largely, uh, collapsed. 429 00:50:18,720 --> 00:50:23,640 Um, we see, um, it's a little hard to see if look at the image of a right. 430 00:50:23,790 --> 00:50:29,670 To the left of that image is a rearing Naga, uh, protecting the entranceway to the lower terrace. 431 00:50:30,000 --> 00:50:40,530 Um, and channels for the ducting of water, um, uh, which has been, um, channelled off from runoff from the great rock of crops, uh, outcrop um, 432 00:50:40,530 --> 00:50:48,120 and channelled down where they would fill the reservoirs of man made principles to provide water on these elevated monastic sites. 433 00:50:48,330 --> 00:50:58,140 Um, uh, during the dry season. Um, and of the image which was removed from this 100 years ago now and uh, Mumbai Museum of country Lakshmi, 434 00:50:58,500 --> 00:51:04,770 uh, one of the earliest representations we have, uh, of, uh, the goddess represented here. 435 00:51:05,040 --> 00:51:09,180 Of course, we know Governor Lakshmi to transcend sectarian boundaries issues. 436 00:51:09,420 --> 00:51:13,270 Um. In Buddhist sites as well as grammatical sites. 437 00:51:13,540 --> 00:51:18,240 Um, and here we have her, uh, being honoured with the, uh, upper shake. 438 00:51:18,430 --> 00:51:23,200 Uh, the pouring of the of the blessed waters by the, uh, the elephants. 439 00:51:23,380 --> 00:51:34,060 Um, uh, this this was originally placed in the lintel space visible between the two, uh, the often hostile, uh, guardians who flank the entrance. 440 00:51:34,440 --> 00:51:39,429 Uh, representative. Now, finally, a grumpiness that brings us to notice. 441 00:51:39,430 --> 00:51:47,020 I'm sorry it's taken a little time. Um uh uh uh uh uh uh, essentially a subgroup of the reactions. 442 00:51:47,400 --> 00:51:53,740 Uh uh, there was the embodiments of were also identified and numerous Texas Guevara's 443 00:51:53,740 --> 00:52:00,490 treasures of whom is to premier assistance were needy and some shrunken needy. 444 00:52:01,120 --> 00:52:04,360 Uh, each member regarded as personified aspects of forever. 445 00:52:04,660 --> 00:52:10,600 And as such, they would have been worshipped as his partial incarnations in the American tradition. 446 00:52:10,600 --> 00:52:18,130 Compare West crown to the north overlordship of the US treasuries by paramount treasures in early Indic sources, 447 00:52:18,340 --> 00:52:24,489 so multifarious and inexhaustible, whilst as primary conceived as material wealth, gold, 448 00:52:24,490 --> 00:52:33,910 gemstones, oils and the like, it is also understood to encompass other treasures in degrees of wealth produced by human activity and extended, 449 00:52:34,190 --> 00:52:37,600 uh to encompass human qualities and higher knowledge. 450 00:52:38,770 --> 00:52:48,490 This orientation course was especially strong and protested thus, as well as being inexhaustible, source of jewels are also linked to Buddhist wisdom. 451 00:52:48,760 --> 00:52:57,010 Uh, the treasure of Dharma, uh, of the Buddhist uh, as he put his magic, is found in the development of um, 452 00:52:57,130 --> 00:53:04,480 and the amount of art to promote a fourfold system of is and of great size and contained in pots. 453 00:53:07,760 --> 00:53:12,350 And according to these sources, the net is regarded by the four great non garages. 454 00:53:12,710 --> 00:53:18,080 And I'll show you from Noguchi in a condo on the left, one of these great, uh, 455 00:53:18,260 --> 00:53:22,820 pots which almost certainly were intended the quite numerous of the site uh, 456 00:53:23,090 --> 00:53:32,090 which I would suggest were probably understood to be the receptacles for the 90, um, at that, uh, within the monastic complexes. 457 00:53:32,480 --> 00:53:43,170 Um, and just for fun, an image from the extraordinary, uh, the John Devoir sutra, um, in which the, uh, known to many of you from, uh, 458 00:53:43,250 --> 00:53:51,380 the youthful Southerners quest for awakening, uh, which reminds us, of course, that that wisdom was also one of the great treasures. 459 00:53:53,250 --> 00:53:58,380 Uh. The countdown to Farewell So True is widely accepted as having originated from the Southern Tekong. 460 00:53:58,620 --> 00:54:00,480 Around the second or third century, 461 00:54:00,840 --> 00:54:08,880 in which wealth is celebrated in Buddhist logic as the fruit of merit making um of merit earning in a previous lifetime. 462 00:54:09,330 --> 00:54:13,650 The association of Buddhism and wealth thus isn't a recurring theme, 463 00:54:13,920 --> 00:54:19,110 with the greatest treasure attained, uh, attainable being, uh, spiritual awakening. 464 00:54:21,150 --> 00:54:29,400 Yorkshire synagogues are routinely worship together. A superstar was a worldly brilliance, and domains distinguished by land and water, respectively, 465 00:54:29,880 --> 00:54:36,390 now control the reins, so sway over career and wealth as kings of the subterranean. 466 00:54:36,720 --> 00:54:43,080 They also command the wealth of beneath the land. Thus the power of new was in the gift of the nuggets, 467 00:54:43,440 --> 00:54:49,950 just as the origins are likely to been in the earliest nugget cults, as expressed in the treasures, health, 468 00:54:50,540 --> 00:54:54,330 the land and oceans, it was the narcos who guarded this wealth, 469 00:54:54,810 --> 00:55:02,880 but the jurisdiction extended and took the control of charms and other forms of magical knowledge in early. 470 00:55:04,690 --> 00:55:10,569 Other sources of Entrepeneur is identified as in Yorkshire and in the Mohamed I. 471 00:55:10,570 --> 00:55:13,750 Sorry again. Sorry, I think I've covered that point. 472 00:55:14,500 --> 00:55:21,480 Um. And he singled out new entrepreneurs, singled out in brutal sources as one of the great Donald protectors, 473 00:55:21,840 --> 00:55:28,770 um, who assumed supreme guardianship, the business tax that Dharma needed, uh, along with other treasurers. 474 00:55:28,890 --> 00:55:31,980 So he's very much linked to the new tea world. 475 00:55:32,430 --> 00:55:41,829 Um. So this brings us then to back also to the, um, uh, the uh, trunk annuity and uh, 476 00:55:41,830 --> 00:55:45,910 pod manager, uh, which we saw at the very beginning and the wish fulfilment tree. 477 00:55:46,270 --> 00:55:51,610 And here we see in the fourth century AD now Katrina condo and the first, uh, 478 00:55:51,880 --> 00:56:00,610 fully personified forms, um, and unremarkable, uh, sculptural images and, um, brought back to, uh, 479 00:56:01,190 --> 00:56:09,880 to us again and writing in the negative to be called messenger, where he describes a mansion entrance, 480 00:56:10,240 --> 00:56:17,170 uh, painted with depictions of Shunk and Padma, uh, with their bodies portrayed as, quote unquote. 481 00:56:17,350 --> 00:56:24,420 Thank the doorway. Uh, so we we know that they were represented in pictorial form. 482 00:56:24,690 --> 00:56:25,769 And here in the nugget, 483 00:56:25,770 --> 00:56:35,340 you come to representations probably around 400 and common era and we see them represented in this is unique and representations. 484 00:56:36,240 --> 00:56:46,680 Uh, the distinctive feature, of course, is the cascading of coins from their crowns, from their lotus crown and the, uh, conch crown, respectively. 485 00:56:48,460 --> 00:56:55,780 And not kind of cause they're essentially gonna like, uh uh, uh, figures. 486 00:56:57,550 --> 00:57:05,950 So let's get to her. Painted representations of cavalry and date of the night is virtually unknown. 487 00:57:06,400 --> 00:57:12,160 I'm sure one unique survivor from Sri Lanka, from underground opera, from the church of Arnhem Wall Street. 488 00:57:12,460 --> 00:57:19,030 Uh uh uh uh uh chamber within one of the, uh, yoga platforms in which we see the forearmed. 489 00:57:19,030 --> 00:57:25,120 Green representation of capoeira, uh, unique survivor from Sri Lanka, um, 490 00:57:25,300 --> 00:57:29,260 which gives us a glimpse of what some of these images, uh, must have looked like. 491 00:57:32,980 --> 00:57:39,940 But no sculptors. And Nagarjuna can't produce these extraordinary images of the of the, um, personifications. 492 00:57:40,150 --> 00:57:48,700 Um, here you have them alongside their rich, uh, symbolic representations as the conch, uh, and, uh, and the lotus. 493 00:57:50,230 --> 00:57:53,920 Um, and I'm reminded around the same time as the unicorn, 494 00:57:53,920 --> 00:57:59,770 the sculptors who produce these personifications, uh, that panegyric in a similar time frame. 495 00:58:00,190 --> 00:58:07,300 Uh, we have, uh, the representation of both nudity, uh, still in the, uh, symbolic form. 496 00:58:07,780 --> 00:58:10,090 Um, uh, you look closely at this scene. 497 00:58:10,390 --> 00:58:20,980 Uh, um, which may be a representation of, of, uh, of the truck revolt in the, um, monitor, um, among one daughter, um, or simply of a truck revolting. 498 00:58:21,310 --> 00:58:26,709 Um, of the the chairman of the drills of the truck revolt and are represented um, 499 00:58:26,710 --> 00:58:34,300 and in the background on those, uh, I'll show you in the detail, uh, uh, what is clearly a conch and a lotus. 500 00:58:34,450 --> 00:58:37,300 From which four down coins. 501 00:58:37,600 --> 00:58:46,420 Uh, so these are exactly replicating, uh, the representations of the best Naga wish fulfilment tree of the second century B.C. 502 00:58:46,810 --> 00:58:51,550 Um, so both traditions continued this symbolic representation. 503 00:58:51,820 --> 00:58:56,050 Uh, following the texts of the, uh, referring to the, uh, uh, the. 504 00:58:57,520 --> 00:59:03,370 The conch and the lotus, and then the anthropomorphic representation from the Katrina content. 505 00:59:05,240 --> 00:59:09,260 Um, representations continue into the competition period. 506 00:59:09,290 --> 00:59:17,180 Um, here, I show you the entrance to okay 19, at which time in fifth century, in which we see this room, 507 00:59:17,510 --> 00:59:24,710 um, representation almost certainly of Kibera, um, standing and holding in his lower hand. 508 00:59:24,920 --> 00:59:33,530 Uh, what we can clearly reach is a purse or money purse. And if you look at the in presentation on the upper right, uh, from, um, uh, 509 00:59:33,530 --> 00:59:41,620 late Kushan to early Gupta, uh, Mortara again is holding the purse in the in the lower left hand. 510 00:59:41,640 --> 00:59:48,290 Token. Left hand. Um, and the detail below in which the needy is cascading coins, uh, 511 00:59:49,040 --> 00:59:54,710 perhaps from a sack over his shoulder are totally clear, and they are gentle in their drawn to clothing. 512 01:00:00,810 --> 01:00:07,200 When Tiburon ventures north into the Himalayan world, and Tibetan practices and beliefs, 513 01:00:07,500 --> 01:00:17,250 uh is very much aligned with the indigenous nature cults associated with wealth, and his pre-eminent Tibetan form is, of course, of that of Ravana. 514 01:00:17,700 --> 01:00:26,250 Um, and I'll share this wonderful image from around 1400, uh, great Tibetan Tonka, uh, collected by two tree in the 1930s. 515 01:00:26,490 --> 01:00:36,990 Uh, uh, where we show ravenous, the esoteric protector of the South, directional guardian and wealth protector, embodying all of these roles. 516 01:00:37,290 --> 01:00:46,890 Um, and I particularly focus now, um, in conclusion, on the representations of wealth, the mongoose that he holds on his knee. 517 01:00:47,130 --> 01:00:57,460 Uh, upper left. You see the, uh, disgorging, uh, treasures from its chores, um, vomiting forth the wealth of the earth that has gathered, um, um, 518 01:00:57,480 --> 01:01:07,770 and below this extraordinary, uh, representation of a native, uh, in which, um, a turtle which has a sack upon his shoulder. 519 01:01:08,550 --> 01:01:17,640 Um, and the sack, um, appears to emanate from the small sculpture, turns at the pinnacle of his cranium, 520 01:01:18,060 --> 01:01:25,170 and then to cascade down, uh, into, uh, treasures into a waiting vessel, the planet Garter. 521 01:01:25,440 --> 01:01:30,150 Um, this may be a fanciful reading, but, uh, it's also, I think, if you look carefully, 522 01:01:30,300 --> 01:01:34,170 uh, it's very critical to explain precisely what is happening this. 523 01:01:34,170 --> 01:01:44,100 And we reminded that nearly all the representations of Neeti in Sri Lanka involve the carrying of the jewels in a sack over the shoulder, 524 01:01:44,220 --> 01:01:47,490 which then cascades down at the feet before them. 525 01:01:47,820 --> 01:01:52,110 Uh, precisely the representation represented here in this detail. 526 01:01:52,500 --> 01:01:55,710 Um, um, and this particular form. 527 01:01:55,860 --> 01:02:00,090 So, um, you have the, uh, carrying the sack of treasures. 528 01:02:00,390 --> 01:02:03,720 The types of treasure represented. Pearls, coral. 529 01:02:03,930 --> 01:02:13,680 Um, this special type of, uh, Chinese gold coinage we know is in circulation, uh, in, in the yuan. 530 01:02:13,680 --> 01:02:18,540 And only Ming periods also show on, um, within the tree to this treasure. 531 01:02:18,780 --> 01:02:21,850 Uh, in this in this depiction, um, and, um. 532 01:02:23,450 --> 01:02:28,880 I want to just conclude by bringing onto the screen, uh, Buddhist relics from Piraha. 533 01:02:29,210 --> 01:02:35,150 Uh, the offerings that were made by Buddhist devotees to use the relic chamber. 534 01:02:35,400 --> 01:02:44,030 Uh, some 1600 of these small, precious objects, uh, which were placed in the, uh, rather quiz within the cask, 535 01:02:44,330 --> 01:02:50,720 uh, very burial casket up here from excavations and, um, 1898, um, by William Pepi. 536 01:02:50,960 --> 01:02:58,550 Uh, extraordinary. Um, and, um, simply to make the point that these, these offerings of rock, crystal, ivory, 537 01:02:58,880 --> 01:03:05,930 uh, pearls, coral, copper, gold, aromatic woods, uh, all exotic objects and in most cases, 538 01:03:06,260 --> 01:03:10,400 objects which have come from other places but have travelled, um, 539 01:03:10,550 --> 01:03:19,670 and therefore reflect the commercial reach of the merchant communities and their role of suppliers of such precious things from faraway places, 540 01:03:20,060 --> 01:03:22,310 from the earth and the ocean. Thank you.