1 00:00:00,870 --> 00:00:07,590 Good afternoon. Thank you very much for having me here at the seminar series of the change in Character of War. 2 00:00:08,190 --> 00:00:15,360 Since it's been so nice to introduce me and my talk, I'm not going to go bother reading the title again. 3 00:00:16,110 --> 00:00:28,080 Go straight to the next slide. And I always like starting with a very simple plane, a map of the world of standard political atlas, 4 00:00:28,170 --> 00:00:33,750 as we pretty much are presented with beginning in kindergarten, first grade. 5 00:00:35,010 --> 00:00:40,680 The reason I start with this is because this is, in my view, 6 00:00:41,250 --> 00:00:47,550 the one of the tools that inhibits us the most from understanding the way the world really works. 7 00:00:49,050 --> 00:00:57,720 It depicts this notion of globalised sovereign territoriality, which was a principle derived from the piece of Australia's. 8 00:00:58,590 --> 00:01:05,249 Most of the people engaged in research in this room will know, roughly speaking, 9 00:01:05,250 --> 00:01:14,490 exported by imperialism and colonialism and consolidated in the post-World War Two framework and the subsequent independence movements. 10 00:01:15,450 --> 00:01:21,150 It represents a formal, legal, rational state system in the modern image. 11 00:01:21,180 --> 00:01:31,260 What I always like, always like making the analogy or referring back to paper and his the idea of the iron cage of a star has to go heuser, 12 00:01:31,950 --> 00:01:35,309 which creates this sort of notion of constraint, 13 00:01:35,310 --> 00:01:46,770 territoriality and resistance to changes and adapting to effective changes in political authority, particularly in local territories. 14 00:01:50,940 --> 00:01:54,590 It's, as John Ruggie would say, homonyms. 15 00:01:55,710 --> 00:02:00,540 So it's a genre. I always like quoting John Ruggie here in the beginning. 16 00:02:01,110 --> 00:02:10,080 It's a variant of structuring cultural space in a familiar world of territorially disjoint, mutually exclusive, functionally similar sovereign states. 17 00:02:10,350 --> 00:02:18,540 And the chief characteristic is territorial rule and consolidation of all personalised and personalised authority into one public realm. 18 00:02:21,000 --> 00:02:30,209 Unfortunately, or I don't want to make a value judgement here, it is not effectively consolidated throughout the world. 19 00:02:30,210 --> 00:02:35,610 We see spaces that do not conform to this form of political authority. 20 00:02:36,480 --> 00:02:49,080 And this is where the international order is represented by this political map that I showed in the previous slide is contested in local arenas. 21 00:02:49,950 --> 00:02:53,460 And here I'm not talking about weak, failed or fragile states. 22 00:02:54,000 --> 00:03:02,549 I'm not talking about ungoverned spaces. And I'm not necessarily talking about post-conflict or civil war settings or substate or 23 00:03:02,550 --> 00:03:07,860 transnational phenomena because all of those conceptualisations in one way or another, 24 00:03:08,910 --> 00:03:16,350 then use the standard conceptual political authority represented in this map as a starting point once again. 25 00:03:16,980 --> 00:03:22,380 And this is exactly what with my contribution of the concept of illicit order. 26 00:03:22,950 --> 00:03:29,670 I'm trying to engage with the phenomena directly through theories of social order, 27 00:03:30,090 --> 00:03:38,670 rather than indirectly via theories of the state, and also these in terms of policy. 28 00:03:39,330 --> 00:03:52,139 These spaces continuously have more and more of an impact in an era of globalisation, and we see this through the US national security strategy, 29 00:03:52,140 --> 00:03:58,920 for example, the U.S. security strategy and most recently the EU document on the EU as a global actor, 30 00:04:00,420 --> 00:04:06,690 which all address in some form or another spaces that are not in effective control of 31 00:04:06,690 --> 00:04:12,000 states and where alternative actors have established some form of order or authority. 32 00:04:12,720 --> 00:04:20,280 And what I'm really trying to do here is understand what's going on within these territories and how we got here. 33 00:04:22,830 --> 00:04:26,969 And I'm going to do so by looking particularly in the case of the fellows of rulers. 34 00:04:26,970 --> 00:04:30,330 Now. Now, I usually leave this part of my talk to the end, 35 00:04:31,140 --> 00:04:38,970 but because I wanted to adapt my talk a little bit to my fellows from the change of Character of War Centre. 36 00:04:39,210 --> 00:04:40,710 I'm actually going to put it in the beginning, 37 00:04:41,490 --> 00:04:50,700 and this is essentially the state's response to the constitutional question order in the families of Rio, where. 38 00:04:52,350 --> 00:04:59,760 And this was really interesting that there's a 29 memo written by the US Consul General in Rio at the time. 39 00:05:00,960 --> 00:05:04,920 That was addressed to the State Department, the National Security Council and CIA, among others. 40 00:05:05,490 --> 00:05:11,940 And it had the subject tags like boundary and sovereignty claims external political relations and narcotics. 41 00:05:13,230 --> 00:05:17,430 I'm just going to read an extract from this memo. 42 00:05:18,420 --> 00:05:23,309 So he writes, The favela pacification program marks the first time that state, 43 00:05:23,310 --> 00:05:26,460 municipal or federal authorities are attempting a clear and hold approach, 44 00:05:26,880 --> 00:05:31,110 the success of which is predicated upon pushing criminal elements out of the community, 45 00:05:31,320 --> 00:05:37,560 establishing a permanent police and government presence, then providing basic services and civic privileges to favela residents. 46 00:05:38,010 --> 00:05:43,320 This approach closely resembles U.S. counterinsurgency insurgency doctrine in Afghanistan and Iraq 47 00:05:43,590 --> 00:05:49,410 and highlights the extent to which favelas have been outside state authority like counterinsurgency. 48 00:05:49,650 --> 00:05:51,840 The population is the true centre of gravity, 49 00:05:52,110 --> 00:05:59,550 and the program's success will ultimately depend not only on effective and sustained coordination between the police and state municipal governments, 50 00:05:59,880 --> 00:06:03,840 but on favela residents perceptions of the legitimacy of the state. 51 00:06:04,560 --> 00:06:12,330 In addition to the obvious security factors involved with the pacification program, there are also significant economic economic interests at stake, 52 00:06:12,600 --> 00:06:18,750 with some analysts estimating Rio de Janeiro economy would grow by 38 billion reais or 21 billion U.S. dollars. 53 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:22,230 Should favelas be reincorporate into mainstream society and markets? 54 00:06:23,370 --> 00:06:29,069 And then he finishes with post will work closely with relevant state authorities to facilitate exchanges, 55 00:06:29,070 --> 00:06:31,740 seminars and institutional partnerships towards this end. 56 00:06:32,940 --> 00:06:42,960 And so what we're really talking about here is this sense that the international order represented in that initial map that I showed, 57 00:06:43,500 --> 00:06:55,139 really trying to reimpose its form of governance that it normatively espouses is superior and its 58 00:06:55,140 --> 00:07:00,870 economic structures over these territories that have fallen into the hands of criminal gangs. 59 00:07:02,940 --> 00:07:08,579 The program essentially had four different and I'm speaking in the past tense here, 60 00:07:08,580 --> 00:07:16,240 because the program has pretty much failed and drug gangs have become resurgent in this area. 61 00:07:16,260 --> 00:07:19,980 So it's yet another case of showing how difficult states, 62 00:07:22,470 --> 00:07:29,880 how difficult of a job it is for states to actually reassert state authority within these territorial domains. 63 00:07:30,480 --> 00:07:34,920 And the program in four phases. The first one, trying to recover the territory. 64 00:07:35,820 --> 00:07:43,320 The second was a stabilisation phase which sought to secure territorial gains by removing trafficker fortifications, 65 00:07:43,320 --> 00:07:51,220 confiscation, confiscating weapons. The third was an implementation phase where they establish community based policing structures. 66 00:07:51,570 --> 00:08:03,629 And finally, a post implementation phase where they created complementary social programs that address that legitimacy aspect. 67 00:08:03,630 --> 00:08:10,350 That was such a big part of that memo that I just read an extract from this. 68 00:08:10,350 --> 00:08:16,919 Here is a map showing depicting what was going on during that first phase where 69 00:08:16,920 --> 00:08:21,960 they're essentially trying to recover the territory from these territorial gains. 70 00:08:22,380 --> 00:08:23,340 And as you'll see, 71 00:08:24,180 --> 00:08:33,870 not only were this looks pretty much like a military invasion and this shouldn't surprise you because that's essentially what it is. 72 00:08:33,870 --> 00:08:37,410 We're operating in a context of de facto urban warfare. 73 00:08:38,250 --> 00:08:46,980 And you have special units from the police as well as as well as naval. 74 00:08:48,330 --> 00:08:59,520 Uh, well, essentially Brazilian Marines and other members of the armed forces that are usually an external function 75 00:08:59,520 --> 00:09:05,940 and a military function meant to protect the sovereign state from external enemies operating internally. 76 00:09:08,700 --> 00:09:17,380 And these are some examples of them, the fortifications that were used by drug trafficking gangs in order to protect their territories and 77 00:09:18,840 --> 00:09:26,010 and essentially rule through violence over their territories while they're still in their hands. 78 00:09:27,180 --> 00:09:33,780 And finally, because I thought this would be very interesting for some of you in the room and 79 00:09:33,780 --> 00:09:39,570 you probably know what weapons and and gear they apprehended here better than me. 80 00:09:41,610 --> 00:09:47,009 But you have a very large range of rifles, assault rifles. 81 00:09:47,010 --> 00:09:58,950 And as you know, there's a famous case in 2009, just after Rio was awarded the Olympics, where they actually shot down a police helicopter. 82 00:10:00,250 --> 00:10:08,500 With a grenade launcher. So that's just to give you sort of an idea of the type of level of violence that we're working with here. 83 00:10:09,010 --> 00:10:22,990 And this map pretty much shows within the municipality of rioters narrow the red or yellow territories controlled by gangs. 84 00:10:23,950 --> 00:10:29,300 The blue was where the where the favelas. 85 00:10:29,320 --> 00:10:33,760 And that were then taken over by state government through this program. 86 00:10:34,180 --> 00:10:40,690 And the purple were areas where they were just beginning these operational phases. 87 00:10:41,800 --> 00:10:44,620 Now, after the Olympics, unfortunately, 88 00:10:44,620 --> 00:10:54,490 the program is now essentially defunct due to lack of funding and the resurgence of criminal gangs in a lot of these favelas. 89 00:10:57,070 --> 00:11:01,660 But this is just to show you the impact that these illicit orders can have. 90 00:11:01,660 --> 00:11:06,100 This I'm essentially beginning with the end here. 91 00:11:06,580 --> 00:11:12,069 What I'm really trying to understand is how these illicit orders that exist within these territories 92 00:11:12,070 --> 00:11:19,870 that the state is so keen on disbanding actually arose in the first place and to do so first, 93 00:11:20,170 --> 00:11:30,400 offering in fact a concept that can adequately grasp the phenomena and then explaining the process through a trust process, terracing approach. 94 00:11:30,820 --> 00:11:36,790 And the reason that those two aspects are involved is because that's what my talk today is going to focus on. 95 00:11:37,090 --> 00:11:42,700 There's a third dimension to my work which tries to understand these local illicit or as part of a global society. 96 00:11:42,970 --> 00:11:47,770 I'm not going to go into that in detail today, but just keep it in the back of your mind. 97 00:11:49,690 --> 00:11:57,220 So conceptualising essentially what I'm trying to do is get away from this negative conceptualisation of 98 00:11:58,570 --> 00:12:08,920 territorial control by or this idea of weak states and failed states and moving towards a more conceptual, 99 00:12:09,250 --> 00:12:14,680 more positive conceptualisation in terms of understanding what is actually going on 100 00:12:14,680 --> 00:12:21,730 in these territories and who who has authority and who is able to establish order. 101 00:12:22,810 --> 00:12:28,150 So rather than focusing on state weakness, I'm focusing on gang strength. 102 00:12:29,680 --> 00:12:38,230 And this is an attempt to essentially jettison the state centric lens that most analytical approaches take to this type of problem. 103 00:12:39,310 --> 00:12:42,250 Often it's presented in a context of civil war, 104 00:12:42,280 --> 00:12:50,260 of post-conflict settings or substate governance that often reimpose oppressive preconceived categories. 105 00:12:51,280 --> 00:12:58,540 And what I'm also trying to do is get away from this idea of a transnational lens, 106 00:12:59,020 --> 00:13:09,790 which often also presuppose the existence of a sovereign territorial state system that I began with in the first slide. 107 00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:23,710 And what I'm really trying to transmit as well is this idea that these actors don't arise below the state, 108 00:13:24,280 --> 00:13:32,889 but apart from the state and the fact that we're essentially seeing what is a contestation between state authority, 109 00:13:32,890 --> 00:13:40,000 getting authority play out in these urban contexts as a form of urban warfare really shows that to a certain extent 110 00:13:40,090 --> 00:13:48,070 they're operating on the same territorial plain in order to assert these different forms of authority and order. 111 00:13:49,510 --> 00:14:01,510 What do I mean by order? Order is, according to my definition, the establishment of norms, rules and institutions that offer governance. 112 00:14:03,340 --> 00:14:06,670 In this case, by an actor that's non-state. 113 00:14:07,060 --> 00:14:15,340 But I'm also trying to get away from the idea of a non-state actor, because what again, 114 00:14:15,340 --> 00:14:25,000 going back to this positive conceptualisation and what I'm looking at is the process of structural action within these territories. 115 00:14:25,300 --> 00:14:29,379 Where where I'll get back to this in a moment, 116 00:14:29,380 --> 00:14:37,750 but where essentially the authority and institutions are constituted in a recursive and cyclical process. 117 00:14:39,700 --> 00:14:44,020 A key element of the critique of the structure of an illicit order then is authority. 118 00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:54,760 And here we're not talking about the type of legal, rational authority that we are familiar with in the Vivier and context of of bureaucracy. 119 00:14:55,180 --> 00:14:59,290 But we're mostly in a framework of charismatic authority. 120 00:14:59,880 --> 00:15:12,209 Where one individual or a group of a group of individuals is able to create a process 121 00:15:12,210 --> 00:15:20,970 of brutalisation by getting followers to essentially re-enact or act on their behalf. 122 00:15:21,090 --> 00:15:31,500 So it's a form it's a principle agent problem and a process by which first internally within the gang structure, 123 00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:36,690 you start seeing the transmission of certain norms and rules, 124 00:15:36,810 --> 00:15:46,350 and then finally that and then also that gang being able to assert those over the territory as a whole, including the broader population. 125 00:15:47,310 --> 00:15:51,150 And we're also what I'm also looking at as a form of plenary authority. 126 00:15:51,150 --> 00:15:57,059 So they have these gangs essentially have authority over their entire territory 127 00:15:57,060 --> 00:16:02,280 and all in all different domains rather than just issue specific authority. 128 00:16:02,970 --> 00:16:08,760 Because a lot of times when we're looking at non-state governance, in particular in the global governance literature, 129 00:16:09,510 --> 00:16:19,520 these are the alternative types of non-state authority are treated in terms of functional lines rather than territorial domains. 130 00:16:19,920 --> 00:16:24,660 And ultimately, the question that we have to ask, is this a form of public or private authority? 131 00:16:25,230 --> 00:16:39,960 Well, it's certainly non-state, but because these illicit orders enact their rule over a territory with a broader population, 132 00:16:40,410 --> 00:16:46,350 it's very much akin to a public authority in in that sense. 133 00:16:47,430 --> 00:16:55,140 Finally, one thing that I also want to clarify, and this is often a problem in the literature where people talk past each other. 134 00:16:55,530 --> 00:16:58,500 Is this informal? Is it illegal or is it illicit? 135 00:17:00,450 --> 00:17:14,429 I chose I specifically chose the term illicit because as the Oxford English Dictionary suggests, illicit is a third way of looking at the problem, 136 00:17:14,430 --> 00:17:19,620 because this tends to come up as things that are forbidden or disapproved of by custom or society. 137 00:17:20,130 --> 00:17:27,510 So they're not necessarily illicit from a legal purview because these gangs or these illicit 138 00:17:27,510 --> 00:17:32,520 authorities are able to establish their own form of authority that determine the rules. 139 00:17:33,510 --> 00:17:42,629 And if we're looking at them apart from the state rather than below the state, then we can't conceptualise them as being subject to the laws. 140 00:17:42,630 --> 00:17:46,200 And therefore it's difficult to say that they're illegal borders. 141 00:17:47,460 --> 00:17:56,820 On the other hand, informality is also a function of institutions created by the state that determine what is form and what is informal. 142 00:17:57,390 --> 00:18:07,020 And so I ultimately went with Illicit precisely because I'm also looking at this from the perspective of a global society. 143 00:18:07,440 --> 00:18:17,130 And there you can see a certain you have a sort of going back to the idea of international order. 144 00:18:17,460 --> 00:18:25,080 There is a certain international order that's still conceived of as normatively superior 145 00:18:25,680 --> 00:18:34,170 and it would be then considered licit in in respect to that notion of global society, 146 00:18:36,450 --> 00:18:40,230 territories, of contested sovereignty, how did they emerge? 147 00:18:40,410 --> 00:18:47,309 So what one of my court clients and I'll go to this in the in the specific context 148 00:18:47,310 --> 00:18:53,340 of the fellows of Rio de Janeiro is that crises of globalisation and lead to. 149 00:18:54,540 --> 00:19:04,769 So we're talking about economic processes, political processes and social processes essentially penetrate local arenas and create territorial domains 150 00:19:04,770 --> 00:19:13,920 where state institutions claim nominal jurisdiction but no longer or do not have effective authority over them. 151 00:19:14,910 --> 00:19:23,550 Within these territories, we can then outline three domains where state authority and non-state authority compete. 152 00:19:24,060 --> 00:19:30,870 And this is the core of the theoretical framework which looks at three three domains of social legitimacy, 153 00:19:30,870 --> 00:19:36,870 social, economic, security and organised violence that any type of actor, 154 00:19:36,870 --> 00:19:47,309 whether state or non-state, public or private, has to assert legitimacy, has to assert primacy within in order to establish authority within. 155 00:19:47,310 --> 00:19:50,790 Once the authority has been established within these territories, 156 00:19:50,790 --> 00:19:58,350 you then have this recursive structure creation process between authority institutions that ultimately. 157 00:19:59,660 --> 00:20:04,490 Are able to whereby order is ultimately established. 158 00:20:05,570 --> 00:20:14,219 So how did this happen in the context of real? Looking at the forces of modernity, globalisation. 159 00:20:14,220 --> 00:20:22,140 We start with the colonialism and the slave trade. Here we have the as you know, 160 00:20:22,140 --> 00:20:30,540 the trans like Portugal colonisers of the territory and the transatlantic slave 161 00:20:30,540 --> 00:20:35,459 trade are responsible for bringing a lot of slaves from Africa into Brazil, 162 00:20:35,460 --> 00:20:41,730 primarily for agricultural production. Then in 1888, with the abolishment of slavery, 163 00:20:42,120 --> 00:20:50,130 a lot of these slaves escaped the plantations and create what are called colonials in the hinterlands of Brazil. 164 00:20:50,940 --> 00:20:53,880 That is where they essentially create the target communities. 165 00:20:55,260 --> 00:21:03,750 Then in 1889, they the Brazil established as a republic, essentially through a military led coup. 166 00:21:04,350 --> 00:21:08,880 And this republic is founded on principles of common positivism and modernity, 167 00:21:09,930 --> 00:21:15,870 which espouses theological notions of of dying and progressive, which means order and progress. 168 00:21:18,330 --> 00:21:21,950 Pairs of Rio is also considered a Paris of the South. 169 00:21:21,960 --> 00:21:31,380 And increasingly you have this transition from agriculture as the primary as as 170 00:21:31,380 --> 00:21:35,730 the primary source of economic productivity towards industrial development. 171 00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:41,370 And you also see a lot of internal migration and displacement as a result of this process, 172 00:21:41,730 --> 00:21:49,680 because the the plantations were where you employed most of where most of the slaves 173 00:21:49,680 --> 00:21:57,600 were employed beforehand were also being being changed due to technological progress, 174 00:21:57,990 --> 00:22:04,500 and which meant that you had high amounts of urbanisation and which transformed the traditional social fabric. 175 00:22:06,120 --> 00:22:17,799 So then essentially in Brazil you see this process whereby the rural population becomes increasingly smaller and the urban, 176 00:22:17,800 --> 00:22:27,390 the urban population becomes a mix of not exponentially, but essentially linear has linear growth, 177 00:22:28,590 --> 00:22:36,420 which so the percentage of the rural to urban population becomes very small. 178 00:22:36,750 --> 00:22:46,560 And with this large population growth in in Rio and other urban centres of Brazil, 179 00:22:46,920 --> 00:22:56,550 you start to see the emergence of favelas because of the failure to integrate these migration processes within the broader society. 180 00:22:57,450 --> 00:23:00,630 And this is particularly due to resistance from the upper middle classes, 181 00:23:01,440 --> 00:23:08,100 as well as a longstanding racial tension, discrimination and neglect by state institutions. 182 00:23:12,180 --> 00:23:17,309 So ultimately this results in spaces with a note of absence of state imposed hierarchy, 183 00:23:17,310 --> 00:23:21,870 authority and social order that then become contested by non-state actors. 184 00:23:24,730 --> 00:23:31,600 During this time, particularly in the 1960s, seventies and eighties, when the dictatorship, 185 00:23:33,190 --> 00:23:42,100 when it was a dictatorship, came to power, the income distribution within Brazil also changed dramatically. 186 00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:54,580 So you saw a large rise of top earners earning a larger share of the pie and the lower income brackets also being reduced. 187 00:23:56,920 --> 00:24:09,430 And this ultimately led to the large scale expansion of territories that were now considered favela territories in the urban centres, 188 00:24:09,430 --> 00:24:23,940 and particularly Rio de Janeiro. So let's give you an idea of the global context through which these favelas emerged in the first place. 189 00:24:24,300 --> 00:24:29,670 And then now let's talk about this. The three domains that I mentioned earlier, 190 00:24:30,540 --> 00:24:37,079 which show how the particular actors so the drug gangs were able to then take advantage 191 00:24:37,080 --> 00:24:41,220 of this situation in order to impose alternative forms of authority and order. 192 00:24:41,700 --> 00:24:45,300 This begins with the Organisation of Violence. 193 00:24:46,080 --> 00:24:54,149 And what's really interesting and this comes back to this notion of urban warfare between 24 and 27, 194 00:24:54,150 --> 00:24:59,120 Rio's homicide rate was 49 per 100,000 inhabitants. 195 00:24:59,850 --> 00:25:07,230 This is nearly double the mean of combat related deaths in the three deadliest conflict zones. 196 00:25:07,530 --> 00:25:11,460 Well, as of 1211, which were Afghanistan, Sudan and Iraq. 197 00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:16,980 And this violence also probably derived from inter gang and gang police violence. 198 00:25:19,370 --> 00:25:40,300 The. And the gangs originally were a combination of the gangs originally arose from the Candido Mendez prison. 199 00:25:40,840 --> 00:25:49,570 So during the military dictatorship, a lot of normal street criminals as well as Marxist rebels, were in prison together. 200 00:25:50,140 --> 00:25:56,620 And it was during this time that a lot of them were able to escape and they found the favela territories 201 00:25:56,890 --> 00:26:12,220 as the as hiding places where they could then establish niches and begin imposing imposing their rules, 202 00:26:12,370 --> 00:26:25,070 essentially through violence. The first gang was the command of Emilio, which then also resulted in due to trafficking. 203 00:26:27,700 --> 00:26:33,130 So the first gang was Commander Emilio, and they increasingly had infighting. 204 00:26:33,340 --> 00:26:41,590 And then through this process, two other gangs emerged, which were called the Terceiro Commando, a portal that emerged from the North Zone. 205 00:26:41,590 --> 00:26:47,440 And the Amigos Dos Amigos, which formed in a prison later and challenged the CV in the South Zone. 206 00:26:48,940 --> 00:26:52,840 And through the process of the Organisation of Violence, 207 00:26:53,350 --> 00:27:02,020 these gangs were able to create internal hierarchies where gang members often joined as young children between the ages of eight and 13, 208 00:27:02,380 --> 00:27:09,730 and then also went through essentially what is the equivalent of a normal chain of command, beginning with a fusilier. 209 00:27:10,480 --> 00:27:19,000 Then Trafficante slowed down to acquire the coast and shipped Marconi cocaine and finally the leader. 210 00:27:19,480 --> 00:27:32,170 And this one corresponds to a normal infantrymen and what they're often young children who are then placed at the outer rims of envelop. 211 00:27:32,530 --> 00:27:36,850 And whenever they see police officers or any type of external threat, 212 00:27:37,300 --> 00:27:49,150 then they're supposed to launch this fuse to alert the the rest of the chain of command that they're that there's a threat coming. 213 00:27:51,190 --> 00:27:59,680 The then you have the traffickers and the soldiers who also who are also responsible for different functions, 214 00:28:00,010 --> 00:28:06,670 the trafficker being essentially an economic agent who is responsible for selling drugs 215 00:28:06,970 --> 00:28:15,160 and the soldier being a someone who's responsible for the and the military function. 216 00:28:16,090 --> 00:28:19,390 La Guardia Costa is a bodyguard to the leader usually. 217 00:28:19,750 --> 00:28:29,380 And you have different the chef with my cognac or you know, for example, they're responsible for different aspects of the drug trade. 218 00:28:30,850 --> 00:28:39,100 My cognac being a marijuana cocaine because cocaine, which is obvious and all the other drugs, they each have a different boss. 219 00:28:40,300 --> 00:28:48,490 And the problem of succession within this chain of command is overcome through what they would call the process of humanisation. 220 00:28:48,490 --> 00:28:59,740 So basically by creating this structure, then if one of the leader dies, which was actually a common which is a common phenomenon, 221 00:29:00,070 --> 00:29:04,480 there's already a structure in place that would then determine who's the next in line. 222 00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:17,140 So another very important aspect of the Organisation of violence as a key aspect in the creation of authority is transactional, 223 00:29:17,140 --> 00:29:27,580 small arms procurement. And interestingly, all the weapons or most of the weapons come from our cities, states and especially the United States. 224 00:29:28,030 --> 00:29:31,900 And they're mostly military grade semi-automatic assault rifles. 225 00:29:32,260 --> 00:29:41,530 And some smaller calibres are manufactured in Brazil, but most weapons are imported either illegally or through legal channels, 226 00:29:41,530 --> 00:29:45,250 but then resold within Brazil, which also makes them illegal. 227 00:29:47,530 --> 00:29:53,140 So through this organisation of violence, the drug gangs are able to create an endogenous monopoly, 228 00:29:53,860 --> 00:30:00,730 which which is violence essentially used against residents and the enforcement of labour model. 229 00:30:00,760 --> 00:30:09,790 Labour model is the law of the Hill and the severity of penalties depend on what type of offences committed and some offences. 230 00:30:10,060 --> 00:30:16,570 For example, if you murder someone within a favela, which may sound a little paradoxical, 231 00:30:16,870 --> 00:30:22,930 but if you murder someone of the within the villa, you're put into what's called the microRNA, which is the microwave. 232 00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:33,600 And it's essentially a gas barrel that someone someone's put into gas put on the person and a match with. 233 00:30:33,960 --> 00:30:36,930 And then you have what's called a microwave. 234 00:30:37,140 --> 00:30:50,430 So a very brutal tactic that's also symbolically akin to what may have been in the medieval well may in medieval times have been a public hanging. 235 00:30:51,510 --> 00:30:53,220 So it's essentially to send a message. 236 00:30:53,670 --> 00:31:01,110 And then you also have a protection against exogenous forces, which is police and military, as well as the militia, 237 00:31:01,110 --> 00:31:05,700 which is a more recent phenomenon of corrupt state forces, 238 00:31:07,080 --> 00:31:14,700 is creating also these gang like structures that have started taking over territory and other gangs. 239 00:31:17,070 --> 00:31:23,370 Then there's the socio economic security dimension, which is also a fundamental aspect of the creation of authority. 240 00:31:25,170 --> 00:31:39,270 Here we again go back to this context of poverty and inequality that I mentioned as as a result of the broader socioeconomic context that began, 241 00:31:39,480 --> 00:31:46,560 particularly under the dictatorship, where you have the Gini coefficient that's very high, 242 00:31:46,920 --> 00:32:02,190 denoting very high levels of inequality, the poverty headcount ratio between 30.8 and 21.4% also being relatively high, 243 00:32:02,250 --> 00:32:06,390 with over 40 million still living at or below the national poverty line. 244 00:32:08,490 --> 00:32:15,990 Very restricted access to social services, land scarcity and property rights being not very clearly defined, 245 00:32:16,500 --> 00:32:27,450 and also a context of market dominant leads that limit access to markets due to high pre-existing capsid capacity differentials, 246 00:32:27,450 --> 00:32:28,980 particularly in terms of education. 247 00:32:29,190 --> 00:32:39,900 And if you have family ties, it's much easier to obviously get jobs and progress within the economy than if you do not. 248 00:32:40,470 --> 00:32:45,330 And this creates a very and this really creates a problem for people in the favelas 249 00:32:45,330 --> 00:32:50,760 because of their restricted access to employment opportunities and markets. 250 00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:54,240 They look for other social, economic coping mechanisms, 251 00:32:54,600 --> 00:33:03,030 which are mainly the illicit markets and arms and drugs that they are able to exploit due to their control of territory. 252 00:33:03,300 --> 00:33:11,970 That creates an institutional parameter within which transaction costs can be significantly lowered for these trades. 253 00:33:12,870 --> 00:33:21,929 And that, again, goes back to this notion that the the authorities within those rounds are creating and an alternative 254 00:33:21,930 --> 00:33:28,410 institutional framework that's apart from the state and not necessarily below the state. 255 00:33:29,280 --> 00:33:37,740 There's also transnational links, particularly to Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela and Peru, where most of the production is done. 256 00:33:38,070 --> 00:33:47,430 So what's interesting about the favelas is that there's no real internal production of drugs like in Colombia, for example. 257 00:33:48,120 --> 00:33:53,610 It's essentially further down to the these activities are further down the supply chain 258 00:33:54,090 --> 00:34:01,760 through the creation of these economic niches and through the extension of social, 259 00:34:01,800 --> 00:34:05,780 economic security by the gang leaders towards the other members of the gang. 260 00:34:05,790 --> 00:34:11,100 And then also in the next in the next step, 261 00:34:11,490 --> 00:34:18,389 the wider community through co-optation and patronage networks that are then able to reinforce the authorities, 262 00:34:18,390 --> 00:34:24,990 they've already gained through the monopolisation of violence. And in this context of social, economic security, 263 00:34:25,200 --> 00:34:30,909 that would create what North and Wallsend north Wall Street one guest termed 264 00:34:30,910 --> 00:34:36,750 the double down political economic double balance in the creation of border. 265 00:34:38,280 --> 00:34:46,050 This just illustrates the, uh, the drug trafficking trends, 266 00:34:46,200 --> 00:34:52,229 particularly in this case the cocaine route where you see cocaine being produced in Colombia, Ecuador, 267 00:34:52,230 --> 00:35:03,420 Peru and Bolivia being exported down to the south of Brazil, which includes both Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, 268 00:35:03,840 --> 00:35:15,240 and then being further transported to, uh, to Africa and through particularly West Africa, into Europe. 269 00:35:16,230 --> 00:35:22,570 And so what these favelas are offering is not just an. 270 00:35:23,070 --> 00:35:34,440 For local markets and drugs in southern Brazil, but also as transhipment nodes for further afield in Africa and Europe. 271 00:35:37,140 --> 00:35:44,400 This is also some pictures from my fieldwork that illustrate the informal economy within the favelas. 272 00:35:45,240 --> 00:36:01,020 A lot of goods are actually coming from coming externally from either China or other Asian production hubs into the into these communities, 273 00:36:01,380 --> 00:36:09,660 then being sold locally. And the protection for these markets is offered not by the state, but as offered by the drug gangs. 274 00:36:10,350 --> 00:36:24,300 So then this is the main thoroughfare in Pristina, which is the largest Vela in all of Brazil and sometime in South America. 275 00:36:24,930 --> 00:36:37,020 And this is a very important street, because they used to they used to organise these funk parties and, uh, on the street where. 276 00:36:37,290 --> 00:36:42,990 Which was a major outlet for drugs, particularly to the urban population. 277 00:36:43,320 --> 00:36:50,880 Um, young people from the virus, which are the communities, the rich people's communities under, 278 00:36:52,050 --> 00:36:56,010 which are essentially are situated side by side to with the favela. 279 00:36:56,970 --> 00:37:06,000 And so people would come in and buy their drugs there and move out again through the organisation of these these punk parties. 280 00:37:08,190 --> 00:37:16,020 So thirdly, getting to the social legitimacy aspect of the creation of the constitution of authority. 281 00:37:18,870 --> 00:37:24,660 What's really important is to understand also the state's approach and mentality, 282 00:37:24,990 --> 00:37:32,640 which is very, very well represented in this hymn of the military police, the Special Forces. 283 00:37:33,900 --> 00:37:44,940 So just to read a few lines, it goes, for example, to invaded a favela and dropped bodies to the ground. 284 00:37:45,570 --> 00:37:51,270 Do you know who I am? I'm the damned dog of war. I'm trained to kill, even if it cost me my life. 285 00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:55,950 The mission will be accomplished wherever it may be dispersed in violence, death and terror. 286 00:37:56,430 --> 00:38:11,310 So what you see is this state bureaucratic apparatus that has a very militarised approach to to the problem of gangs in in the favelas. 287 00:38:11,670 --> 00:38:20,490 But it also shows how true to certain extent or reinforces this notion of a real 288 00:38:20,730 --> 00:38:27,900 war existing between competing factions that over the control of territory. 289 00:38:29,850 --> 00:38:37,290 And what's interesting is the very reciprocal notions being entertained on the other side. 290 00:38:37,650 --> 00:38:49,080 So this is an extract from a funk song by local rappers who are also members of drug gangs. 291 00:38:49,800 --> 00:38:55,950 And they say, for example, ten day Hill is impossible to invade us in the Alamo. 292 00:38:55,950 --> 00:39:07,469 In the Alamo being German or Alamo, meaning German, but being used as a coffin because they're considered white and taller. 293 00:39:07,470 --> 00:39:13,890 And having the features of European men are going to have some fun because. 294 00:39:13,890 --> 00:39:17,459 And then they hear and then they. I will tell you how things are here. 295 00:39:17,460 --> 00:39:27,510 It isn't easy, not even for the drug repression unit to ascend the hill even, but the which are the special forces trembles. 296 00:39:27,930 --> 00:39:30,780 It isn't easy for the civil army nor the military police. 297 00:39:31,020 --> 00:39:43,380 So again, you see all these very this very martial rhetoric and the creation of these two competing sides over. 298 00:39:44,160 --> 00:39:53,880 And and what's also very featured in these discourses are the idea of controlling territory and invading territory. 299 00:39:56,610 --> 00:39:58,680 Then you also have discourse on authority. 300 00:39:58,860 --> 00:40:06,480 And here, for example, we have a different funk artist from the favela saying We're okay, that's us commanding. 301 00:40:06,750 --> 00:40:17,610 The first you call is us who are in command of a reference being to the command of your brother by brother were multiplied. 302 00:40:17,610 --> 00:40:22,139 To be respected is just to begin respecting the gang and it's order. 303 00:40:22,140 --> 00:40:24,540 There will always be a Gaza Strip on the next corner. 304 00:40:24,810 --> 00:40:37,200 And that's a really interesting reference to, again, this idea of being in in conflict with a much stronger opponent, much stronger adversary. 305 00:40:38,130 --> 00:40:51,780 And this this idea of a consolidated order, existing and over a particular territory, and then defending it from outsiders and others. 306 00:40:52,140 --> 00:40:54,480 And this gets me to a very important point, 307 00:40:54,480 --> 00:41:03,030 which is the perception of self and other and making of identity constructs that reinforce authority of the gangs. 308 00:41:03,900 --> 00:41:12,299 And here you have a and an interesting depiction by popular media who's in who's a local Bella artist who kind 309 00:41:12,300 --> 00:41:19,440 of shows this siege mentality of the gangs within the favela relative to police forces from the outside, 310 00:41:20,610 --> 00:41:29,820 as well as military forces, and how they're essentially trying to defend themselves and protect their community from these external threats. 311 00:41:31,980 --> 00:41:37,470 They also use markings to demarcate territorial control. 312 00:41:37,770 --> 00:41:40,740 So Ada is Amigo Dos amigos. 313 00:41:41,910 --> 00:41:57,360 And you essentially see how this these discourses of control and territory are are visually featured throughout these throughout the streets. 314 00:41:57,750 --> 00:42:01,680 And it gives people a constant reminder of who's in charge. 315 00:42:01,950 --> 00:42:06,180 It's a little bit like hanging up your flag or. 316 00:42:06,590 --> 00:42:13,370 Playing your flag when you're taking over another country and and hoisting your colours. 317 00:42:14,150 --> 00:42:26,500 It has a similar effect. And here you have a particularly interesting one, which is essentially someone wrote a name, 318 00:42:26,510 --> 00:42:32,070 which is the name of the local drug boss who was very famous in my senior year. 319 00:42:32,330 --> 00:42:40,850 And writing over it up is the man which you keep being the pacification program that I showed you in the beginning. 320 00:42:41,060 --> 00:42:53,930 So these you see these discourses as being very publicly being very publicly displayed on on the walls of the favelas. 321 00:42:54,350 --> 00:43:10,760 So to to conclude the section on how identity reinforces the legitimacy of these gangs and therefore also the reinforces the authority of the gangs. 322 00:43:11,360 --> 00:43:14,929 You have three competing identity constructs which are territorial, 323 00:43:14,930 --> 00:43:23,960 ethno racial and socioeconomic that lead to this very fragmented notion of collective identity that again splits 324 00:43:24,740 --> 00:43:35,960 the territory from the broader notion of national collective identity that the international order would be, 325 00:43:36,970 --> 00:43:40,400 but that the international order espouses the idea of the nation state. 326 00:43:42,360 --> 00:43:47,580 So through this establishment of authority, 327 00:43:48,000 --> 00:43:55,020 you have essentially two spiralling processes which where you have the individual 328 00:43:55,020 --> 00:43:59,580 and the group within the gang creating these gang structures in authority, 329 00:43:59,970 --> 00:44:07,470 then being able to through the threat by asserting their dominance within these three domains that I just outlined, 330 00:44:07,920 --> 00:44:15,960 then being able within the territory to to create the institutional framework that 331 00:44:16,320 --> 00:44:20,550 the established governance establishes governance and ultimately social order. 332 00:44:22,140 --> 00:44:26,030 And, and in practice, that looks a little bit like this. 333 00:44:26,040 --> 00:44:34,980 This is an example of rules posted by the command of Emilio that says Attention, respect, residence. 334 00:44:35,160 --> 00:44:43,470 This is the communication from the Commander Familia that from today onwards you're not you will be punished severely if you kill innocent people. 335 00:44:45,300 --> 00:44:52,290 And finally, this creates a distinction between effective boundary making, 336 00:44:52,290 --> 00:44:59,130 which I call social sociological boundary making, where ultimately, through the establishment of authority, 337 00:45:00,600 --> 00:45:16,680 you you end up in a process where despite having a legal a legal framework for for the creation of boundaries, social, sociologically, 338 00:45:16,950 --> 00:45:27,419 these boundaries do not conform to the notion of institutional or sort of the effective boundary zone, 339 00:45:27,420 --> 00:45:33,630 correspond to the legal imposition of state borders. 340 00:45:33,990 --> 00:45:34,649 And therefore, 341 00:45:34,650 --> 00:45:44,970 you get a very different picture when you look at the effective authority over particular realm as opposed to the nominal assertion of authority. 342 00:45:45,480 --> 00:45:49,350 And if you have any more questions, I can go into more detail about all these elements.