1 00:00:00,780 --> 00:00:07,530 Welcome to the psychological annual In the Right Place, and we're extremely pleased to have this year. 2 00:00:07,770 --> 00:00:19,400 Professor Jonathan Hall from the Institute for Research Communication of Brazil was one of the very first university to fight with the regime, 3 00:00:19,440 --> 00:00:28,260 to study the dual basis of warfare, which I think is which is probably the value of the seminar setting a lot of this area. 4 00:00:28,860 --> 00:00:38,640 And you will find that he's well personally and through his vision, more specifically on the origin of evidence on the basis of more sentiments. 5 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:46,320 Professor, thank you very much, Guy Julian, for this kind of station. 6 00:00:46,380 --> 00:00:49,940 For me, it's an honour to be here talking to you. 7 00:00:51,150 --> 00:00:55,229 I hope to put some interesting ideas. 8 00:00:55,230 --> 00:00:59,370 And as you see, my work is is a very experimental one. 9 00:01:00,360 --> 00:01:08,370 And of course, you try to make it conceptually palatable and make sense to a larger audience. 10 00:01:08,880 --> 00:01:13,200 Of course, there would be a lot of technical stuff and I hope not to burden you too much. 11 00:01:13,680 --> 00:01:21,570 But since I'm incorrect, most experimentalists that supply as you see that here. 12 00:01:22,080 --> 00:01:29,399 So please do not and not feel uncomfortable in interrupting me in the case if either 13 00:01:29,400 --> 00:01:36,860 my Brazilian English doesn't allow of you to understand or if if I'm too hermetic. 14 00:01:36,900 --> 00:01:39,930 And at some point you can interrupt me. 15 00:01:40,200 --> 00:01:45,240 Although I think it's safe for have questions at the end it could work better. 16 00:01:47,910 --> 00:01:55,110 So I present some I'll cover some of the earlier studies we did. 17 00:01:55,780 --> 00:02:02,880 Trying to address a very complicated issue is how the brain represents morality. 18 00:02:03,180 --> 00:02:13,650 This is a very broad question, but I think in the past decades we have advanced advances significantly to try and do the same. 19 00:02:13,770 --> 00:02:23,850 Of course, this just the beginning of the path. It's very preliminary work, I must say, whether covered in our initial work. 20 00:02:24,150 --> 00:02:33,150 So just to give you a more and more like a chronological idea also of how have been thinking and and focus more on the more recent 21 00:02:33,150 --> 00:02:42,630 evidence for the newer basis of prosocial antisocial behaviour presenting also illustrating that with some clinical studies in patients. 22 00:02:44,250 --> 00:02:52,380 So this is just the outline. So in the first by time cover it is more conceptual, the issue of morality. 23 00:02:52,710 --> 00:03:04,560 Then revise the functional imaging and some of the lesion studies which point to which brain regions are and how they the they assemble into 24 00:03:04,680 --> 00:03:15,059 to prove to enable morality then recover the altruism and decision making some paradigms and decision paradigms and some patient studies. 25 00:03:15,060 --> 00:03:23,160 And at the very end, I covered a topic that we've been working for only one year now. 26 00:03:23,160 --> 00:03:29,729 It's a very, very initial thing, but I think it's a very interesting thing, which is brain decoding, 27 00:03:29,730 --> 00:03:36,930 how you can decode brain states in brain states related to to morality and to moral emotions. 28 00:03:39,250 --> 00:03:44,860 So it is clear that we are more creatures. 29 00:03:44,890 --> 00:03:51,100 We have lots of Baltimore issues, but Peralta didn't appear from out of the blue. 30 00:03:51,130 --> 00:04:02,230 In our species, Morales evolved from several proto morality, if you wish, that can be observed in several other social species. 31 00:04:02,410 --> 00:04:15,340 For example, in several primates, they show complex social behaviours such as forming coalitions, sharing foods and keeping score of cooperation. 32 00:04:16,300 --> 00:04:25,840 Have you reciprocity rules? But it is in humans that morality evolved to what's more most complex states. 33 00:04:27,280 --> 00:04:33,939 That's the biological probably the last biological major change in our species 34 00:04:33,940 --> 00:04:41,950 occurred in the upper Palaeolithic period around 80 to 1000 100,000 years ago. 35 00:04:42,700 --> 00:04:53,320 But after that was a big discussion also on how the biological nature of interact with this civilisation and the forming of social values adopted by, 36 00:04:53,350 --> 00:05:00,640 you know, social groups and how they interacted to bring about the our present more nature. 37 00:05:01,060 --> 00:05:07,060 So in humans, we observe this very complex moral manifestation, 38 00:05:07,070 --> 00:05:14,020 such as symbolic thinking and division of labour, economic exchange, the development of cultural norms. 39 00:05:14,890 --> 00:05:17,560 It's not surprising then, 40 00:05:18,100 --> 00:05:30,820 that the brain sizes in humans suffered a huge increase in terms of values from the earlier hominid species to the more of a human's. 41 00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:45,940 So you from 460 to 1.5 litres of brain capacity, the volume of the brain is a very costly organ, consumes 20% of our energy in the resting state. 42 00:05:47,080 --> 00:05:52,660 So we need powerful brains, actually, to to you to be able to be moral. 43 00:05:52,780 --> 00:06:01,030 Of course, nothing. Our brain is not doing only morality, but it's a it's a core phenomenon for our nature. 44 00:06:01,750 --> 00:06:10,990 So we humans, we care about lots of types of rewards and motivations which are on the basis of our immediate interests. 45 00:06:11,910 --> 00:06:23,060 Now, however, our species is unique in terms of carrying both very complex social and moral feelings, many of them. 46 00:06:23,080 --> 00:06:37,870 So we're able to admire or to engage interactions which are far from being far from us, from observing, like in our immediate interests. 47 00:06:38,370 --> 00:06:49,150 Some, some, some of them are very complicated. For example, attaching to football teams, for example, is a very, very strange thing, isn't it? 48 00:06:49,630 --> 00:06:53,690 Or religious symbols or whatsoever. 49 00:06:53,690 --> 00:07:02,090 A music that's for those who have done all these things would be Venus, as human as the father of bossa nova wants. 50 00:07:03,280 --> 00:07:05,830 So morality from a scientific perspective. 51 00:07:06,580 --> 00:07:13,420 So our take on on addressing morality from a scientific perspective is very different from the philosophical 52 00:07:13,420 --> 00:07:22,300 perspective which which aims to define which are the universal principles that should guide human conduct. 53 00:07:22,780 --> 00:07:28,150 So which is the assembly of principles that should guide human conduct? 54 00:07:28,810 --> 00:07:37,270 Whereas a scientific view aims, at least at this point, to document the changes in moral behaviour, 55 00:07:37,600 --> 00:07:47,550 in how in brain regions response or interact in and choose to evolve to to enable moral behaviour. 56 00:07:48,310 --> 00:07:52,500 So there's stuff based on functional imaging and lesion studies. 57 00:07:52,510 --> 00:07:57,790 So let's put this the vision very clear because these are the studies that provide 58 00:07:57,790 --> 00:08:03,160 the major differences in the major the major dimensions of mission and behaviour. 59 00:08:03,310 --> 00:08:07,720 So that's the aim of science to tease apart and to be reductionist. 60 00:08:08,080 --> 00:08:11,680 There's no other way than to be to the solution, 61 00:08:11,680 --> 00:08:19,730 but also with being careful not to get lost in the midst of the trees because 62 00:08:19,780 --> 00:08:25,390 overproduction is of course is also a dangerous thing in the end is to better understand 63 00:08:25,870 --> 00:08:31,959 our moral nature and to provide alleviation for neuropsychiatric disorders and 64 00:08:31,960 --> 00:08:38,160 other mental disorders which actually impair moral behaviour and also impair puts. 65 00:08:38,750 --> 00:08:42,020 Society has a risk, for example, antisocial behaviours. 66 00:08:42,680 --> 00:08:52,910 So for the whole past century all the attention has been, you know, the spotlights of morality has been the frontal lobes. 67 00:08:53,300 --> 00:08:58,880 In a famous case of Phineas Gauge and then all the work might as well get in the mat-su 68 00:08:59,540 --> 00:09:07,790 when when they saw the evi case more recently and we brought this discussion back to, 69 00:09:07,790 --> 00:09:18,019 to the, to the real science. So that's what ours that's was our starting point to study morality with functional imaging. 70 00:09:18,020 --> 00:09:21,739 So can we study more identify with functional imaging. 71 00:09:21,740 --> 00:09:27,470 So just little brackets about functional imaging. 72 00:09:27,620 --> 00:09:32,749 So a few words on that. In the past two decades, functional imaging, 73 00:09:32,750 --> 00:09:44,960 especially if memory is provided because a tremendous advance in our understanding of several cognitive abilities and and morality included. 74 00:09:45,380 --> 00:09:54,200 So it's non-invasive and allows for multiple experimental designs in conditions and you can repeat experiments. 75 00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:57,200 We would not know risks for the volunteers. 76 00:09:57,200 --> 00:10:00,770 So this was a major development. 77 00:10:01,100 --> 00:10:10,460 So functional imaging in special fMRI for those who are not familiar is based on acquisition of of series of images from the brain. 78 00:10:10,700 --> 00:10:21,200 And over time, each and each sets of C 30 slices over the brain is collected in style in about 2 seconds. 79 00:10:21,590 --> 00:10:26,060 So and then we repeat this over time. And during this time we can perform tasks. 80 00:10:26,570 --> 00:10:34,880 And with a signal we're measuring, the brain is actually the oxygenation oxygenation after haemoglobin. 81 00:10:35,240 --> 00:10:37,310 So when you have a when I move my hands, 82 00:10:37,400 --> 00:10:51,800 my contralateral motor cortex is more active and that causes a recruitment of arterial blue bloods in the mature blood has oxygenated haemoglobin, 83 00:10:52,160 --> 00:10:57,920 which has a higher, slightly higher signal than the deoxygenated haemoglobin. 84 00:10:58,310 --> 00:11:04,940 And this can be picked up by the correct appropriate imaging sequences in memory. 85 00:11:05,510 --> 00:11:14,660 So in the end we were measuring transient changes in oxygenation in the brain induced by my watts, whatever test you're doing. 86 00:11:15,140 --> 00:11:18,590 So there is no real baseline state in the brain. 87 00:11:18,740 --> 00:11:22,580 That's very important. We always comparing one condition to the other, 88 00:11:23,210 --> 00:11:30,500 although we can measure networks and synchronisation among regions in the resting states, as you might have heard. 89 00:11:31,940 --> 00:11:37,009 But if you compare conditions between them, there is no true baseline. 90 00:11:37,010 --> 00:11:40,670 We're always comparing the one condition to the other. 91 00:11:41,780 --> 00:11:52,820 So this is just a quick example of see, someone is looking at this cross, central cross and they would see a screen like this. 92 00:11:54,440 --> 00:12:04,580 And after several trials repeating that, we do a statistical test for the signal and we come up with these so called activation maps, 93 00:12:04,820 --> 00:12:09,290 in this case, localising activation in the primary visual cortex. 94 00:12:09,830 --> 00:12:18,920 So that's the basis of memory. So that was the first study we did on moral judgements. 95 00:12:18,920 --> 00:12:23,000 So our first take on on mapping morality in the brain, 96 00:12:23,330 --> 00:12:34,100 we're very crude with very simple way was just asking people in the scanner to make silence and mentally judge statements like 97 00:12:34,100 --> 00:12:43,819 those telephones never read for statements like those 300 innocent men and compare what's what is different between them. 98 00:12:43,820 --> 00:12:47,270 So they have to mentally judge that there's right or wrong. 99 00:12:48,380 --> 00:12:57,680 And then afterwards we compared the moral condition to the factual condition, and that's the first picture we got from the group results. 100 00:12:58,310 --> 00:13:04,700 So this is activation on the interior part of the frontal lobes, the so-called frontal polar cortex, 101 00:13:05,180 --> 00:13:10,010 which is actually one of the regions that is more developed in humans. 102 00:13:10,650 --> 00:13:16,250 So it has a huge expansion in our species compare species compared to other primates. 103 00:13:18,080 --> 00:13:26,470 We also found activation in other regions, sex, for example, again to your temporal region that you can see there. 104 00:13:26,660 --> 00:13:30,739 And the stuff was amazing, the lateral part of the brain at the time. 105 00:13:30,740 --> 00:13:37,400 We had no explanation for that. But you already told us that the story was not so simple, as you know, the frontal lobe story. 106 00:13:38,030 --> 00:13:43,689 What's. Of course, these first studies there were uncontrolled for several aspects. 107 00:13:43,690 --> 00:13:51,190 For example, emotional valence was clearly different, was higher in the moral condition than the in a control condition. 108 00:13:51,430 --> 00:13:56,290 So further experiments aim to fuse the subparts to a control. 109 00:13:56,290 --> 00:14:02,290 Then in the next experience for Emotional Valence. Again, it finds its temporal activation. 110 00:14:02,710 --> 00:14:07,420 In this case, the reason Coleman asks is that superior temporal samples. 111 00:14:07,780 --> 00:14:21,430 It's a multi-model region which integrates it's known to integrate several perceptual channels modalities into to bring able to to, 112 00:14:21,700 --> 00:14:27,760 for example, the perception of body movements or gestures engaged in this region. 113 00:14:28,150 --> 00:14:38,680 And we also got, again, the ventral parts of the frontal lobe when it compared equivalence situations with equivalent emotional valence, 114 00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:42,140 but with which difference in terms of moral content. 115 00:14:43,120 --> 00:14:49,149 Just I forgot to say that our definition of moral saliency or moral content was 116 00:14:49,150 --> 00:14:55,900 based on the Kobe and Kohlberg definition of issues not too related to rights, 117 00:14:55,900 --> 00:15:03,810 responsibilities or values. So we had a moral morality score for each kind of stimuli similar. 118 00:15:04,630 --> 00:15:07,950 So we had ratings on that. Okay. 119 00:15:07,960 --> 00:15:14,110 So at this time, most okay. 120 00:15:14,230 --> 00:15:24,160 It's still, well, lively and widely held belief that the frontal lobes, they have to do only with their executive or active functions. 121 00:15:25,090 --> 00:15:33,219 So one question that was raised was that are these are the frontal lobes engaged just because you're making active moral judgements, 122 00:15:33,220 --> 00:15:39,100 you are, you know, actively trying to discriminate or to weight these situations. 123 00:15:39,460 --> 00:15:47,740 So we did we designed this study, which was a passive, totally passive study in which we showed pictures which were which were previously 124 00:15:48,370 --> 00:15:56,950 scored or reason for mind by a separate set of subjects in terms of moral contents. 125 00:15:57,280 --> 00:16:05,079 So that sense of pictures which have high and moral contents and or negatively valence and also 126 00:16:05,080 --> 00:16:13,660 features which are evoked also negative emotions but very low to relatively low moral content. 127 00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:17,589 So we we presented the these pictures, two subjects, of course, 128 00:16:17,590 --> 00:16:23,350 the neutral pictures as well scrambled and then just store them to pay attention to the pictures. 129 00:16:23,350 --> 00:16:25,570 And we showed them one after the other. 130 00:16:27,730 --> 00:16:39,160 And what do we got to is that if we look at the pictures which are emotionally negative together, irrespective they are of a moral or a non moral. 131 00:16:39,160 --> 00:16:47,710 We got sort of bilateral amygdala responses and bracing responses, all these babies of two brain regions which respond to emotional arousal. 132 00:16:48,130 --> 00:16:54,160 But when we contrast directly the moral pictures to the unpleasant no moral pictures, 133 00:16:54,460 --> 00:17:00,580 we get again the ten frontal polar cortex and asks the superior came from 134 00:17:00,580 --> 00:17:05,380 across the cortex region and also the anterior temporal lobe is not shown here. 135 00:17:06,430 --> 00:17:07,840 They are engaged. 136 00:17:08,380 --> 00:17:17,740 So this piece of piece of evidence asked of men started to tell us a different story about moral judgements is that if you face a moral, 137 00:17:18,310 --> 00:17:28,360 a more morally relevant to silence situation, your brain is a red tuned to that as a network and these regions are engaged altogether. 138 00:17:29,110 --> 00:17:38,019 In this study we did the also connectivity analysis and then we showed that this frontal region and these ultra frontal regions, 139 00:17:38,020 --> 00:17:42,430 they are they are more connected to each other, functionally connected. 140 00:17:43,450 --> 00:17:46,630 When you are presented these pictures with moral contents. 141 00:17:47,170 --> 00:17:52,000 So developed this idea of moral sensitivity that we are attune in all we we are 142 00:17:52,390 --> 00:18:00,570 actually like a red reader monitoring with our moral brain is active all the time. 143 00:18:00,580 --> 00:18:04,270 And of course it's surface fluctuations over time. 144 00:18:05,020 --> 00:18:14,760 The opinion text detects more relevant issues and later on to show that this architecture of 145 00:18:14,770 --> 00:18:21,520 functional architecture of morality matches what is being studied now as this resting state networks. 146 00:18:22,690 --> 00:18:25,180 Okay. So just to move on. 147 00:18:25,660 --> 00:18:36,250 So to summarise, there were several studies over the last decades and in all of them using a lot of them reached sort of it was very similar. 148 00:18:36,250 --> 00:18:43,990 They point to very similar arrangements. Or engagements of regions, irrespective of type of task, was at active task. 149 00:18:44,140 --> 00:18:51,280 Perhaps it best if they use pictures, simple war judgements, difficult moral dilemmas and etc. 150 00:18:51,670 --> 00:18:58,630 So we have this a more functional architecture of morality, which is extremely is remarkably stable. 151 00:19:00,310 --> 00:19:07,900 It's not actually task dependent. That's, that's the take home message or it's okay. 152 00:19:08,020 --> 00:19:12,100 So the next step was to organise this. 153 00:19:12,400 --> 00:19:16,220 So why how are these regions? What do they do actually? 154 00:19:16,240 --> 00:19:19,389 So why they are is it's just, you know, it's a whole network. 155 00:19:19,390 --> 00:19:26,860 But each region must have a role in must have a combination of role roles with the other regions. 156 00:19:27,790 --> 00:19:42,760 So we did a a careful in detail revision of the literature searching for cases in which patients developed changes in more behaviour. 157 00:19:43,690 --> 00:19:55,960 And if you just, you know, just not looking at frontal lobes, for example, just looking for lesions leading to change more behaviour. 158 00:19:56,350 --> 00:20:04,360 And the what we want to get from that is that it is far from, you know, it's it's not the frontal lobe system. 159 00:20:04,480 --> 00:20:15,070 There are a lot of of of impairments which are induced by, for example, anterior temporal lobe damage, which is very common, for example, 160 00:20:15,070 --> 00:20:20,149 in frontotemporal dementia and also trauma, car accidents, for example, 161 00:20:20,150 --> 00:20:24,460 the damage to the frontal lobe and also then to your temporal lobes very often. 162 00:20:25,120 --> 00:20:33,850 And these cases develop very sometimes very bizarre types of social behaviour, the loss of empathy and etc., 163 00:20:34,240 --> 00:20:45,910 and also damage to small structures in the subcortical regions such as the septal region and the hypothalamus and etc. 164 00:20:46,900 --> 00:20:51,120 These regions are very delicate and they involved in awareness as well. 165 00:20:51,130 --> 00:20:55,240 So big lesions in there of course lead to death. 166 00:20:55,390 --> 00:21:06,330 But when patients survive one or when they have capricious strategic lesions, that they can develop extreme changes in behaviour. 167 00:21:06,580 --> 00:21:16,510 For example, violent assaults and anger bursts and a sexual activity which is absolutely inappropriate in that century with tiny, 168 00:21:16,510 --> 00:21:20,020 tiny changes in these subcortical regions. 169 00:21:20,320 --> 00:21:26,500 So clearly the story goes away from the frontal lobes of the speech of morality. 170 00:21:26,540 --> 00:21:32,650 And some morality seems to be a disciplined function of the brain, but it's not just, you know, everywhere. 171 00:21:33,280 --> 00:21:38,740 So here's the fixed of the regions for which we have clear evidence, 172 00:21:39,070 --> 00:21:46,270 both from functional imaging and from lesion studies, which are involved in moral behaviour. 173 00:21:46,930 --> 00:21:56,860 So we can see that the from the polar cortex, the right course, the left foot, the frontal cortex, which is kind of less clear, 174 00:21:57,430 --> 00:22:07,030 and the medial intellectual off the frontal and the ventral region of the brain in these regions near the ends, anterior temporal cortex. 175 00:22:07,480 --> 00:22:10,540 But that's so. 176 00:22:10,840 --> 00:22:15,819 And of course then the limbic regions, the supports, the limbic regions, 177 00:22:15,820 --> 00:22:22,270 including the septal area in addition to the amygdala, hypothalamus and basal forebrain structures. 178 00:22:23,050 --> 00:22:24,100 So that seems okay. 179 00:22:24,100 --> 00:22:35,890 So this is a lot of the brain, but if you look at the regions whose lesions do not lead to moral impairments, it's a lot of the brain as well. 180 00:22:35,920 --> 00:22:44,049 So one could say that the emergence of morally abnormal behaviours, 181 00:22:44,050 --> 00:22:50,500 they arise from specialised combination of lesion, that combination in special regions. 182 00:22:50,920 --> 00:22:54,920 It's not everywhere in the brain. Okay. 183 00:22:55,520 --> 00:23:03,350 So if we look now at what these regions which lead tomorrow impairments what they are doing, 184 00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:08,750 we can see we came up with the simplification schemes of very systematically, 185 00:23:09,740 --> 00:23:18,540 but they are these four main components in terms of the kinds of abilities, concert and emotional abilities that these regions are parts. 186 00:23:18,620 --> 00:23:21,980 And so between lots of perspective assessments. 187 00:23:22,100 --> 00:23:25,640 So value is assessment of goals, 188 00:23:25,940 --> 00:23:38,059 assessment of future rewards and etc. This concept conceptual social knowledge solvents forgot to say from the perspective assessments, frontal lobes. 189 00:23:38,060 --> 00:23:44,210 Frontal lobes are absolutely important for for us to enable us to think about tomorrow. 190 00:23:44,780 --> 00:23:49,040 Well, what are you going to do and to wait options in the future? 191 00:23:49,940 --> 00:23:53,479 Conceptual social knowledge was an hypothesis at the time. 192 00:23:53,480 --> 00:23:56,450 We did experiments to investigate this, 193 00:23:56,900 --> 00:24:04,639 but it's clear that anterior temporal lobes are important in conceptual social knowledge patients which atrophy 194 00:24:04,640 --> 00:24:11,990 with atrophy in these regions that they they progressively lose their ability to discriminate object categories, 195 00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:15,740 and they also lose social information, social knowledge. 196 00:24:17,270 --> 00:24:28,400 Then the more posterior regions like the A6 superior came from cortex and they are able they represent actually percent perceptual in sensory. 197 00:24:28,790 --> 00:24:33,710 So for example, face, body expression, voice enables to capture, for example, 198 00:24:33,890 --> 00:24:40,730 body posture and facial emotions very rapidly and integrate this into our behaviour. 199 00:24:41,240 --> 00:24:51,200 And finally, but not less importantly, the basic instincts of motivation, emotions which which are we could see, 200 00:24:51,210 --> 00:25:03,260 let's freefall inside of your anger or attachments, pleasure or pain for which the limbic, the subcortical regions are absolutely fundamental. 201 00:25:03,860 --> 00:25:13,040 So just putting this back into the brain, we could actually summarises the central motive stage. 202 00:25:13,050 --> 00:25:23,120 That's an idea that Eliot Stellar came up in the fifties based on stimulation of hypothalamic and neighbouring regions, 203 00:25:23,120 --> 00:25:30,319 which if you stimulate electrically these regions, you can induce several types of emotional states, very strong ones. 204 00:25:30,320 --> 00:25:33,680 But you have free floating, they have no objects. No, they are. 205 00:25:33,980 --> 00:25:37,970 They are decontextualised. So the central altered states, 206 00:25:38,330 --> 00:25:45,860 congressional society attachment and etc. in the subcortical subcortical regions there the social 207 00:25:45,860 --> 00:25:53,630 features and social functional features in the temporal lobe and then the frontal cortex. 208 00:25:53,900 --> 00:25:59,360 And here we have Dr. Jordan Grafman model of the prefrontal cortex, 209 00:25:59,780 --> 00:26:05,450 which he calls the structured event knowledge, which is a representational model of the frontal cortex. 210 00:26:05,450 --> 00:26:15,049 Instead of being the frontal cortex being somewhat a structure which is operating or acting 211 00:26:15,050 --> 00:26:22,160 on knowledge represented in other areas only like a managerial thing or executive thing. 212 00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:30,770 It's actually representing information, especially sequentially information so represents a sequence of actions, 213 00:26:31,100 --> 00:26:40,610 abstracts or mortuary actions and all these things, all these regions, they must work together, so just come back to that. 214 00:26:40,910 --> 00:26:44,750 So they must work together in a non-hierarchical way. 215 00:26:44,750 --> 00:26:46,250 They must be synchronised. 216 00:26:46,250 --> 00:26:56,300 So for a complex, more emotion, for example, or evaluation, you have to have you have to integrate these regions and probably this improved. 217 00:26:56,330 --> 00:26:58,430 We need to seek evidence for that yet. 218 00:26:58,970 --> 00:27:07,520 But we suspect that this mechanism operates in the same way that Volf singer proposals for for example for visual binding binding. 219 00:27:08,090 --> 00:27:13,380 If you have a perception visual perception of motion in an object and, you know, 220 00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:21,080 shape and motion at the same time which occur in different brain procedure regions, but they are synchronised in the game of dance. 221 00:27:21,080 --> 00:27:27,080 So it's a temporal synchronisation only electrophysiology can can actually tell us about this, 222 00:27:27,080 --> 00:27:31,460 but it's very likely that these regions act together by temporal binding. 223 00:27:32,930 --> 00:27:39,530 Okay. So what are the implications, what these lines of evidence to to our understanding of market nation? 224 00:27:39,800 --> 00:27:53,870 So we believe that they provide potentially an improvement over these hierarchical models of control of top down control or bottom up control. 225 00:27:54,250 --> 00:27:57,340 Such as, for example, somatic markers. 226 00:27:57,340 --> 00:28:03,370 So viscera putting out in, you know, inducing us to be in certain states. 227 00:28:03,370 --> 00:28:13,750 And then from there we react in certain ways more reason, the reason suppressing emotions and enabling us to act morally. 228 00:28:14,050 --> 00:28:26,020 So these classical hierarchal models such as the masculine model they were there, is still very popular because they are they are very intuitive. 229 00:28:27,160 --> 00:28:38,740 So in these for example, in this model, though, we have this the more basic regions of primitive brain like ocular occupying. 230 00:28:39,130 --> 00:28:44,830 So the reptile brain, which is the emotional brain, and then we have a further cover, 231 00:28:44,890 --> 00:28:53,020 we see the pattern mammalian brain which allows represented by the limbic structures. 232 00:28:53,350 --> 00:29:02,320 We actually have the, the, actually the emotions, not only the self preservation mechanisms and then the cortical is going to be the rational 233 00:29:03,220 --> 00:29:09,880 and the cortex would actually control the beasts we have inside us in our limbic system. 234 00:29:09,970 --> 00:29:18,160 So we can we have to suppress these urges that come from the depths of our of brain to be to act. 235 00:29:18,480 --> 00:29:26,340 To act appropriately so. And this view is actually wrong anatomically. 236 00:29:26,500 --> 00:29:30,520 You know, it's not because of, you know, it's it's outside or discussion of morality, 237 00:29:30,760 --> 00:29:37,450 but the the functional architecture of the brain and evolution of the brain doesn't work at all in layers. 238 00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:44,469 So what happens in, for example, in our development of our species that are several nuclei, 239 00:29:44,470 --> 00:29:51,640 some cartoon nuclei which are considered to be primitive, they grew together with the cortical structures. 240 00:29:51,670 --> 00:29:59,560 They grew. They grow like you. Radziwill In radical, radical radio networks, they grow together. 241 00:29:59,680 --> 00:30:08,979 So there are there are several elementary exponents studies looking at these regions supporting maybe growing our species, 242 00:30:08,980 --> 00:30:12,840 even in more than several points, growing areas. 243 00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:24,070 So, so again, so functional integration instead of top down control would be one possibility to fix better explained. 244 00:30:24,370 --> 00:30:31,450 Of course, this has been tested experimentally to explain all moral behaviour as well as several other cognitive abilities. 245 00:30:31,720 --> 00:30:36,490 So it's just one example how emotions like compassion could emerge. 246 00:30:36,760 --> 00:30:42,190 So if you suppose that you are visiting an orphanage and then you see this sad girl. 247 00:30:42,460 --> 00:30:49,180 So then you activate your asks because of the body posture in the face, facial expression, 248 00:30:49,420 --> 00:30:54,050 etc. and you can, you know, she is, for example, ten is ten years old. 249 00:30:54,430 --> 00:30:58,690 And you can also actually engage. 250 00:30:59,380 --> 00:31:03,770 Conceptual representations, for example, of of helplessness. 251 00:31:03,790 --> 00:31:09,369 And one less it's this abstract concept of representations in your frontal lobes, 252 00:31:09,370 --> 00:31:17,829 especially the poles of the full cortex, allows you to immediately think about the future of this girl. 253 00:31:17,830 --> 00:31:21,430 So, okay. The chance of adoption small at this age. 254 00:31:21,730 --> 00:31:27,530 So while that's the future of this of this children in this child and etc. 255 00:31:27,550 --> 00:31:38,680 And finally then engage your subcortical regions, which might enable you to feel attachment, feelings of affection. 256 00:31:39,040 --> 00:31:49,060 All these things happen together, and they have this network activity which actually enables us to feel compassion. 257 00:31:50,590 --> 00:31:55,330 So there was no localisation, but you have a combined activation. 258 00:31:56,050 --> 00:31:59,620 So I just want to point to this quickly. 259 00:31:59,620 --> 00:32:02,949 We are still, you know, starting to do these kinds of experiments. 260 00:32:02,950 --> 00:32:10,390 But I think it's an interesting and interesting idea that can be combined. 261 00:32:11,170 --> 00:32:16,569 So there was a lot of research now showing that several regions of the brain depicted here, 262 00:32:16,570 --> 00:32:25,240 but this work was conducted by Marcus Vehicle showing these regions they active one way of doing nothing. 263 00:32:25,240 --> 00:32:29,680 When you just rescue, of course, we are never resting. 264 00:32:29,680 --> 00:32:32,380 We are just having our own inner thoughts. 265 00:32:33,340 --> 00:32:40,720 But these efforts are strongly engaged, one in doing this and one once you are required to do some some specific task. 266 00:32:40,900 --> 00:32:45,100 These regions actually deactivate. So they is evidence. 267 00:32:45,310 --> 00:32:52,840 There was a lot of evidence for that. It turns out that these regions are exactly or they are very, very close to the Mark Ignition Network. 268 00:32:53,860 --> 00:33:03,610 So one could suppose that we are you know, when you're in a relaxed state and, you know, say walking or not doing a specific task, 269 00:33:04,420 --> 00:33:13,150 we are indeed, we engage these networks and they enable us to be monitoring all the social reality and the more implications. 270 00:33:14,650 --> 00:33:15,640 And we have some. 271 00:33:16,360 --> 00:33:29,540 So, okay, just this exercise, if you think about one of the best, happiest moments of your life or one of the worst or most episodes in your life. 272 00:33:32,020 --> 00:33:37,060 So what happens and this is exactly what we did in this in this study. 273 00:33:37,070 --> 00:33:46,810 So we studied 50 normal volunteers while they were thinking about ultimate graphical episodes, 274 00:33:47,350 --> 00:33:56,920 which are related to family related shoots with significant others in spite of their positive or negative episodes emotionally. 275 00:33:57,340 --> 00:33:59,800 So what you see up there, the blue, 276 00:34:00,370 --> 00:34:10,030 is what the regions of the brain which are active in the resting states compared to a seven back seven max like counting, 277 00:34:11,230 --> 00:34:14,320 subtract and sadness from, say, 100. 278 00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:19,990 And it's a mathematical task and it takes a lot of resources, cognitive resources. 279 00:34:19,990 --> 00:34:23,180 So if you cannot compare rest. To cutting back. 280 00:34:23,570 --> 00:34:35,180 That leaves the divisions. Yes. However, if you compare one, entertain and pleasant, rational memories, 281 00:34:35,570 --> 00:34:40,730 that's that's what you get the right thing and the big thing, which is that overlapping with the rest information. 282 00:34:41,130 --> 00:34:44,000 And here is the of the negative memories. 283 00:34:44,300 --> 00:34:51,050 So it's it's actually the same sense of regions is very similar has small difference between positive and negative. 284 00:34:51,860 --> 00:34:58,280 But there's a great overlap between being a fugitive from the sky in the filter of emotional states in the resting brain. 285 00:35:00,260 --> 00:35:05,030 I skipped through this and then I move to the new remains of altruistic decisions. 286 00:35:06,530 --> 00:35:10,730 So these are more ex more recent experiments. 287 00:35:11,210 --> 00:35:14,510 So one question would be was at the time. 288 00:35:14,750 --> 00:35:19,250 So if we have this more cognition, that's where it's engaged. 289 00:35:19,250 --> 00:35:28,640 It's it's one thing. It's a discipline thing. It doesn't matter what kind of emotion you're feeling, this same sort of thing. 290 00:35:28,970 --> 00:35:34,850 So we designed this study to evoke specific moral emotions. 291 00:35:35,150 --> 00:35:38,750 We designed scenario scenarios which could evoke, for example, guilt. 292 00:35:39,110 --> 00:35:43,310 Your mother calls you a one night stand, and she was not feeling well. 293 00:35:43,790 --> 00:35:46,670 When you did not take her seriously, you might say she died. 294 00:35:47,300 --> 00:35:58,340 Okay, so this evokes guilt to most people, this imagery pass or statements, you know, inducing indignation. 295 00:35:58,610 --> 00:36:12,860 We had also compassion, embarrassment that the our what we learned from this study was there was no specific signature for any more emotion. 296 00:36:13,910 --> 00:36:21,650 But if you put together prosocial more emotions, emotions that enable us to act more prosocial, 297 00:36:22,490 --> 00:36:30,320 including guilt, compassion, embarrassment, to care about our own mistakes or prevent mistakes towards others. 298 00:36:30,620 --> 00:36:35,479 We see that the cheer PFC, which is the prompt, proper polar vortex, 299 00:36:35,480 --> 00:36:43,280 is highly activating these emotions as well as the superior vests and again the same we see in moral judgements. 300 00:36:43,760 --> 00:36:53,810 However, when we look at order of blame such as indignation and disgust, we see activation of the lateral lateral off the frontal cortex, 301 00:36:54,170 --> 00:37:02,450 which was the region that is highly evolved in, in for example, in disgust and in even perceptual disgust. 302 00:37:02,450 --> 00:37:06,530 If you feel bad taste, you engage the lateral actor frontal cortex. 303 00:37:07,010 --> 00:37:12,890 So close the clusters of emotions, of social emotions evoke different patterns. 304 00:37:13,310 --> 00:37:19,010 But there are some. If you cluster them differently, then we can find commonalities. 305 00:37:19,020 --> 00:37:25,520 So, for example, if you look at the empathic emotions, the guilt and compassion, these emotions, what do they have in common? 306 00:37:25,700 --> 00:37:28,790 Both of them care about others, and we care about them. 307 00:37:28,790 --> 00:37:32,030 And we care about the well-being of others. 308 00:37:32,570 --> 00:37:41,320 So when you look at them, you see these basic forebrain hypothalamic regions, which at the time we had trouble to interpret. 309 00:37:41,330 --> 00:37:46,190 But the striking came out more clear in more recent experiments as usual. 310 00:37:47,300 --> 00:37:51,440 So I show this. This is a work by my colleague Rollins on. 311 00:37:51,860 --> 00:38:00,650 And the purpose of this study was to look at these and shear temporal region, which with which we didn't have much evidence for that. 312 00:38:00,980 --> 00:38:09,770 What is this anterior temporal cortex doing exactly? So his idea was that it was a story, some kind of social, conceptual knowledge. 313 00:38:10,100 --> 00:38:14,660 But for that, use this kind of experiments. 314 00:38:14,990 --> 00:38:20,210 So people were presented with social, with social functional concepts. 315 00:38:21,320 --> 00:38:25,460 For example, stingy general scholar grief. 316 00:38:25,940 --> 00:38:34,700 And compared to other concept of abstract concept, which are animal functions, useful deficiencies, dangerous findings. 317 00:38:35,300 --> 00:38:40,250 So what do we get? Is ism sheer temporal superior to the temporal cortex? 318 00:38:40,580 --> 00:38:47,690 So this region seems to be specialised to for these see traits or social concepts 319 00:38:48,980 --> 00:38:55,190 which which are very important for our ability to judge situations in an abstract way. 320 00:38:55,700 --> 00:39:02,780 So this is a further study in which we have the same social concepts, but then in the context of action. 321 00:39:03,050 --> 00:39:08,000 So you acted strangely or generously towards your best friend. 322 00:39:08,240 --> 00:39:16,210 So when you do that, you get again the same activity on the on the sheer temporal cortex here because it's 323 00:39:16,220 --> 00:39:21,170 semantic social semantics and it doesn't care about what kind of emotion is involved. 324 00:39:21,780 --> 00:39:28,620 However, if you look then at the limbic sort of supports though in the frontal regions, 325 00:39:28,980 --> 00:39:39,180 then these regions that are specific for they react differently for different more emotions evokes such as guilt and indignation, 326 00:39:39,510 --> 00:39:44,220 as we saw before, with a more precise design. 327 00:39:45,420 --> 00:39:52,740 Okay, I skip through this and I move to the one to this study, the charitable donation study. 328 00:39:53,520 --> 00:40:05,820 So so far we only talking about moral cognition studies using abstract scenarios and or pictures and things like that. 329 00:40:06,060 --> 00:40:12,810 So the aim of this study was actually to put morality, you know, on the rolls and sort of have some reality on that. 330 00:40:13,080 --> 00:40:19,050 Even in the in the in the context of in a veritable social context of an MRI scanner. 331 00:40:19,350 --> 00:40:28,350 So in this study, we had people, volunteers recruited, and they could when they would, 332 00:40:28,350 --> 00:40:35,360 they were told that their decisions could could lead to monetary gains for themselves. 333 00:40:35,370 --> 00:40:40,920 If it was real money, they could leave, put as much as $120. 334 00:40:41,430 --> 00:40:50,430 They made these decisions anonymously, and they were told that they could keep all the money for themselves or they could donate, 335 00:40:50,760 --> 00:40:54,610 depending on the test trial to different causes. 336 00:40:54,630 --> 00:41:01,680 And we proposed we chose causes, some of them that could be very controversial. 337 00:41:01,680 --> 00:41:11,010 For example, abortion, euthanasia, you know, arm gun control and the National Rifle Association, for example, and things like that. 338 00:41:11,020 --> 00:41:12,270 So by doing that, 339 00:41:12,270 --> 00:41:23,520 we wanted to see if people would sacrifice money to help certain causes or to oppose certain causes that are designed to test in design. 340 00:41:23,790 --> 00:41:29,100 Allowed us also to look at opposition because depending on the payoffs, 341 00:41:29,610 --> 00:41:39,390 if they wanted to keep the money, they the money would be donated by the funds to the organisation. 342 00:41:39,720 --> 00:41:51,990 So they also could sacrifice to oppose Cosatu's opposition for example, or they could donate possibly costly for example, or they can just win money. 343 00:41:52,020 --> 00:41:57,030 There are some trials that the organisation that in moves or when they could just win money. 344 00:41:57,600 --> 00:42:10,830 So these participants on average they donated 40% of the whole state and that ranged from 20 to 80%, a big range across people. 345 00:42:11,760 --> 00:42:18,600 But these are the functional imaging results. So why do we see this sort of conjunction analysis? 346 00:42:18,780 --> 00:42:24,659 So what we see here are the brain regions which are active either when they are winning 347 00:42:24,660 --> 00:42:31,620 money with no consequences for the for the organisation and or when they are donating money. 348 00:42:32,010 --> 00:42:35,320 So we see here there is a battle to resolve. 349 00:42:35,340 --> 00:42:40,900 The mental area is the source of the department project neurones to the central stream. 350 00:42:41,430 --> 00:42:46,020 Just region this region here. So this is basically the reward system of our brains. 351 00:42:46,320 --> 00:42:52,050 So when people win money, that's everybody knew that there were several studies and at the time, 352 00:42:52,200 --> 00:42:55,890 using financial rewards, you activate a reward system. 353 00:42:56,100 --> 00:43:02,580 But this study was the first to demonstrate that when you are donating money, you activates also the the reward system of the brain. 354 00:43:03,490 --> 00:43:11,730 So is helping only like a reward response or do we see certain specificity in brain systems? 355 00:43:12,030 --> 00:43:19,110 So that's that was done by comparing directly the donation condition to the R to the reward condition. 356 00:43:19,980 --> 00:43:25,620 And then by doing that, we saw activation this very deep area to some general cortex. 357 00:43:25,620 --> 00:43:29,970 And that's kind of spot there back there, which is the septal regions. 358 00:43:30,150 --> 00:43:40,290 So these regions, they are, they are, they are very intimately related to bonding behaviours in several species. 359 00:43:40,590 --> 00:43:47,730 They are very dense, they have very dense presence of receptors for oxytocin aggression. 360 00:43:48,090 --> 00:43:52,050 So they are related to very basic attachment mechanisms. 361 00:43:52,410 --> 00:43:58,680 So what this tells us is that probably the basic attachment mechanism that's, you know, 362 00:43:58,680 --> 00:44:05,730 allows several species of mothers to attach food to two pups, for example, or a pair bonding. 363 00:44:06,030 --> 00:44:13,590 They acts in our species to allow us to attach to very complex causes and principles or ideologies. 364 00:44:14,220 --> 00:44:19,590 So when people oppose situations, then they engage in lateral fight. 365 00:44:19,590 --> 00:44:25,950 The frontal cortex, which was. The region that we saw that's evolved in disgust and indignation. 366 00:44:26,430 --> 00:44:27,389 So that's the correlate. 367 00:44:27,390 --> 00:44:38,010 So it tells us that it's a culturally mediated social aversion to engage the same systems as aversion to bad tastes, for example. 368 00:44:39,150 --> 00:44:45,510 And when you just look at costly decisions, if you're either if you're closing or you're donating, 369 00:44:45,870 --> 00:44:53,310 and then in this situation, we get back the the frontal polar vortex that we saw before for moral judgements. 370 00:44:54,480 --> 00:45:00,570 So this region is more strongly engaged when you have to make a real decision, which is costly. 371 00:45:02,220 --> 00:45:11,250 Okay. So this other experiment done by my colleague Frank Krueger was American nomics experiments. 372 00:45:11,250 --> 00:45:16,020 I want to show this quickly because I think it's very informative in this topic. 373 00:45:17,100 --> 00:45:26,780 Here we had two people interacting, each one in a different scanner, and they were doing like a prisoner's dilemma game, but it was iterative. 374 00:45:26,790 --> 00:45:33,960 So each one, you know, made decisions the first time that the other one could reciprocate the cooperation, 375 00:45:35,610 --> 00:45:39,300 etc., and then they switched the roles and okay. 376 00:45:39,930 --> 00:45:45,690 So basically to summarise, when we analyse the patterns of interaction between the subjects, 377 00:45:46,950 --> 00:45:52,709 the vast majority of them, the press, 22 pairs of people cooperated. 378 00:45:52,710 --> 00:46:00,240 Most of the time there were only two pairs who actually started to fight and actually lost all the money. 379 00:46:00,240 --> 00:46:07,210 They started to fight and punish each other, each other. Okay, so we decided to separate from the analysis and what we see here. 380 00:46:07,250 --> 00:46:12,300 So the whole people in general cooperative because they took profits from this corporation. 381 00:46:12,660 --> 00:46:20,370 However, there were two different parents. About half of them developed a kind of conditional cooperation life. 382 00:46:20,370 --> 00:46:29,400 And they only cooperated if the if the, you know, of the gains of this specific interaction were or good for both. 383 00:46:29,820 --> 00:46:35,300 So in certain instances, the payoff for the first decision maker was very high. 384 00:46:35,310 --> 00:46:40,710 And in this person, the fact factors still, they were able to pick up cooperation again. 385 00:46:41,610 --> 00:46:44,969 And they all the other half had unconditional cooperation. 386 00:46:44,970 --> 00:46:51,930 They cooperated every single time, irrespective of the bond who's involved in a given trial. 387 00:46:52,350 --> 00:47:00,089 So here we showed that of the regions of the brain which are most synchronised 388 00:47:00,090 --> 00:47:04,620 are co activated in their brains when they are making cooperation decisions. 389 00:47:04,620 --> 00:47:08,910 So the behaviour is exactly the same. They are cooperating with the other one. 390 00:47:09,510 --> 00:47:18,870 But these are the conditional co-operators or the trust based co-operators, and here is the conditional. 391 00:47:19,920 --> 00:47:28,770 So what we see here, although they are making the same decision to cooperate, these guys are actually in the reward system, the weaker regions. 392 00:47:29,250 --> 00:47:35,480 So probably they are focusing on the expected gains, financial gains, whereas the other ones are activated. 393 00:47:35,490 --> 00:47:40,760 A central region, which is the region related, which is related to Ponzi mechanisms. 394 00:47:42,520 --> 00:47:49,650 So in this case, the brain is telling us something that cannot be observed in the behaviour in a given trial. 395 00:47:50,280 --> 00:47:56,730 So this is more recent data is still some data, but do we want it to look, you are very interesting now in the central region. 396 00:47:56,940 --> 00:48:07,410 So it is really central to the to be a core region to enable us to feel for others a very basic region. 397 00:48:07,950 --> 00:48:16,950 And in this study, we had scenarios which are affiliates of they describe you interacting in in positive or negative ways towards your kin. 398 00:48:17,280 --> 00:48:26,100 And we had scenarios, control scenarios, which are all also social and emotional, but they don't involve kin interactions. 399 00:48:26,520 --> 00:48:29,970 And the results I just want to show this quickly. 400 00:48:30,300 --> 00:48:39,090 We see very strong activations here in the in this this was really not the hypothalamus and septal region. 401 00:48:39,540 --> 00:48:50,250 So this this region is is really involved and these kinds of affiliates of behaviours or affiliates of feelings in this case. 402 00:48:51,000 --> 00:48:54,870 So we got supports of data from lesion, from this lesion study. 403 00:48:55,170 --> 00:48:58,860 This study was done with the ensemble from the NIH. 404 00:48:59,670 --> 00:49:04,020 So these are patients with the behavioural side of frontotemporal dementia. 405 00:49:04,170 --> 00:49:11,999 This question typical of descriptions, they they have a dementia which starts earlier than the Alzheimer's one starts on the forties and 406 00:49:12,000 --> 00:49:20,820 fifties or sixties in the typical have they typically develop impaired social functioning this type of. 407 00:49:21,210 --> 00:49:26,780 If, for example, they decide to to have inappropriate sexual behaviour and decide to, 408 00:49:27,120 --> 00:49:32,790 you know, start with teasing behaviours and that's the first manifestation of this disorder. 409 00:49:33,690 --> 00:49:38,669 So we sent a sample of 21 patients with these and we were interested to see it was interesting to 410 00:49:38,670 --> 00:49:46,440 see whether we could get evidence for these moral emotions being affected in a selective manner, 411 00:49:48,090 --> 00:49:57,210 depending on the topography of the alpha atrophy or in this case, the hypo metabolism using pet imaging. 412 00:49:57,690 --> 00:50:09,300 So what we see here are the regions which are dramatically hyper metabolic in relation to prosocial emotions. 413 00:50:09,710 --> 00:50:14,730 So the task involves showing the scenarios as I described for and listening to, 414 00:50:14,730 --> 00:50:19,380 they have to pick which emotional matches they would feel in that specific situation. 415 00:50:19,830 --> 00:50:29,010 So the more impaired, the parents, the more enthusiastic the prosocial emotions such as guilt and embarrassment and professional activity, 416 00:50:29,490 --> 00:50:36,870 the more hyper metabolism they have from the moral cortex in the softer regions and differently, 417 00:50:37,230 --> 00:50:45,900 the more impaired they are in indignation, in disgust, the more atrophy they have in the amygdala, in the north shore medial region of the cortex. 418 00:50:46,530 --> 00:50:52,710 So we can really discriminate these networks on the basis of all of this dysfunction in this patients. 419 00:50:54,030 --> 00:51:01,920 Okay. So when I mentioned psychopathy, that's another kind of subjects we've been studying. 420 00:51:03,180 --> 00:51:05,850 In our case in Rio. 421 00:51:05,850 --> 00:51:17,460 It's very dangerous to study patients, you know, criminal individuals in prisons because, you know, system is not so safe, as you might imagine. 422 00:51:18,180 --> 00:51:23,100 So we decided my colleague Ricardo Julia Villas-Boas, is a neuro psychiatrist, 423 00:51:23,100 --> 00:51:31,530 but he sees, especially in the psychiatric institution, these individuals become normal. 424 00:51:31,530 --> 00:51:38,249 And generally they are brought from their families because they are you know, they are destroying the family. 425 00:51:38,250 --> 00:51:42,890 They are destroying the financial resources, creating a lot of problems. 426 00:51:42,900 --> 00:51:48,840 And at some point, the families like you have to have a psychiatric consultation that they have that comes across. 427 00:51:48,840 --> 00:51:53,250 Okay. So these are the what do we call the communities psychopaths? 428 00:51:54,180 --> 00:51:59,040 Of course, not all of them are psychopaths. Many of them have other psychiatric disorders. 429 00:51:59,040 --> 00:52:06,050 But then we have the assessment and we have a sample, increasing sample of these subjects. 430 00:52:06,060 --> 00:52:13,350 Of course, they leave at some point, they never say, but we had an opportunity to study a number of them. 431 00:52:14,130 --> 00:52:22,890 And psychopathy is has been studied before by separate investigators using manual tracing off of regions, 432 00:52:22,890 --> 00:52:26,910 especially the frontal cortex and the in the temples. 433 00:52:27,270 --> 00:52:33,510 And so most most of the studies showed volumetric small volumetric decreases in the frontal cortex, 434 00:52:33,750 --> 00:52:38,160 but overall, their brains look pretty, pretty much normal. 435 00:52:38,520 --> 00:52:41,849 So our aim here is to use a more advanced technique. 436 00:52:41,850 --> 00:52:48,540 At the Times was the voxel based momentary to look at the whole brain instead of selecting regions. 437 00:52:49,440 --> 00:52:57,060 And it turns out that the regions here, that the regions in yellow and red are the regions which are reduced. 438 00:52:57,330 --> 00:53:07,650 They have quite the cortex, cortical reductions in these regions relative to a period sample of normal controls and the reduction 439 00:53:08,010 --> 00:53:14,420 in the degree of criminality in these regions in the frontal fall from the fourth cortex in the east, 440 00:53:14,520 --> 00:53:21,600 that's this is related to the severity of their scores in the psychopathy checklist. 441 00:53:22,290 --> 00:53:31,770 So there seem to be a monotonic relationship between the atrophy in how, you know, how psychopathic they are. 442 00:53:33,090 --> 00:53:36,990 So that's a come to the last parts of my talk. 443 00:53:38,100 --> 00:53:43,420 So just speak about a few, a few slides on brain coding. 444 00:53:43,440 --> 00:53:51,419 So comparing that pattern recognition methods in functional and spectral imaging and methods 445 00:53:51,420 --> 00:53:59,310 to classify patients and classify brain states using this more modern techniques algorithms. 446 00:54:02,550 --> 00:54:08,640 So the first just a little bit off of the theoretical grounds of this. 447 00:54:09,000 --> 00:54:17,370 So discrimination, if we seek to, to, to find discriminatory formation using multivariate tools. 448 00:54:17,670 --> 00:54:20,670 So instead of looking at one voxel and comparing. 449 00:54:21,180 --> 00:54:30,690 Populations or conditions. We look at the combined effects of of several blocks in the brain using two main methods, 450 00:54:31,590 --> 00:54:35,850 the linear discrimination analysis and the supports vector machines. 451 00:54:36,210 --> 00:54:45,660 There are a number of researchers who have been doing a fantastic work on this in the past few years, trying to, for example, 452 00:54:46,350 --> 00:54:52,049 look at some representational objects that can move like brain reading and called, 453 00:54:52,050 --> 00:54:57,330 for example, for thinking of all the Hammer boys to thinking about a house and etc. 454 00:54:59,760 --> 00:55:07,079 And we started to use these techniques actually in the sample of psychopaths to try to see if 455 00:55:07,080 --> 00:55:14,190 the structural images could be used to discriminate between psychopaths in normal controls. 456 00:55:14,430 --> 00:55:24,120 It turns out that we reach about 80% of all sensitivity and specificity in telling apart the normal control from the psychopaths. 457 00:55:24,570 --> 00:55:31,110 Of course, this is not good enough for clinical applications, but it's it has ethical implications, 458 00:55:31,380 --> 00:55:39,480 and it has in order to tell us that these kinds of imaging can be used for prediction. 459 00:55:39,480 --> 00:55:43,740 And we all have a lot of implication in the future. 460 00:55:46,160 --> 00:55:52,370 Okay. And now I jump to the neurofeedback parts of the story. 461 00:55:53,180 --> 00:55:55,639 So this is the thing that we're most interested in. 462 00:55:55,640 --> 00:56:05,630 Interested in now is can we train the same emotional, complex motion emotional states in the brain? 463 00:56:05,930 --> 00:56:12,710 So can you can you make people train this? But but having some objective marker in the brain. 464 00:56:13,370 --> 00:56:19,130 So in this study, this is actually pretty preliminary data that is shown here. 465 00:56:19,370 --> 00:56:31,450 But we had we had volunteers choosing speaking as a as a show that they had the data before choosing autobiographical memories from their own lives. 466 00:56:31,460 --> 00:56:37,650 Of course, autobiographical, which would be pleasant or unpleasant or very relevant ones. 467 00:56:38,000 --> 00:56:41,250 And they had to engage in these memories voluntarily. 468 00:56:41,270 --> 00:56:49,549 We just cued them pleasant and pleasant and also asked them to think about affiliates of memories, 469 00:56:49,550 --> 00:56:52,820 because we are interested in that affiliation and afterwards. 470 00:56:53,930 --> 00:56:57,470 And we also have the autobiographical mutual episodes. 471 00:56:57,830 --> 00:57:03,260 And the one of regret is that we collected the data, the subject is in the scanner, 472 00:57:03,260 --> 00:57:09,770 would tell them what they think about the project their pleasant and they think about the as pleasant memories, 473 00:57:10,130 --> 00:57:14,670 unpleasant and and so on mixed up with the neutral ones. 474 00:57:15,140 --> 00:57:20,510 Then we developed a software system which can which can do this very quickly. 475 00:57:20,510 --> 00:57:27,889 They can align the images through our general in our model calculates the difference between 476 00:57:27,890 --> 00:57:33,800 the tasks through a future selection map and then train those voxels which survive this. 477 00:57:33,990 --> 00:57:39,050 The statistics would support the virtual machine with some multivariate algorithm. 478 00:57:39,470 --> 00:57:49,160 So in the end, what we have is, is a trained set of a network which can be used for prediction. 479 00:57:49,490 --> 00:57:56,630 And this is done in a couple of minutes. So as long as soon as one finished acquisition period, that is run. 480 00:57:58,340 --> 00:58:05,450 Then 2 minutes later, we start again. But this time we show people who show the subjects. 481 00:58:05,840 --> 00:58:17,470 These frames here and the sort ring means that the person is is engaged, immersed into the space, which is actually nuts. 482 00:58:18,200 --> 00:58:21,460 If it's not seated, it's not discriminating between the two states. 483 00:58:21,470 --> 00:58:23,000 It's, you know, it's the split. 484 00:58:23,690 --> 00:58:34,250 And the more the person achieves the desirable, I mean, the goal states could be the pleasant saved or the unpleasant state. 485 00:58:34,640 --> 00:58:38,900 Misery becomes more perfect, so even more smooth. 486 00:58:39,560 --> 00:58:42,980 So it's it's a very interesting feeling, actually. 487 00:58:42,980 --> 00:58:53,570 If you understand it, you can you can see that ring is moves according to your imagination of two scenarios and I can show you. 488 00:58:54,890 --> 00:59:02,150 Okay, that's actually my own dream. I was thinking here, this is our son from the desert. 489 00:59:02,420 --> 00:59:12,740 So Francisco was in the hospital to us, imagined to see that very stressful design and then the pleasant one just for this plane. 490 00:59:13,220 --> 00:59:17,780 He was looking at his own brain activity in a study that actually it did. 491 00:59:19,070 --> 00:59:32,240 So these two scenarios and then I show a little movie for you to to give you an idea of how can you observe instead of showing, 492 00:59:32,420 --> 00:59:40,540 you know, brain activity, which is very complicated, we can show we can transform very complex brain patterns in intractable. 493 00:59:41,780 --> 00:59:45,860 This is an earlier version of the new feedback system we have. 494 00:59:46,220 --> 00:59:53,030 And then you see that with the right thing, like the frontal cortex starting to build up. 495 00:59:53,600 --> 01:00:03,890 So here the subject is imagining these are a few bits of scenarios and next thing you see actually the current implementation we have. 496 01:00:04,520 --> 01:00:10,120 So this is unpleasant is projected backwards because it's projected to the subject in this manner. 497 01:00:10,580 --> 01:00:19,270 The search only sees this screen here. So as you see this circle, the ring becomes, you know, in this case, perfect. 498 01:00:19,280 --> 01:00:23,640 That's the best SVM projection so we can monitor, 499 01:00:23,660 --> 01:00:33,290 so the subject can actually have a feedback on their own performance in the task and potentially train to achieve desirable states. 500 01:00:33,800 --> 01:00:44,540 So I believe this is a very interesting tool that can can be used potentially for any kind, any kind of emotional states or morally relevant. 501 01:00:45,300 --> 01:00:48,960 States attitudes and so on. 502 01:00:50,100 --> 01:00:54,000 Okay. Just to conclude. 503 01:00:57,450 --> 01:01:06,270 Yeah, that's Eduardo, another son. Of course, there are easier ways to reach the States, but we don't have objective markers. 504 01:01:06,600 --> 01:01:13,710 So the big advantage of any such map is that we might have, you know, very objective markers. 505 01:01:13,730 --> 01:01:22,920 On the top of that. We can train subjects to to reach some psychological states based on other populations, for example, 506 01:01:22,920 --> 01:01:31,590 experts in in reaching very positive emotional states or, or tranquillity or meditative states. 507 01:01:31,590 --> 01:01:42,360 For example, we have we can have these cool brain patterns and we can train the states to try to get to the same levels and have objective markers. 508 01:01:42,840 --> 01:01:46,830 So to conclude and then in the last ten years, 509 01:01:48,600 --> 01:01:55,679 it has found that there is a stable networks of neural components which are engaged in moral sentiments, 510 01:01:55,680 --> 01:02:07,650 moral judgements in the decision making tasks in love with a big variety of tasks, types of tasks and stimuli, the integrations. 511 01:02:07,770 --> 01:02:16,469 We believe that integration of consequence of subcortical networks can better accommodate how our brain operates, 512 01:02:16,470 --> 01:02:21,720 especially in terms of moral condition that leads us beyond this cognition, 513 01:02:21,720 --> 01:02:25,530 emotional dualism and suppression of one to the other, 514 01:02:25,830 --> 01:02:32,280 and then might help help the health or improve understanding more complex motivations and emotions. 515 01:02:33,270 --> 01:02:40,080 We find overlapping networks which represents moral sentiments, values and altruistic decisions. 516 01:02:40,500 --> 01:02:47,129 Although we are all and we can also see some differences between these things. 517 01:02:47,130 --> 01:02:53,070 That's I think the big challenge now is to find the soup of signatures for these 518 01:02:53,070 --> 01:02:58,500 complex states would form of the central region of the frontal polar cortex. 519 01:02:58,500 --> 01:03:12,180 So general cortex, a key, very key regions for the prosocial emotions and I would say for morality pattern recognition methods in neurofeedback, 520 01:03:12,780 --> 01:03:23,070 they are able to predict categories of of all of patients, for example, and they are a window into the subjects of emotional states. 521 01:03:23,940 --> 01:03:33,900 We can potentially train several types of states, such in gratitude, for example, the summation tolerance and so on, or decrease of anxiety. 522 01:03:35,340 --> 01:03:43,770 And our growing ability to predict behaviour of course has deep implications for diagnostic 523 01:03:43,770 --> 01:03:50,160 treatment of night neuropsychiatric disorders and also legal implication of ethical implications, 524 01:03:51,480 --> 01:03:58,290 tailoring better behaviours, using all sorts of manipulation, pharmacology and surgical interventions. 525 01:03:58,290 --> 01:04:06,929 Neurofeedback can you know it's fundamental about to understand the organisation of of these complex 526 01:04:06,930 --> 01:04:20,550 neurocognitive networks and applications are as you might imagine very low can be very wide wide including, 527 01:04:20,610 --> 01:04:31,020 you know, policymakers treating couples, for example, couples problems or organisational psychology and, and so on. 528 01:04:31,680 --> 01:04:37,140 So I would just like to thank this is a group efforts. 529 01:04:37,630 --> 01:04:47,490 Studies are very complex to depend on a lot of people working together from the computational side, from the neurological and MRI. 530 01:04:47,730 --> 01:04:55,600 And I was thank my all of my collaborators from different places specially on violence. 531 01:04:55,620 --> 01:05:06,750 Rowlandson this are people from lab from the institutes and I leave you with some nice pictures of Lowboy in Virginia. 532 01:05:07,590 --> 01:05:08,070 Thank you.