So. So it is wonderful.
All of it says it's a great pleasure to do these things, but in this case, it really is.
Um, I first met Don in 1975 when I came here as a graduate student.
Um, and one has some heroes, uh, from whom one learns in particle physics, and there are not very many.
Um, Don was certainly one of them, uh, other people being Roger.
I'm sure I'll spare his blushes by saying so, um, and, uh, going to Wolf and, uh, beyond Vic a Daisy.
So Don was one of my very few experimental heroes in particle physics.
So when, uh, John Ritter asked me, uh, when the university were naming statutory chairs, uh,
whom I would like my chair to be named after, it took me about a microsecond to decide on Don.
Um, and so it's been my great privilege and pleasure to be the first Donald H.
Perkins professor, uh, of experimental physics. Although I'm now emeritus.
They tell me, which means they've stopped paying me if I like. And so, um, so, um, I should give a lot of credit.
And thanks, uh, to Don's daughters who are here, uh, because they've given me a lot of information which I wouldn't have been able to find otherwise.
Um. Uh, so be sure. Have. Michelle. Thank you very much.
Uh, so this is Don's career in a nutshell. Don't really be talking about this time.
Of course, there's much more to come, but that's will you will see all of those things, uh, in the next, uh, lectures.
Um, so basically he was born, uh, in 1925, in Hull.
Um, so that's telling you something about about that, uh, Don's father and mother were both schoolteachers.
Uh, and this is his school, um, which had been founded not long before.
Uh, he attended it, actually. So he must have been one of the first pupils.
Uh, it was a grammar school in those days. Uh, in 1932.
It was a tough school. Um, so Don no doubt held his own.
Certainly he flourished academically. Um, he had many extracurricular activities, and the first one was his first publication at the age of 12.
In the McConnell magazine. Now, in most audiences, I would have to explain what McConnell was.
Uh, but in this audience, I'm sure at least all of the the boys will remember McConnell.
Um, uh, even I remember McConnell. I wasn't very good at it, but Don was, uh, was an absolute whiz.
Uh, this is his first publication with a very tiny differential gear.
Uh, I was in a car engine. Uh, so this was supposed to be the smallest one that anybody had come up with, which is pretty impressive.
Um, so that was when he was 12. So that was 1930?
Uh, seven. Then you have the second publication in Makana magazine, and this one is even more impressive.
This one is a an aircraft locator apparatus. Um, and this one was published when he was 16.
Um, also at the age of 16, he was building radios.
Uh, and he built a crystal radio receiver, uh, and he apparently the first transmissions he picked up,
it says in one of his articles was some news about Converse's experiment in Rome.
I find it quite hard to believe that there would be a radio broadcast on Converse's experiments in Rome.
But anyway, that's what Don says in his book. But certainly he built this radio.
Um, so he was clearly a person who was extremely practical, very good with his hands and extremely, uh, inventive.
Um. He also mentioned using his uncle's collection of moths and butterflies, which eventually ended up, uh, and whole museum.
I would not have thought of him as Lepidoptera, but there you are. You learn something every day.
Um. He left school in 1943 and had an excellent school report.
Here is a report. I won't read it to you, but perhaps one extract.
Um. He has a remarkable grasp of essentials and very considerable practical ability.
Not be afraid of hard work. And earlier on, he says, uh, he obtained an open exhibition at Cambridge.
And this performance did not surprise us, as Perkins was clearly one of the best students in school as hard.
Uh, he had an offer to go to Trinity, Cambridge, uh, where he hoped to take a science degree and then study medicine.
But he was screwed by the fact that he didn't have the requisite Latin.
You can tell this was a new grammar school, because in those days, everybody did Latin, I did Latin.
Uh, so this school kid, he was advanced and didn't bother with Latin, so he didn't have any Latin at all, and therefore he couldn't go to Cambridge.
So instead he went to Imperial. Uh, and a friend of his from Yorkshire had already gone there and clearly given him the idea that it was all right.
So in 1945 he graduated with a BSc with first class honours, uh, sufficiently high up that he qualified for postgraduate scholarship.
Uh, and then he registered for a PhD at Imperial. Now, most people's, uh, PhDs, you would pass over very quickly.
You certainly pass mine over very quickly in a life story.
But Don's, it turns out, was quite, quite remarkable.
Um, and so I actually spend most of my time on Don's PhD thesis on the work, which was around it.
So you first have to put yourself into his intellectual milieu.
Um. And then when Don began his research work, the only particles we knew about were the proton, the neutron, the electron positron, and the muon.
The muon was not really understood. As you'll see, that's part of the story.
But anyway, it was known that there was a particle which was heavier than the electron.
Uh, charged particle. Uh, so nobody had an idea what the muon was.
Everybody thought a neutrino existed, but it wasn't found experimentally, of course, until much, much later.
There was a postulation by Yukawa in 1935 that there was a carrier for the strong nuclear force, and that eventually became known as the pion.
Uh, and it should be the lightest, stable, strongly interacting particle.
And today, of course, it's produced by the million, uh, in modern experiments, not the experiment.
But here's an example of a heavy ion collision, uh, at Rick, which almost every one of those trucks is a pion.
But when Don started work, nobody had seen any trucks, uh, of a pion.
Um. So what Dylan decided to work on were emotions.
And I'll tell you a little bit about that in his own words in a moment.
Uh, they go back. Right back to the dawn of particle physics.
Um, so in 1895, when Cohen, uh, purely by chance, discovered x rays and use the photograph to, uh, see what they could do.
That's his wife's, um, the famous photograph. Uh, from his laboratory.
And another serendipitous, uh, use of photography and emotions was Becquerel, who, um, one day rushing off to some committee meeting, uh,
put all of his equipment to look at, uh, phosphorescence in a drawer, one on top of the other, higgledy piggledy, including his photographic plates.
Um, when he came to do an experiment the following day and, uh, and developed them,
he found this incredibly bizarre black area when he dropped the whole thing in black material and put it in a darkened drawer.
So he knew it wasn't light, but something was being emitted from this, uh, mineral sample.
And when he looked at the shape of the blackened area and compared it to the minerals he'd placed on top of the,
uh, photographic film, he could tell that this was coming from pitchblende and all of uranium.
So this was the discovery of radioactivity, which in many ways, including, uh, X-rays began the study of particle physics.
So emotions go all the way back. Don Supervisor was another great figure, uh, in particle physics.
So he had, uh, uh, to the founders.
Now we go on to J.J. Thompson.
Uh, so the famous particle physics joke is that J.J. Thomson got the Nobel Prize for proving the electron was a particle,
and his son got the Nobel Prize for proving the electron was a wave.
And I was raised as a laugh among physicists, even if not the rest of the audience.
Uh, so here are the two people in question, J.J. on my left.
On the left as well. Um, and there is his son, GH.
He was always called GH. There he is. When Don knew him as, uh, a great, uh, physicist at Imperial College.
Um, so here is Don himself talking, um, about how he began, uh, life.
As a physicist. The reason I got involved.
I was a dick through college. I started research 3945 on the web.
I can read after I read that article.
Um, the quotes from. I have to read this section right in front of them.
This is the time, the study of culture, possibly reminding you of a long time to go through the motions.
Now, most of the experiments on the doctoral.
And so I went to the my supervisor GP Tom Phillips on the JJ and I said that in long gone on to do cosmic rays and he actually sent me off.
The first paper I read was the paper in German by blah blah.
And. He said, come back when you read this paper and tell me exactly what you to do.
So I was like, well, I realise that I have to.
Well, you could get him off his high Nazi island by going to mountains or flying balloons or going to aircraft.
And so I thought, well, this is a chance to get up.
Always had a wish to get to the Andes. So I went to GP and I said, yes, I decide what to do.
I'd like to do some exposures on that circle time. Bolivia.
And he went back to the Buddhist. We have very little money.
If you think I'm going to spend money sending research, you just want to go to the top of the market, you're going.
He said. So I said, what do you suggest I do?
He said, well, it's pretty obvious, but since you don't know, I'll tell you.
You walk down exhibition mode to South County, the underground station.
Now you'll find a bookshop, and in the bookshop you can buy or sell from across Europe.
Look at the Atlas and select an out. And don't worry me anymore.
I went down. I didn't buy here. Listen, I. Primates and Carpathians in the Alps.
And I found finally a place where you can get up to 10,000ft for any effort.
There was a railway all the way up, and that was the trial. I'll talk to you about it that way.
Well, that was how I got through. Hopefully. Careers and emotions.
So I'll, in fact, talk to you a little bit about, uh, the crow yoke.
Um, so that was Don, uh, his lecturing style, which all of you will remember, uh, with great affection.
Um, always entertaining, um, and almost always full of information.
Uh, the reason. So, um, let's take ourselves back to end on, uh, began work.
I'm 1947 is, uh, a remarkable year. Um, it turned out that 1896, uh,
five and six were the separation between the discovery of X-rays and the discovery of radioactivity was about three months.
Um, which is remarkable. Uh, so in 1947, another remarkable set of things happened.
Um, so I remember I mentioned that the Yukawa particle had been postulated in the 30s.
Um, but nobody knew quite what was going on.
It turned out that, um, uh, there were various particles you could see in cosmic rays, which penetrated down to the Earth.
Um, but they have peculiar properties that no one understood that decayed almost completely, never interacted with matter.
Um, and so clearly, they didn't seem to have the right properties to be the Yukawa particle.
So it was a cartoon, in a way, in, uh, the November of 46.
Uh, came up with the two meson hypothesis that there were two different particles.
One was the strongly interacting particle, uh, the pi that became pion,
and the other was a weakly interacting particle, which later became known as the muon.
Uh, that was published in a, uh, Japanese journal and was unknown in the West for at least a year.
Um, uh, Don certainly knew nothing whatever about it.
You see, the next paper is one of his, and we'll talk about that in a second.
Uh, at the same time in Italy. And this is the, the, the statement he made about, um, looking at, uh, uh,
hearing a radio broadcast when he was young, of the beginnings of this experiment.
They were looking at cosmic ray particles, uh, which came down to sea level.
Um, and what they saw was that all of these particles, the negative ones, just, uh,
stopped in the carbon and decayed into something else, and nothing ever happened.
There were no gamma rays. There was nothing to indicate any nuclear reactions.
Um, then. Okay, the Indian Powell saw six particles, like the one that Donald seen.
Um, and then in 1947, the discovery of the pion took place.
Um, as we'll talk about, uh, now, in fact.
So this is, um, in fact, uh, the, uh, first of Don's, uh, discoveries.
Um, so as he mentioned, um, uh, G.P. Thompson arranged for him, uh, to take, uh, flights from the area.
If, in fact, Don thought for many years that it was his persuasive powers that it allowed, uh, his, um, flights to be taken up in that craft.
But of course it wasn't. It was GP who rang up RAF Benson and asked them.
Uh, to allow Perkins to to take these emotions up, uh, to 35,000ft.
And they flew around for several hours in Spitfires, apparently, which was been quite exciting.
35,000ft. Um, and here is a photograph of Don.
Uh, I'm at a loss to understand quite when this was it.
This one, unusually, has on the back of date, but it's extremely difficult to read, and it looks like it says 1940.
But he would have been 15 then. He should. He wouldn't have been smoking a pipe at the age of 50.
But he's clearly a very young Don, so I suspect it was when he first went to Imperial.
Um, uh, so anyway, there he is, looking very, very dapper.
Um, so so yes, they, uh, flew these things, and then Don developed the emotion.
Uh, and he found this remarkable event, which we'll look at in a bit of detail here.
This is the paper on the right hand side published in nature in 1947.
He did this in December of, uh, 46. Um, so this is Don's event.
It's a remarkable thing. On the right, you see the photo micrograph?
In fact, there's a photograph of this in Don's thesis.
But it's so faded now that you can't see anything except the trucks B and C.
Um, so what happens is that truck A is, in fact, um, what later became realised to be the pion.
It comes in, it slows down.
You can see it's slowing down because the number of, uh, the grains on the emotion that have been, uh, excited gets denser.
Uh, and then it actually is captured by a nucleus.
And that nucleus decays into a number of protons. Uh, so B, C, and D are coming out of the nucleus, C is going down into the, into the screen.
Uh, b and D, uh, going out of the nucleus, you can see that slowing down because again the grain density gets um, it gets uh, more dense.
Um, so a is something new. It's something which slows down and stops and then is absorbed by nucleus and causes it to, uh, to, uh, disintegrate.
Uh, so Don had no idea what it was and now did anybody else for a long time, um, until in 1946.
Okay. Then Ian Powell, who had much better quality emotions, uh, than Don had, were able to obtain two,
uh, of these, um, uh, uh, uh, events, um, after the explosion at the Peak Committee.
Um, and what you see, um, on the, uh, both the first one and on.
Yeah, on this one here is that there's a muon, uh, a pion coming in here, which then decays.
You can see again that the density of bubbles is getting of, uh, grains is getting heavier and heavier as it slows down.
And then this one, uh, is emitted here. And the same thing happens here with a different angle.
Um, and what you do in when you're analysing these places, you count the number of um,
uh, uh, emotion, um, lobes per centimetre, which is proportional to the energy.
And you look at the scattering which tells you something about the momentum.
Um, uh, and then you can work out in principle, um, from Einsteins equations, you can work out the mass.
And so they could work out that this thing was a mass, which was, um, around, uh, 140, uh, MeV, and that was a new particle.
And that was published in nature, um, shortly after John's publication, as we saw in that list of publications earlier on.
So this was the discovery of the pion. And, uh, eventually in 1950, uh, Powell got the Nobel Prize for that.
In fact, Don, it also got an event like this, um, which he published in his thesis, um, from plates which were exposed for him.
Uh shamone. By the way, the wrong guy. Another great, uh, cosmic ray person of the time.
Um, and here is the picture in Don's thesis.
Um, and again, you see this pattern that the muon comes in here and slows down and stops and decays into another particle,
which turns out, uh, it's a muon. So, um, this was the third pion which had ever been seen.
Um, but Don didn't bother to publish it because he was so impressed with the Bristol
results from Mceleney and Powell that he thought they didn't need any confirmation.
So all he did was put in his thesis, you know, is the third pion have been seen, but he never bothered to publish it.
Those were the days. Um.
He did put in his thesis, as I said. Um, so.
That was Don's thesis. And the remarkable thing it was.
Um, even as a graduate student, he was already at the centre of affairs.
This is from one of his papers describing the situation at the time.
Let me just read it to you. At the other end of Europe, in England, a by-product of the war,
a nuclear program was the setting up in 1946 of a panel by the Ministry of Supply to
oversee the development of special photographic emotions to record nuclear particles.
Those were the days when government thought that nuclear physics and particle physics was useful.
The chair was Joseph Rothblatt, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 95, and there were 8 or 9 of us on the panel, including Cecil Powell,
Otto Frisch, uh, George Rochester, and very well other who were the chemists who developed the emotions both at Kodak.
And at Ilford. And this, this panel basically worked with the chemists to to increase the sensitivity of the emotions.
Um, and in a, in a very, in an important way. So, um, so even as a graduate student, uh, Perkins was involved in panels which involved, uh,
at least two Nobel laureates, and George Rochester should have got the Nobel Prize, but never did.
Uh, he discovered the V particles, which afterwards were strangeness.
But no one at the time realised for many years what they were. Um, so here is, uh, Don finally getting into the mountains.
I don't know why. Quite why it took him quite so long to get to the mountains. But anyway, eventually he got to the young from York.
This is a photograph. Um, actually went to Don's photographs, uh, of the young Flower York Observatory.
Um, and he had, uh, he was doing various, um, uh, jobs that the young probably also here he is with a colleague,
uh, actually trying to see if you bury deep into the ice,
if there's some, um, effect on the number of particles you see, uh, as a function of the depth, apparently, this experiment didn't really work.
Um, uh, but anyway, when he was, uh, working on this experiment, he, he approached the caretaker of the,
um, for our bloke who spent his entire life on that observatory and didn't see people very often,
um, and asked him if he could use some of his led because he wanted to, to melt it down and shape it so he could use it as a, as a absorber.
Uh, and this led had been carefully work by this guy, the, the, uh, caretaker into beautiful shapes.
And apparently he went out and asked if he could melt down this lead. This guy went completely ballistic.
Um, and this is this guy's dog. This is just one of the most bizarre pictures I've ever seen.
Uh, this is talk about. This seems to be completely rare, but I don't know where this is about to to bite down, but he doesn't seem at all concerned.
He's off watching it with some sort of extraordinary.
Um. Uh, I don't know what the word is. Interest.
Um, so he had quite a few adventures, uh, in the Alps.
Um, I don't think his skiing was very good at that stage, but probably got better.
Um, so eventually this, uh, uh, panel managed to improve the sensitivity of emotions.
Uh, and once you saw electric sensitive emotions,
the electrons are very much more difficult to see because they leave much less ionisation behind them.
But once you had an electron sensitive, uh, emotion, then you could see this whole pion coming in and decaying into a muon,
and then the muon eventually decaying into an electron. And then it was clear what was going on.
And these are for, uh, commu decays, um, from the early part of the 1950s.
So then things became much clearer. Um, but this was quite a few years after Don's pioneering, pioneering work.
So Don um left Imperial and arrived in Bristol just too late to share in the pie on discovery.
Um, but he arrived in, uh, 1849 with a scholarship from the exhibition of 1851.
Um, uh, apparently, according to the history of Bristol Physics, he also possibly also had a Royal Society MacKinnon scholarship.
I'm not sure whether that was a mistake in Bristol physics, but anyway, uh, it's possible he had two sources of of, um, uh, funding.
Um, so a wealth of physics poured out from Bristol in the 1950s and on Peter Fowler and Don, uh, were at the centre of it.
This is the Bristol group. Um, in 1950.
It's unfortunate the photographs, uh, had a bit of damage.
Down here is is Cecil Powell, but you can scarcely see him cos his face has been somewhat obliterated.
But Don is very clear, uh, and stands out uh, very clearly, though this is about 1950.
Um, Peter follow was Don's sort of, uh, collaborator for many years at Bristol.
This is a younger Peter Fowler. Uh, in 1930, um, he was Lord Rutherford's grandson.
Um, so that was Lord Rutherford. Uh, and there's Peter.
Um, I knew Peter very well. He was a delightful man.
Extremely, extremely bright. It was astonishing that two people as bright, uh, as Peter and Don were at the same place at the same time.
Uh, so there they are together. This isn't Bristol. I'm not quite sure where it is.
And not only do I know who the two people in the middle are, but this is Don, obviously.
Uh, and this is Peter. Um.
Uh, so, uh, another thing that they did together was they were the first people to propose the use of the use of pions in cancer therapy.
That was a nature article that they published, uh, towards the end of Don's time, uh, in Bristol in 1961.
Um, so, uh, a lot of the work that John did, uh, in Bristol was related to the, uh, decays of the charged kaon.
Um, the strangeness particles were first seen, as I mentioned, by Rochester and Butler in, in, uh, uh, um, uh, in 1947.
Um, and these decays were particularly rich and confusing, and it took many years to unravel them.
And Don and Peter played, uh, important roles in that.
One of the, uh, things that they were doing was to, uh, in addition to exposures on mountains where the cosmic ray flux,
of course, is higher, they also went even higher by using hydrogen filled balloons.
Um, I'm not sure if this is Don. It looks like it might be.
Don't remember. He had a sort of dirty old difficult like.
But, um, and it's just of typical Don posture, so it could well be Don looking at this balloon going up.
And of course, it was not, uh, it was not entirely hazard free, this balloon stuff.
Uh, so here's a picture, um, of the aftermath of one balloon that, uh, exploded.
Um, and those of you who who know will know that this is John Mosey.
Uh, and this is Owen Locke. Um, who spent many, many years at, uh, at CERN.
I don't remember who these two are. One is a guy called Davis.
I don't know which one. Anyway, you can't tell. It's, like, completely burnt.
Um, so it was dangerous, but, uh, they managed to do lots of very good work.
Uh, one of the things Don's first book was, uh, the Bible of, um, emotions.
Powell. Uh, what? Father and Perkins here is the first, uh, um, first edition, published in 1959.
Um, and, uh, uh, they also went on to do many more things.
This is a Don's, uh, list of publications.
I would like to draw your attention to here is, uh, one which, um, is, uh, related to the King Perkins Tudor coffee effect.
I didn't know that. Don't have that effect. But he does.
The King Perkins critical effect. Uh, it's normally called the critical effect, but less of a mouthful.
Uh, constitutive. Goff is the theorist who post-hoc, uh, decided what it was about.
It's essentially, uh, quantum electrodynamics, uh,
and relates to the screening of the other charge when you just produce an the C minus pair from a photon.
Um, anyway, Don was the first person with this guy King to observe this, and he had a theoretical explanation, which was pretty good.
Uh, but he took off, managed to steal the thunder. These theoreticians, they almost deal with them.
Um, so that's the Perkins effect. And, uh, I didn't know about it, uh, until the research I did for this.
This is some of his later publications, and you'll see that most of them, um,
uh, are about, uh, essentially looking at nuclear physics type effects, uh,
with emotions through cosmic rays, uh, flux of gamma rays at high altitude,
production of pions and high prions and nuclear interactions at very high energy.
Uh, and you start to see, um, some things which are to do with beams.
There's the, the paper with Peter about applications for, uh, cancer therapy.
Um, and down here, he spent some time at, uh, in Berkeley.
Uh, where the first, uh, really, uh, accessible pion production machines were being run.
Accelerators. Uh, he did quite a lot of work. And looking at, uh, kaon decays.
Um, at that point there. But he already realised that, um, uh, basically emotions were running out of steam.
Um, so by that 1950s, he was beginning to change his field and, uh, turning increasingly to the use of accelerators rather than cosmic rays.
Uh, and he had the opportunity to come to Oxford in 1965.
He was recruited by Dennis Wilkinson and he workers Ken on the other strategy professor uh, at the time.
But it was his Imperial and Bristol work which was the basis for his election to the Royal Society.
Uh, in 1966. Um, so just to finish, let me show you a couple of, uh, photographs.
It's always fun to look at these photographs. You can spot, uh, all of your friends.
Uh, this is the 40th anniversary of the Python conference.
Uh, this was nominally chaired by Peter, and I was the secretary.
So what that meant was that Peter would send me some jokes every now and again, and I would do all the work.
Um, and we used to have, uh, committee meetings when Peter and Don were, while Peter was nominally chairing the committee, and Don was a member.
So I don't remember us ever doing any work. But there were an enormous number of jokes were told at the time.
Uh, no one will remember those committee meetings, which were by far the best committee meeting I've ever been involved with.
Uh, there are lots of other people who have good old piles, uh, men on who was a great, uh, cosmic ray person.
Uh, the Crespi from Poland. Uh, Don Davies from UCL as Peter Fowler.
Um, this is Rosemary Fowler.
His wife, Rosemary, um, was a, uh, actually was the first author on a lot of the early discoveries, um, related to kaon, uh, physics.
Um, so she was a graduate student in her own right. Very unusual in those days.
And there was a very interesting article, uh, in nature in January, uh, published by Susie, she which went into Rosemary's career.
Um, as a physicist. Um, another example of women's contributions to physics, which have somehow, uh, been overlooked.
Who else is that? This guy here is Wally. He was the wizard who produced all of these emotions.
Uh, at the time, a remarkable guy. He was a chemist. But he came along to this physics conference and gave a remarkable lecture
about how they managed to increase the density of silver inside the emotion,
to therefore eventually be able to see, uh, electrons.
Um, David. Vinnie. John. Mello's. Um, well, you can spot where that's done.
I was for a moment, I couldn't see him. Paul Murphy, uh, a lot of good friends.
David Saxon. Um, George, you must be there somewhere.
I can't see anything. Oh, that's John movie. Uh, anyway, enough of this, uh, spotting.
But here's some all this is, uh, slightly later, and I'll show this just because it's indicative,
um, all of the leaders of particle physics at this time in the early 1990s.
This is John May, lost his retirement as Don and as Peter.
So this is one of the last photographs I have. Uh, of them two together.
Peter died very, very early. Um, I don't remember precisely one, 2 or 3 years later.
Um, uh, he was, uh, a great man. And Don and he were great friends.
Uh, lots of other people who you'll recognise on here. Some of us are here today.
George. Uh, and John, that's Robin Marshall. This was right end was the right place to sit because most of the rest are now dead.
Except for Peter, who was still alive and kicking. Um, and there's me.
I've got to the right end of the, uh, of this on the screen as Roger.
Uh, who else? Who else can we spot? Greg Heath and Helen Heath.
Um, nominal. See, that's some. I don't see you immediately, Norman. Uh, anyway, enough, uh, spotting.
It's always great fun. Um, and many great friends, uh, particularly great friends of Don's.
Uh, he and John May. Those were great friends. Uh, they shoot each other greatly.
So let me just conclude with, uh, Don having the final word yet again.
This is from another of his papers, but some things have not changed at all.
50 years ago, Cecil Powell described his feelings on finding all those wonderful new processes, the nuclear emotions.
He said it was as if suddenly we had broken into a walled orchard where protected
trees flourished and all kinds of exotic fruits had ripened in great profusion.
Well, the walled orchard still exists today. Perhaps they are not so easy to find, but they are there.
I just for the new generation of physicists to find them, as I'm sure they will.
Okay.