1
00:00:00,300 --> 00:00:03,690
Today I was because it would be glamorous from Brazil.

2
00:00:04,200 --> 00:00:12,660
Would we go? We spent seven years in the Brazilian army and then worked for Think Tank, which is called it.

3
00:00:14,310 --> 00:00:19,470
When he was looking at military technology, the defence industry and maritime issues.

4
00:00:20,100 --> 00:00:25,140
And then he went on and I went to Oxford to work on his doctorate on the arms trade.

5
00:00:25,410 --> 00:00:29,490
And today he's going to talk about maritime security. I can't give you that much.

6
00:00:31,350 --> 00:00:54,180
Should I just your. You know, I kind of think of rumoured for for the invitation and I just hope you have to be up to the expectations.

7
00:00:54,840 --> 00:01:03,360
And so kind of before coming to to Oxford. I serve in the army and I worked in this think tank dealing pretty much of international security issues.

8
00:01:04,200 --> 00:01:10,140
So I was always talking to people in the military in Brazil.

9
00:01:10,710 --> 00:01:19,830
And that topic that always came out, particularly among people in the Navy, was that the jurisdictional waters of Brazil,

10
00:01:20,190 --> 00:01:27,020
from the point of view, particularly of the Navy, were more than jurisdictional waters.

11
00:01:27,480 --> 00:01:34,290
So legally it was about jurisdiction, exclusive rights to exploit economic resources.

12
00:01:35,010 --> 00:01:41,910
But there they were clearly talking about something else was something more than jurisdiction.

13
00:01:42,480 --> 00:01:51,630
They were considering the Brazilian jurisdictional waters as part of the territory of the country over which Brazil could extend its sovereignty.

14
00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:58,200
So there is a difference between what was happening from a legal point of view, from a practical point of view.

15
00:01:59,310 --> 00:02:03,810
And that raises a series of questions. Right. Is that legitimate?

16
00:02:04,410 --> 00:02:13,050
How are things in other countries? Is it possible that you have exclusive rights to exploit economic resources without having political sovereignty?

17
00:02:13,500 --> 00:02:18,540
How to enforce those rights. And how these ideas emerged in the first place.

18
00:02:19,500 --> 00:02:25,200
So the the main underlying questions here are do the oceans belong to anyone?

19
00:02:26,070 --> 00:02:32,970
And can the state sovereignty be extended overseas just like it covers land areas?

20
00:02:35,220 --> 00:02:48,910
A brief anecdote. We remember that in 2007, a Russian mini submarine planted this flag in the Arctic Ocean seabed at a depth of more than 4000 metres.

21
00:02:49,650 --> 00:02:55,500
And this event can be interpreted in many different ways, can be framed in many different ways.

22
00:02:55,710 --> 00:03:05,340
But at least kind of from my point of view, this out of this, that tension reflects a tension between two different principles.

23
00:03:06,540 --> 00:03:12,580
And these are the principles of molybdenum or free sea and matic laws.

24
00:03:12,600 --> 00:03:21,330
And close to I'm not the first person to use these concepts in this way, but I've been trying just to flesh out this idea.

25
00:03:21,960 --> 00:03:23,500
So first, get to the piece of matter.

26
00:03:23,530 --> 00:03:35,310
Libya was created by Hugo Grotius in the early 17th century, and he stated that oceans are free space, they don't belong to anyone.

27
00:03:36,390 --> 00:03:41,910
And state sovereignty is limited to land areas and it can be extended over the seas,

28
00:03:42,420 --> 00:03:48,480
but only over a narrow strip, a space which nowadays is known as the territorial sea.

29
00:03:50,430 --> 00:03:56,580
The other concept made it globally close to sea was created by John Selden and it's the opposite.

30
00:03:56,700 --> 00:04:07,400
So he stated that states can extend over, can extend their sovereignty over the seas, just like over land areas.

31
00:04:07,410 --> 00:04:13,080
So the sea is not necessarily a space in which inter-state disputes only reverberate.

32
00:04:13,990 --> 00:04:16,650
They can be an object of disputes in themselves.

33
00:04:19,660 --> 00:04:29,230
In practice, from my point of view, the principle of modern liberal with dominance until the end of World War Two,

34
00:04:29,920 --> 00:04:33,850
there was a consensus on the three nautical mile route,

35
00:04:34,660 --> 00:04:43,240
but that was a quite small area as a proportion of the oceans of the globe, and this has been giving way since then, the more about you.

36
00:04:43,550 --> 00:04:53,650
So these are principle of microcosm. Not necessarily consciously, according to which some of these may be extended over the seas.

37
00:04:55,480 --> 00:05:03,820
But at the same time, the nature of the sovereignty, the nature of sovereignty over the sea is different.

38
00:05:04,240 --> 00:05:07,940
We're talking about exclusive rights to exploit economic resources.

39
00:05:07,960 --> 00:05:16,840
So countries, from a legal point of view, have what a what we could call economic sovereignty, but not political sovereignty.

40
00:05:18,640 --> 00:05:20,950
But in many so countries, for example,

41
00:05:20,950 --> 00:05:28,510
can't prevent the movement of ships or aircraft in the exclusive economic zone or installation of submarine cables.

42
00:05:29,890 --> 00:05:34,330
But in many cases, there is a fine line between these two things.

43
00:05:35,820 --> 00:05:41,170
How is it possible to enforce economic sovereignty without political sovereignty?

44
00:05:42,370 --> 00:05:44,890
So under the international law,

45
00:05:45,340 --> 00:05:53,470
countries couldn't would it be able to prohibit Arab countries are doing military exercises in their exclusive economic zones.

46
00:05:54,340 --> 00:05:58,570
That would be illegal. But but in some countries, this is not the case.

47
00:05:58,810 --> 00:06:05,920
So in Brazil, for example, there is a law saying that countries can't do military exercises in the Brazilian.

48
00:06:05,920 --> 00:06:09,400
These adds without the prior consent of Brazil.

49
00:06:10,150 --> 00:06:11,110
And in the case of China,

50
00:06:12,520 --> 00:06:23,140
even if any military aircraft or ship could enter into the exclusive economic zone of China without prior consent of the Chinese government,

51
00:06:23,380 --> 00:06:28,540
even if it's not part of if it's not taking part in military exercises.

52
00:06:29,590 --> 00:06:38,980
So until eight years ago, the sea was an area on which there is no state sovereignty, only over a quite small area.

53
00:06:39,550 --> 00:06:44,650
But today it is. Why has this happened after the end of war?

54
00:06:44,650 --> 00:06:51,040
Right. Two The sort of boom of research concerning the economic potential of the seas,

55
00:06:51,280 --> 00:06:58,810
fishing resources and on something on the existence of what is now called the Continental Shelf.

56
00:07:00,460 --> 00:07:05,110
Until then, going to fishing was pretty much the only resource exploited at the sea.

57
00:07:05,650 --> 00:07:12,100
But progressively there were new discoveries of oil and gas reserves and the sea subsoil mineral resources, gold,

58
00:07:12,130 --> 00:07:17,950
diamonds at sea and the existence of the continental shelf is that begun to be

59
00:07:17,950 --> 00:07:27,040
used to legitimise interests for exclusive rights of exploiting those resources,

60
00:07:27,490 --> 00:07:34,270
because the continental shelf will be just the natural continuation of a country's landmass.

61
00:07:34,630 --> 00:07:42,970
That wasn't the interpretation used. But what was the first country to make a clear claim of sovereignty over larger parts of the sea?

62
00:07:43,300 --> 00:07:48,430
It was the United States through the Truman Proclamation in 1945.

63
00:07:48,670 --> 00:07:57,790
So the United States declared that the natural resources of its entire continental shelf were from then on, under its sovereignty.

64
00:07:59,080 --> 00:08:02,320
And, of course, this led poorer countries to do exactly the same thing. Right.

65
00:08:02,800 --> 00:08:06,070
So Mexico, the month later, showed a similar statement.

66
00:08:06,310 --> 00:08:10,930
Argentina in 1946. Then Chile, Peru and Ecuador.

67
00:08:11,320 --> 00:08:17,290
But in in the case of these countries, they declared sovereignty not only on the seabed and subsoil,

68
00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:25,070
but also on the water at a distance of 200 nautical miles, mainly for two reasons.

69
00:08:25,150 --> 00:08:31,180
First, because they were much more interested in the exploitation of fishing resources.

70
00:08:31,510 --> 00:08:37,240
And second, because the continental shelf in the Pacific goes to South America, it's quite narrow.

71
00:08:41,620 --> 00:08:47,110
So it was in that context that negotiations to create the first law of the Sea took place.

72
00:08:48,730 --> 00:08:52,720
So far, conventions were open. In 1958.

73
00:08:52,990 --> 00:09:00,340
And together they formed the anglers. But there are three main point that is from my point of view.

74
00:09:00,700 --> 00:09:07,930
At about that conference, the first one, the states will have full sovereignty over the territorial sea.

75
00:09:08,860 --> 00:09:17,110
But what was until then, sort of custom our international law, what was then codified into international law?

76
00:09:17,200 --> 00:09:20,290
But there is no agreement on the limits of that.

77
00:09:22,640 --> 00:09:24,590
The second point can adjust into the territories.

78
00:09:24,950 --> 00:09:35,030
There will be a place called the contiguous zone, which is considered essential to guarantee to protect the sovereignty over the territories.

79
00:09:35,540 --> 00:09:39,080
In this case, there was a limit of up to 12 nautical miles.

80
00:09:39,770 --> 00:09:45,890
And the third point, there would be exclusive right to exploit resources in the continental shelf.

81
00:09:46,370 --> 00:09:55,850
But again, there are no specific limits. So countries narrow continental shelves, holding everything else constant.

82
00:09:56,510 --> 00:10:03,440
We're not being bound as countries with this large, right, continental, wide continental shelf.

83
00:10:05,590 --> 00:10:09,320
And there is a second convention in 1960.

84
00:10:09,440 --> 00:10:15,530
But it doesn't result in any substantial agreement is like just rather going to one of the immediate causes of that second

85
00:10:16,010 --> 00:10:24,980
conference where tensions between Iceland and the UK concerning the exploitation of fishing resources around Iceland.

86
00:10:25,220 --> 00:10:31,190
So Iceland unilaterally declared that it was extending its territorial sea to 12 nautical miles.

87
00:10:32,070 --> 00:10:41,330
The British government disagreed and sent military vessels as an escort to fishing to British fishing vessels.

88
00:10:42,320 --> 00:10:49,440
And this that became known as the first Cold War. Another case was between Brazil and Frank.

89
00:10:49,980 --> 00:10:59,370
They're both concerned about Lopes, and the Brazilian government had declared its sovereignty over its continental shelf,

90
00:11:00,960 --> 00:11:07,740
but its intent were French fishing vessels capturing fishing lobsters along the Brazilian coast.

91
00:11:09,180 --> 00:11:20,190
And the Brazilian government said that they couldn't do that right, because lobsters, they move always, almost always touching the seabed.

92
00:11:20,970 --> 00:11:28,800
So they were owned on Brazilian territory, but because they were there on the seabed, not in the water.

93
00:11:30,480 --> 00:11:35,219
And but the French government made the case that that wasn't true for lobster.

94
00:11:35,220 --> 00:11:40,950
Sometimes the junk food they leave, they're not in the seabed anymore.

95
00:11:41,160 --> 00:11:47,130
They're in the water as they are underwater. They're not in territory under Brazilian control of Brazilian sovereignty.

96
00:11:48,030 --> 00:11:51,960
So the whole situation eventually was solved in a peaceful way.

97
00:11:52,530 --> 00:12:00,840
A threat. That's how bizarre situations can be created by quite strict interpretation of the law.

98
00:12:00,940 --> 00:12:08,930
It almost led to a war. So in the 1970s, a third conference was convened.

99
00:12:09,650 --> 00:12:18,500
Then in 1977, there was an event that was essential to the eventual outcome of the conference.

100
00:12:18,900 --> 00:12:25,010
But the United States extended its exclusive fishing zone 200 nautical miles and gave

101
00:12:25,010 --> 00:12:31,090
reciprocity to countries doing the same thing they would be able to fish in the American view.

102
00:12:33,650 --> 00:12:38,740
In 1982 and close three was open to signatures.

103
00:12:39,680 --> 00:12:44,809
The make changes in comparison to at least one were for what we do for the first

104
00:12:44,810 --> 00:12:49,640
thing with clear limits for the sovereignty of the sea to 12 nautical miles,

105
00:12:50,540 --> 00:12:55,550
12 nautical miles of limit plus 12 of country was on.

106
00:12:56,300 --> 00:13:04,070
The second thing is that rights, exclusive rights for economic exploitation were being extended to the water so

107
00:13:04,070 --> 00:13:08,840
they wouldn't cover only the seabed and subsoil with everything the water,

108
00:13:08,840 --> 00:13:13,580
even even above the water. But I mean, there are not many things about the what the winds mean.

109
00:13:14,720 --> 00:13:28,070
And and the second thing was that there was a concept of a legal continental shelf was created, so there would be a limit of up to 200 nautical miles.

110
00:13:28,430 --> 00:13:31,850
So that was an equaliser. So countries like Chile and Peru.

111
00:13:32,470 --> 00:13:39,410
Right. Will be clearly benefited by by these countries if narrow continental shelves.

112
00:13:40,910 --> 00:13:43,760
The third thing it's going to countries could require in some cases,

113
00:13:44,540 --> 00:13:49,740
in many cases, the continental shelf goes beyond the limit for 200 nautical miles.

114
00:13:49,790 --> 00:13:56,330
So in those cases, countries could request their recognition of that additional part beyond 200 nautical miles.

115
00:13:57,050 --> 00:14:04,310
But you have exclusive rights of exploiting resources only over the seabed and subsiding in that additional area.

116
00:14:05,540 --> 00:14:14,420
And I third in a fourth point was that the the use of the seabed is subsoil beyond national jurisdiction,

117
00:14:15,020 --> 00:14:21,979
beyond areas under national jurisdiction should be regulated in all the seabed and subsoil beyond.

118
00:14:21,980 --> 00:14:25,730
The national jurisdiction is known as area in capital letters.

119
00:14:28,700 --> 00:14:31,669
So that's the situation today.

120
00:14:31,670 --> 00:14:39,409
And then the war, what you said sovereign over only a decent three nautical miles and currently up to 200 nautical miles.

121
00:14:39,410 --> 00:14:52,740
And this can be extended further. In many cases. Just a diagram of all those limits or a legal thing and in terms of jurisdiction over taxes.

122
00:14:52,920 --> 00:14:57,800
So this recurring situation. Is it possible to see there?

123
00:14:57,840 --> 00:15:02,900
Yeah. Uh, it's about 39.

124
00:15:03,080 --> 00:15:08,270
39% of the seats are now under state jurisdiction.

125
00:15:08,840 --> 00:15:17,090
39%. So if internship is not considered, this area is equivalent to the land areas of the world.

126
00:15:17,420 --> 00:15:28,520
Other states are, too. So for every square kilometre of sovereignty over land, over the land, there is an outer square kilometre of jurisdiction.

127
00:15:28,580 --> 00:15:36,050
In this case, over the seas. So this is a different way of looking at the extension of state sovereignty.

128
00:15:38,120 --> 00:15:48,320
You have the 15 countries with the largest used in the world, and I have divided them into four groups.

129
00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:55,160
So the first group and these countries having large is that because they are quite big.

130
00:15:55,190 --> 00:16:03,110
United States, Russia, Brazil, etc. We have countries which are not that big, but they have long coastline.

131
00:16:03,410 --> 00:16:12,680
So for this reason they have this large is ex New Zealand, Chile, Japan have countries largely that because they have a lot of overseas territories.

132
00:16:12,980 --> 00:16:17,200
France, the UK and Denmark for going to France is the second largest.

133
00:16:17,220 --> 00:16:21,410
Is that right in the north and the UK had 51.

134
00:16:22,670 --> 00:16:29,140
And finally we have tiny countries like Micronesia, for example, have a large.

135
00:16:29,150 --> 00:16:33,530
Is that because they have many, many islands and these islands are not concentrated here.

136
00:16:33,800 --> 00:16:36,890
Spreads scattered over like a wide part.

137
00:16:39,440 --> 00:16:43,820
I'm going to focus on the cases of China and Brazil, but just like to say a couple of things about the case in the UK,

138
00:16:44,450 --> 00:16:48,800
not only because we are here, but because it's relevant for the case of Brazil.

139
00:16:49,670 --> 00:16:58,790
So the UK has the FT largest is I think the world ranking of most around overseas territories.

140
00:16:59,510 --> 00:17:08,930
So British territories in the South Atlantic and in the Caribbean, including Bermuda, are about two thirds of the British visit.

141
00:17:09,680 --> 00:17:18,950
And only the Falklands here and South Sudan and South Sandwich Islands are both 30% are the British U.S.

142
00:17:19,740 --> 00:17:34,970
So if the Argentine occupation of the Falklands in 1982 had implied the loss of sovereignty of the UK over the centuries, the UK have lost 30% of it.

143
00:17:35,390 --> 00:17:42,920
Is that. But if you're going to two maps, this is kind of the extreme south of the South Atlantic.

144
00:17:43,550 --> 00:17:51,260
And we have here these areas are the request is for the recognition of the extended continental shelf.

145
00:17:51,500 --> 00:18:02,120
So this little line here is the 200 nautical mile limit and their request is for extending its continued to through Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina.

146
00:18:02,690 --> 00:18:09,170
You said that here there is an overlapping area between the request of Argentina and the UK

147
00:18:09,710 --> 00:18:17,350
and Argentina has also request the recognition of claim territories in Antarctica here.

148
00:18:18,050 --> 00:18:23,600
The UK didn't do that and but Norway, Norway has done the same thing.

149
00:18:23,720 --> 00:18:31,130
So Norway already has this island here. And for this reason, one of the reasons why it can start growth in Antarctica.

150
00:18:31,820 --> 00:18:37,180
And here we have a request of the UK for Ascension Island.

151
00:18:37,710 --> 00:18:46,970
Here we are on the other side of the Atlantic and just like to draw our attention here to to case of Namibia and Madagascar.

152
00:18:47,810 --> 00:18:55,730
So it's kind of this point here because in Madagascar is about 800 nautical miles from the coast of Madagascar.

153
00:18:56,240 --> 00:19:02,090
So we're talking about large parts of the sea that could be under states jurisdiction.

154
00:19:02,120 --> 00:19:05,720
So this is the only these areas bigger than the country itself.

155
00:19:08,190 --> 00:19:09,060
So China.

156
00:19:09,270 --> 00:19:21,690
So China has increased inside of 900,000 square kilometres is quite small, right, in comparison to the country's size, economy, political influence,

157
00:19:21,690 --> 00:19:31,530
population, etc. and probably is a major element in the ongoing disputes in the East China Sea and in the South China Sea finances.

158
00:19:31,530 --> 00:19:41,280
That's quite small. So China hasn't benefited from endless three, as have other most of other major countries in the world Brazil,

159
00:19:41,280 --> 00:19:45,210
the US, Russia, France, the UK, among others.

160
00:19:46,140 --> 00:19:52,140
Let me first going to really look at some disputes here in the East China Sea and then after in the South China Sea.

161
00:19:53,640 --> 00:20:02,820
But we have this area here. So China claims sovereignty over, I think, Senkaku Islands currently under Japanese control.

162
00:20:03,600 --> 00:20:12,990
And if China were successful in this claim, that would increase the Chinese side by 8%.

163
00:20:13,320 --> 00:20:18,149
But only those tiny territories. Can I.

164
00:20:18,150 --> 00:20:21,320
Here we have another one, right.

165
00:20:21,900 --> 00:20:27,180
Well, you know Shima so the, the Japanese territory recognised the Japanese, even by China.

166
00:20:28,290 --> 00:20:36,510
But China argues that, that it's an echo and it shouldn't have a right to an exclusive economic zone.

167
00:20:36,990 --> 00:20:40,230
You should have the right to a territorial sea. Right.

168
00:20:40,710 --> 00:20:43,710
But not an exclusive economic zone. Why?

169
00:20:44,100 --> 00:20:50,909
Maybe for two reasons. Kind of includes the Article 21 event, which says that rocks can only have.

170
00:20:50,910 --> 00:20:58,130
And is that if they can sustain human habitation or if they have an economic activity of their own right,

171
00:20:58,440 --> 00:21:04,590
and that islets are only islets if they are above water, high tides.

172
00:21:05,640 --> 00:21:09,790
But this is what CHANATRY Shima. Right.

173
00:21:10,360 --> 00:21:13,560
It's that kind of Egyptian sovereignty over these hats.

174
00:21:14,230 --> 00:21:20,530
He has that large he that Chinese make the case that issued it.

175
00:21:20,980 --> 00:21:25,330
So that should be part of international waters.

176
00:21:25,540 --> 00:21:34,690
So any country could exploit resources in that part if they requested that to the International Seabed Authority.

177
00:21:36,070 --> 00:21:42,880
And I was talking to kind of to you about two years ago, I was talking to people in the Navy in Brazil exactly about this case.

178
00:21:43,030 --> 00:21:47,250
We were trying to think what the position of Brazil should be on this.

179
00:21:48,260 --> 00:21:55,149
Hypothetically. And can we conclude that that kind of holding everything else constant in this case,

180
00:21:55,150 --> 00:22:05,229
Brazil should support Japan because we're going to Brazil is quite similar case to a bunch of rocks in the middle of nowhere and hasn't.

181
00:22:05,230 --> 00:22:16,610
Is that around those rocks? The this one in the South China Sea as we know it today.

182
00:22:16,740 --> 00:22:22,490
Disputes are only half over the verso and they Spratly Islands.

183
00:22:23,870 --> 00:22:28,990
And that's probably going to a very important point here,

184
00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:33,980
is that going to countries in the South China Sea are much weaker than countries in the East China Sea.

185
00:22:34,520 --> 00:22:40,370
So we have there in Japan, Taiwan, Korea, a massive U.S. naval presence, and we don't have that.

186
00:22:40,610 --> 00:22:43,430
You have kind of much weaker countries.

187
00:22:44,660 --> 00:22:52,219
If you look at the evolution of kind of military expenditures and military expenditures are not a perfect proxy for a military power,

188
00:22:52,220 --> 00:23:00,080
but it can give us a rough idea. And here we have kind of the blue line, the military faces of China in 1994.

189
00:23:00,710 --> 00:23:07,640
The military expenditures of China were about 70% of all the other countries in the South China Sea combined.

190
00:23:08,390 --> 00:23:11,530
And now it's four times. Higher.

191
00:23:12,910 --> 00:23:20,930
And I just think that this proved a very important point, because at time, time is on China's side.

192
00:23:22,430 --> 00:23:25,280
It can wait. It doesn't have to do things in a hurry.

193
00:23:26,390 --> 00:23:31,760
A lot of countries are running against time because China is becoming rather be much more much more powerful.

194
00:23:34,340 --> 00:23:41,630
So the case of Brazil. So that is either Brazil has 3.7 metres square kilometres.

195
00:23:42,200 --> 00:23:46,730
It's slightly bigger than the east out of Chile and about half of the British use it.

196
00:23:48,260 --> 00:23:51,260
You has a long coastline, but it has few territories.

197
00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:56,840
Situated just a few third, only few territory. Situated at a great distance from its coast.

198
00:23:57,170 --> 00:24:01,310
And these are these archipelago here in Montenegro.

199
00:24:03,110 --> 00:24:07,510
And these were here, this Saint Peter and Simple Archipelago.

200
00:24:08,810 --> 00:24:21,710
And this area, these areas here in darker blue and red, are the request of Brazil to their recognition of its extended continental shelf.

201
00:24:22,370 --> 00:24:27,410
And their red areas are those which haven't been recognised.

202
00:24:28,160 --> 00:24:33,350
So the country submitted resubmitted request and it's kind of currently being analysed.

203
00:24:34,820 --> 00:24:43,010
And I'd just like to draw our attention to the case of some feature and simple archipelago here because it's this, right?

204
00:24:44,150 --> 00:24:51,980
It's about the size of a football pitch in the middle of nowhere, because Brazil has sovereignty over these rocks.

205
00:24:52,910 --> 00:24:58,730
It has a right to an east around it. And this is 450,000 square kilometres.

206
00:25:00,140 --> 00:25:06,080
400. This is about only these. That around these islands is half of the whole Chinese.

207
00:25:06,080 --> 00:25:13,819
Is that. So try to understand things from the point of view of China, it seems in fact.

208
00:25:13,820 --> 00:25:19,900
Right. If I if I'm someone in the Chinese government, look at something like these are the situation looking at that issue,

209
00:25:20,600 --> 00:25:30,320
it seems a bit over then, but the points kind of rocks don't have a right to Chinese at all as they can't sustain human habitation.

210
00:25:30,890 --> 00:25:38,000
So the Navy in Brazil created the brilliant idea of creating in 1988 a research station.

211
00:25:39,020 --> 00:25:42,950
So there is always someone there, usually for researchers.

212
00:25:43,640 --> 00:25:51,950
So they spend two biologists usually. So they spent two weeks there doing a research and then they go back home and then another group comes.

213
00:25:52,290 --> 00:25:56,090
And then they go back home and again and again and again. So there's always someone there.

214
00:25:56,180 --> 00:26:01,260
So it's technically. Is it?

215
00:26:04,670 --> 00:26:07,760
And the country has a large area under his jurisdiction.

216
00:26:08,150 --> 00:26:12,690
The name, of course, is interested in having more resources, more money to to protect it.

217
00:26:12,710 --> 00:26:16,370
But at the same time, money is great. Budget is quite limited.

218
00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:22,940
So much to explain to the rest of the government. You explain to people there that a Navy need needs more resources.

219
00:26:23,750 --> 00:26:33,650
So someone came up with a very good idea. So the Amazon in Brazil is much more of a rainforest or hydrographic base or something.

220
00:26:34,580 --> 00:26:37,670
The Amazon is a sort of colony of the rest of the country.

221
00:26:38,570 --> 00:26:47,510
For the rest of Brazil going to be havens towards Amazon as though it were sort of colony that has to be occupied to be protected virtually,

222
00:26:47,510 --> 00:26:55,130
of course, going to from other countries and just protecting the Amazon strong, not only in the military but among the population as a whole.

223
00:26:55,430 --> 00:27:07,460
There are surveys showing that. So a naval admiral used the symbolic power of the Amazon and coined this phrase here, the blue Amazon.

224
00:27:09,870 --> 00:27:11,960
And this thing has become a buzzword.

225
00:27:12,340 --> 00:27:21,330
We're going to everywhere we go in Brazil conferences, people are talking about pluralism and it has become quite popular.

226
00:27:21,750 --> 00:27:27,690
So we have slides like the going to have attended some presentations by Navy officers and they showed slides like these.

227
00:27:27,690 --> 00:27:35,340
So Blue Amazon, they're about as large as rich as the green Amazon.

228
00:27:35,370 --> 00:27:40,239
About half of the natural territory have others like these.

229
00:27:40,240 --> 00:27:43,630
Right, as well. So kind of those yellow dots are offshore drilling sites.

230
00:27:44,460 --> 00:27:49,290
Right. And we have here the huge territories in the South Atlantic.

231
00:27:50,070 --> 00:27:53,070
And they're not I wouldn't say they're perceived as a threat,

232
00:27:53,760 --> 00:28:01,530
but it's more looking an inconvenience compared to the network here to control the central part of the South Atlantic.

233
00:28:03,090 --> 00:28:08,610
And here we have, according to the Navy, what the maritime strategic areas are.

234
00:28:09,150 --> 00:28:14,880
And it covers not only the Brazilian jurisdictional waters, but actually the coast of Atlantic and parts of the Caribbean,

235
00:28:15,600 --> 00:28:25,170
but then includes the coast of countries in African countries in the South Atlantic.

236
00:28:27,500 --> 00:28:38,030
And another thing we can do is compare the size of the president, he said, to the size of these out of other countries in the South Atlantic.

237
00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:42,530
So a couple of things. Our figures are interesting.

238
00:28:43,230 --> 00:28:48,170
So the events of Brazil and U.K. are pretty much equivalent.

239
00:28:48,860 --> 00:28:52,520
So these are these are from the UK, only the South Atlantic.

240
00:28:54,620 --> 00:29:00,650
And I'm thinking about half of these ads in the South Atlantic are either Brazilian or British.

241
00:29:01,460 --> 00:29:07,040
And this could be extended even more because these are requests for recognition of the extent of continental shelf.

242
00:29:08,390 --> 00:29:14,930
Right. So the area requested to date is larger than the request from Brazil,

243
00:29:15,050 --> 00:29:22,910
and it could be extended even further because kind of the UK hasn't uh, made requests for all its territories in the South Atlantic.

244
00:29:25,420 --> 00:29:28,600
And so it's kind of friendly.

245
00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:36,760
And the kids in Brazil kind of there is an area in which the Navy, alongside other ministries, have been conducting geological research.

246
00:29:36,940 --> 00:29:41,130
And if a place called wouldn't arise, you can see it's lighter, right?

247
00:29:42,250 --> 00:29:47,150
With a shallow, shallower and uh,

248
00:29:47,980 --> 00:29:58,360
we have kind of some news was published in the Telegraph because they found granite in a place where running is not supposed to be found.

249
00:29:59,020 --> 00:30:05,170
But it's good to see scientific discovery and kind of.

250
00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:13,990
Brazil requested exclusive rights to conduct research and exploit resources in this area.

251
00:30:14,770 --> 00:30:20,170
And other countries are doing exactly the same thing in other parts of the ocean.

252
00:30:21,130 --> 00:30:23,550
Again, this is not about sovereignty, right?

253
00:30:23,840 --> 00:30:34,030
We kind of just kind of think that things are moving towards more areas under state jurisdiction, not fewer areas, and even in this case.

254
00:30:35,590 --> 00:30:47,680
So in this case, Brazil will have exclusive rights to conduct activities in this place for 15 years, and this could be extended for 15 years.

255
00:30:48,460 --> 00:30:56,020
It is sort of an economic partition of the seas, and these are going to areas beyond national jurisdiction.

256
00:30:57,550 --> 00:31:08,200
So changing cultural. I may be wrong, but I think maybe this process might change the nature of naval warfare.

257
00:31:08,980 --> 00:31:13,809
In the past is going to see areas where usually places where interesting disputes reverberated,

258
00:31:13,810 --> 00:31:22,960
but they were not the object of disputes in themselves. But states have been progressively extending their jurisdiction over the sea,

259
00:31:23,710 --> 00:31:31,720
and they need to permanently occupy those areas, either with naval vessels or maybe surveillance systems.

260
00:31:33,100 --> 00:31:37,510
So there is a fine line between economic sovereignty and political sovereignty,

261
00:31:37,690 --> 00:31:44,050
because the main point here can how to protect areas under state jurisdiction without having political sovereignty.

262
00:31:44,330 --> 00:31:54,280
So in the case of Brazil, for example, there is a project of a surveillance system to enforce its jurisdiction in its jurisdictional waters.

263
00:31:54,760 --> 00:31:58,480
It's called the Blue Amazon Weekend Blue and Blue Amazon Management System.

264
00:32:00,960 --> 00:32:04,740
All requests are kind of what happens in the case of small countries like Micronesia.

265
00:32:04,840 --> 00:32:15,960
Quite tiny, tiny, tiny countries. They have no capacity and they never have capacity to enforce its jurisdiction over their jurisdictional waters.

266
00:32:16,170 --> 00:32:22,770
So what can we have? We have large areas firmly under jurisdiction with no de facto jurisdiction.

267
00:32:22,800 --> 00:32:25,980
What should they do to deal for the protection of those areas?

268
00:32:27,330 --> 00:32:31,799
And finally, we have areas that carry the best, a little or no relevance,

269
00:32:31,800 --> 00:32:39,810
and they may gain importance around and got more relative importance or like the Falklands French territories in the Pacific.

270
00:32:40,200 --> 00:32:49,110
In in these in theory might change the relative importance of these very important right to self-defence in the South Pacific.

271
00:32:50,430 --> 00:32:54,180
And yeah, that's it. Thank you very much.