Okay. So it's time to start the colloquium.
That's a pleasure today for me to introduce a colleague of mine from my days in the US, Professor John Rosner from the University of Chicago.
As I learned earlier today, when John met 15 of our field students.
He began his love affair with physics at the age of four, when he played with electric light bulbs and with electric bows.
And this stood him in good stead to win the Westinghouse National Science Talent Competition and Top 40 in 1958,
where he got along with his other prize recipients to go to Washington, DC and to lay out his work.
And that work was inspected by then Vice, the vice president of the United States, Richard Nixon.
Subsequently, he went to Swarthmore College after being valedictorian at the Roosevelt High School in Yonkers and got it as in 1962 in physics.
He then went to Princeton to work, trying the same treatment. He got his Ph.D. in 1965.
He then went to the University of Washington as a research assistant professor and then as a visiting lecturer to Tel Aviv.
He then became a faculty member of the University of Minnesota.
1969 remained there, working his way through the faculty ranks until 1982,
when he moved to the University of Chicago as a professor and has remained there ever since.
John's a real world authority on the weak and strong interactions.
Of course, it has been particularly concerning in his career.
The several aspects of this one is how they bind and form spectroscopy and exotic cutting.
We're talking about that today. And another area of interest for him is what is flavour?
Why are the three types of electron electron new and why are there different types of probes?
What determines the masses? What determines that complex?
Because John argues that just like we understand the putting of the periodic table because of a deeper knowledge of nature,
so understanding the patterns of quarks and leptons could reveal the deeper
symmetries of nature that could help us understand how a universe was born,
how it would evolve, and how it will land. In addition to John's remarkable insights in these areas over the years,
he's also got many other interests, including a passion for radio and for eclipses, solar eclipses.
And so if at the end of the rope, he would run out of scientific questions to drawing on the theme of the talk,
you can certainly ask him about those as well.
And you'll have that opportunity because we'll all go upstairs right after the talk for homemade cake and coffee.
So without further introduction, let me welcome John to Oxford.
Thank you. It's a pleasure. And it's also a pleasure to review a question that's been posed over 50 years ago,
which is why we see certain types of elementary particles and not others.
And I believe we're on the cusp of having answers to that.
So this was asked in the context of the court model when not all physicists even took Quark seriously.
And I'll tell a story at the end, if I have time about the Princeton Review of Quarks.
So we had to learn quarks on our own at Princeton to a great extent.
In 1964, Gell-Mann and Zweig proposed that the known mesons were Quark Antiquark and the known Baryons were three quarks,
with the quarks having charges two thirds minus a third, and a heavier one, the strange quark minus the third.
So were those assignments kooky bar and q. Q. Q. The mesons and variants would have integral charges,
but the other states that have integral charges include ones with two quarks and two antiquark or baryons, such as four quarks and one Antiquark.
Those would also have integral charges, and the question is, why haven't they been seen?
And they now have been seen, but only under conditions, which tell us a lot about the strong interactions and how they manifest themselves.
Mean I've worked on these problems mostly in recent years with Margaret Carlson at the Academy of University.
And I'll also report on a collaboration with Michael Grimm now at the Technion.
I should apologise at the beginning because the question that Ian raised at the end,
why this particular type of quark and not that particular type of cork,
the periodic table of the quarks, so to speak, I will not have an answer for, but we can discuss that in the questions.
In the file associated with this tool.
So if you get the electronic file from from IA, there are references.
So I don't spell out the references in detail there in a bibliography at the end.
So after some pre-history, we'll discuss the first believable exotics, molecular candidates.
And those are the ones that we seem to see in addition to the ordinary cucumber and three quark states,
including a pentaquarks for quarks and and antiquark and some remarks on its photo production variance with more than one heavy quark.
That's a testing ground for our very simple description of core masses properties.
This wave thresholds play a large role, and I'll discuss those.
Mark and I have discussed so far resonances which have been seen by the LHC B collaboration,
which Oxford is a member and there may be some role for ETA exchange in generating those resonances in the same way that the most
believable molecular candidates seem to be generated by PI and Exchange then goes back to the work the world of the deuterium,
in fact, which is also an exotic state.
It's six quarks and after all, two core three quarks and three more quarks.
And you know what? If I have time to talk about some work with Michael Grimm now on exotics in Charm Decay.
These are not heavy quark exotics, but they come from the decay of a state with heavy quarks.
I may or may not have time for discussing the Sigma B and Sigma C variants.
These are ICE has been one baryons with one big quark or one C quark, and one knows shamefully little about them at the moment.
And then go on to prospects. So this picture that I have up here evolved gradually over several years.
The delta resonance was the first resonance that was seen with about one point times, 1.3 times the mass of a protons.
Chicago claims to have seen the first half of the Delta resonance, namely, as one increases the energy, the cross-section increases.
This was not good enough for Fermi, who resisted the idea of a resonance for a while.
But a higher energy machine at Carnegie Mellon University continued to study.
The cross-section at Higher Energies found that it came back down and this was indeed evidence for a resonance at about 1.3 times the proton mass,
namely the delta, which existed in four charge states, plus plus in pi plus p scattering plus zero and minus pi minus m scattering.
Very shortly thereafter. Excited segments.
I haven't told you what a segment is, but an excited segment is something with the same spin as the Delta, which has been three years.
So this is a family of resonators with spin three halves, signals size and you could imagine.
Not having yet had this omega minus you are invited to complete the decimate the
deck it with a state the RSU three symmetry scheme that Murray Gell-Mann and
you've all nearby proposed had particles in a template a decimal and predicted an
omega minus with equal spacings between the delta minus the Delta Sigma star,
that size star and the omega equal spacings did occur between Delta in Sigma Star and between Sigma Star and South Star.
So the prediction was that the Omega minus would show up with a mass of about 670 overseas squared.
And this was seen in a bubble chamber experiment in 1964 and later certified that there were
several events in nuclear emulsion which had been overlooked that had been earlier determined.
Now the neutron and proton also belong to a family in the S2 three scheme.
With signals having masses greater than a neutron and proton with lambdas having a mass is
slightly below those of sigma and with psi minus inside zero having still greater mass.
We'll talk a little bit about the pattern of these masses in a moment.
But this is by no means all the particles that had been seen by the mid-sixties, even when Fermi was alive.
He said, Young man, if I could remember the names of all these particles, I would have been a biologist.
That was in the early 1950s, and now it was proliferating by the mid-sixties or early seventies.
There were over 400 different resident states now.
Fermi's claim to fame in this particular lecture is that with CNN in 1949,
he proposed that the PI on the latest method was a composite of a nuclear on and an anti nuclear.
So for instance, a pi plus would be a P and the wind bar pi minus would be an and a p bar pi zero would be some combination of paper and then bar.
Now, those were the first bound states of Iberian, Indian,
any type baryon and we call those which and in fact we will see that there is evidence for Baryon here.
So a bound state of three quarks and three antiquark, but not nearly as deeply bound as Fermi's Fermi and Yang's proposal.
So for the Delta Sigma star size star and Omega binaries, if you assign them to be three core objects, then the deltas are combinations of you and DX.
The similar stars are combinations with one strange quark which is heavier CI star is a combination with two strange quartz,
which is still heavier, and the omega minus is a combination with three strange quarks, which is still heavier and.
For a spend three have state you get an equal spacing.
I haven't derived that but you do get an equal spacing in the as you three skip for the decimal or the decoupling.
If you take the charges of the youth court to be two thirds of the town court to be heard in this strange court, also to be of.
In 1966, Dick Douglas and Harry Lipkin cased marvellous talks at the International Conference on High Energy Physics at Berkeley,
which really kindled my interest in the Corp. model.
One could reduce this zoo of over 400 particles to a zoo of three in various configurations, including with some orbital angular momentum.
These are states with no orbital angular momentum. The ground states.
Let me pass on to the 1970s, in 1964.
Already the fact that the electron lepton with a particle with no strong interactions had a partner which was neutral called the electron neutrino,
which was distinct from the partner of a muon, a heavier electron with its neutrino.
The new new. The fact that these came in pairs, new E with E minus and new mew with new ideas,
suggested to be arcane and glashow and several other collaborators that by analogy,
the up quark was paired with a down quark, and the strange quark had to be paired with a as yet undiscovered, heavier core known as charm.
This was analysed in some detail by Glashow, Heliopolis and Maione in 1970, and they estimated roughly the mass of about 2 billion electron volts.
Gaillard and Li looked in detail at the Electroweak role of the charm quark and.
Improve the accuracy of that estimate so that indeed the term cork has to have a mass somewhere between one and a half and two.
And in fact, the indirect evidence for the term cork first came in the form of a bound state between a term cork and a term that
were discovered simultaneously on both coasts of the US in Stanford called the CI and in Brookhaven called the J.
J stands for Ting in Chinese and Sam Ting was one of the co discoverers.
So the harmony spectrum, c, c bar spectrum, the name is the analogue of positron.
In the term, owning the spectrum is still evolving and it's very rich today.
Particles with one term cork were discovered a couple of years later and again they have a very rich spectrum.
And because the term cork has a mass which is large compared to the scale of the strong interactions,
strong interactions have a scale to see the quantum chroma dynamics as a characteristic scale of a couple
of hundred be things much heavier than that scale could be treated in in a non relativistic approximation.
So non relativistic quantum mechanics provide some insights.
And Chris Quick and I have a review in which we apply simple quantum mechanics and some very old some rules to the physics of core cognition.
And that was published in Physics Reports in 1979.
But there's more. A third quirk Lepton family was suggested by the discovery of the Tao Lepton, a third still heavier electron with its neutrino.
Its neutrino actually wasn't discovered explicitly until the year 2000,
but the title Lepton was discovered in 1974 and championed by Martin Perl, a member of an experimental collaboration at Stanford.
If the cork lepton analogy was correct, there would be a third cork pair named Top and bottom up and down with names which were chosen already.
So one had to have something as close as possible.
So top and bottom, and these were actually predicted by Kobayashi and Muscala for a totally different reason,
having to do with the violation of the combination of charge conjugation and parity in variance or mirror in various CP and variants.
In other words, it was found with three quark pairs of this sort.
The weak interactions could be made to violate CP in a manner that had been
suggested by an experiment like Fitch and Cronin and collaborators in 1964.
The bottom corp was in fact discovered in the same way that the term Corp. was discovered, namely in a bound state of bottom, anti bottom.
In the Upsilon family of spin one particles discovered at Fermilab produced in proton
proton interactions and decay two lepton pairs e plus t minus or v plus minus.
Not only is there a rich spectroscopy of bottom anti bottom states,
but b medicines containing a single B cork are very rich and their decays not only violate CP at a much higher level than in the K on case,
but their spectroscopy is also interesting. I should say a word about the top court.
The top court discovered at Fermilab in 1994 is too heavy to have an interesting spectroscopy.
It decays to B plus a weak position W and something of the order of ten to the -25 or ten to the -20 3 seconds,
any way too quickly to form any hydraulic resonance.
So we won't speak of it further, but we'll talk about particles containing the term quark and the bottom quark.
So this is as far as we go, an elementary introductory level.
What you see next may not be as familiar to you. It was physics of the late 1960s.
And let me walk you through it.
There was a scheme which is still, of course, valid, known as duality, which allowed one to view particle reactions in several different ways at once,
either by exchange of a particular state or by what we call the channel, the direct channel.
But b, illustrate those. The TV channel.
The exchange channel is this channel. Looking up the diagram.
The channel is this channel.
Looking sideways along the diagram and in medicine basin scattering and its channel resonances are dual channel trajectories.
You see Quark Antiquark both in the Tea Channel and in the channel count the minimum number of quarks.
So count what it looks like here. Right.
Quark. Quark. In Medicine Varian Scattering t channel medicine exchange ordinary q.
Q bar mezzanine exchange is dual to three quarks.
A barrier.
So what I noticed in 1968 was that te channel exchange in the barrier on the anti barrier system was dual to two quarks and two anti quarks.
In other words, the exotic basin system.
So if duality was to be valid also for barrier and anti barrier and scattering, there had to exist exotic designed to kill Cuba.
Cuba. Question is, where were they?
And I will walk you through all the pursuit.
I had a bet with Peter Floyd that the pursuit was difficult and that in 1972 we made a bet that by 1974, he said, they would be discovered.
And I said they wouldn't. And I won a French dinner from him on that.
Because it had a time limit, 1974. It was much too early to understand why these things were being seen.
Now, another motivation, again, just guilt by association, comes from noting that in medicine,
medicine scattering, if a quirk in a given medicine can annihilate the same antiquark in another medicine.
Then you just go through your particle data group table and you find that let's
say a pi minus with the pi plus can annihilate into a cuckoo bar system.
What's the minimum? What's the maximum centre of mass three momentum at which that can occur?
And it turns out that when you go through all possible systems, you get a distribution peak at around 350 MMP over C.
You can do the same thing with mass on baryon scattering. Here's a mess on an antique work in the Amazon.
Here's a cork in the barrel and they annihilate. And the question is, what's the.
Maximum centre of mass three momentum at which that that annihilation can occur.
And the answer is 300 or 250 MTV, obviously, then you can say, well, that makes sense because momentum is sort of inversely related to size.
The proton is bigger, so this corresponds roughly to the same impact parameter the same.
Same product of orbital anchor momentum and.
The orbital angular momentum is the product of the three momentum and the impact parameter.
So if you have the same impact, the same orbital angular momentum in this case one, then for a larger impact parameter,
as you get in the variable, you get a lower momentum at which the same thing happens.
So now you go to barrier, native barrier, and by that generalisation you should,
you should see an antibody on barrier resonance before the centre of mass three momentum gets to 200 and maybe over three square.
So again, where are they? Peter Frond and this student named Ron Walt and I in 1969 proposed that the case occur via a cork pair production mechanism,
and one can view quantum chroma dynamics interacting between a quark and an intact quark as having a flux tube,
just like a flux tube in electromagnetism between a quark and an antiquark.
And the difference in quantum chroma dynamics is that because the properties of the vacuum,
the flux tube doesn't spread out the way a dipole interaction would spread out in quantum electrodynamics,
the flux lines are confined to a tube of approximately constant area, and this gives a linear potential between the quark and the antiquark.
This string, this QCT string, will actually break at a certain separation by production of a cork and an antiquark at each end of the broken stream.
And. That is a mechanism for decay of a resonance.
Now, that would also say that a two quark,
two antiquark system would have to decay by production of another cucumber pair and not by just falling apart into a pair of cucumber mesons.
And that is consistent also with treatments by other authors Amaechi at all, and Rossi and Veneziano,
who postulated that the case occurred by breaking a string with cork in adequate production on the end of the stream.
Also corresponds to a fixed force between particles and between Quark.
And that quark, that that force turns out to be about 16 tons.
A linear potential corresponds to a fixed force. But such exotics may fall apart into meson parents if this selection rule is valid.
And they may be too broad to show up as distinct, resonant peaks.
And Bob Jaffe actually had pictures of two cork,
two antiquark states within a model of CD in which the latest Diet Coke antidote quark
states to quarks and to it could be familiar ones with masses of a give or less.
I should mention that very Ionian States two quark two adequate states formed by the resonance of a barium with the native baron,
were also discovered discussed extensively by SHAPIRO in the Soviet Union.
Now here's coming some indirect evidence for something happening in the barrier.
That barrier and how one can study plus or minus production of six pylons or photo production,
refractive photo production of six pions at the Fermilab experiment 687 And I'll show you what that result gave.
Look at the bottom curve.
First, the cross-section for six pi and production rises above six pi on threshold and undergoes a remarkable dip at about one point 9gb.
This is just where the proton antiproton threshold opens up.
So in fact, what is happening is the proton antiproton amplitude is, so to speak,
stealing from the amplitude for six pi on production and causing this dip.
The amplitude for six pions is one of these colours.
The amplitude for PVR is the screen colour, the interference term is the red colour,
and this is due to interference between the amplitude for one, and the amplitude for the other.
There's a simple similar behaviour in the ice has been zero pi pi s wave that is orbital and zero phase shift there one GeV.
When the k k bar threshold opens up near a resonance called the F nought 980.
And there are threshold enhancements in proton antiproton.
Final status, for instance, in the decay of the jape, which I mentioned as the first cc bar state to a photon and the P bar state.
This. Dashed line is face space.
The data have this remarkable, remarkable enhancement right near threshold.
And one fits that with a state which is just below PBR threshold.
This peak is also seen in the pie, plus pie minus eight, a prime final state.
I haven't told you what the eight plus eight a prime is, but it's a heavier neutral measure and the mass seems to be 1834,
plus or minus seven, maybe with a width of 68 plus or -21.
And again, this gives a consistent fit. If you take this mass and this width, then try to fit the people are spectrum.
So it looks like for all the world a baryon and her barium.
Final state. Buried under that buried resonance.
In fact, there are other decays.
The decay of a beam. As I mentioned, the Amazon is a heavy basin containing a bottom cork.
The B-plus basin contains a bottom cork and an anti-EU quark.
And the P bar. Spectrum.
This is an early plot. The later plots confirm this.
People are spectrum is far above space for this production.
So again, the PA system seems to be undergoing a low energy enhancement.
Very much compatible with this upper bound of 200 MTV.
Obviously for the centre of mass three momentum between the resonating particles 200 maybe or less.
But here is evidence for a genuine exotic.
And this is, I think, the poster child for to court to eight states.
Put the case to JPC Pi Plus Pi minus, who was discovered about 13 years ago.
And. Let me point out.
Familiar resonance. This is called the CI prime at 3686.
It was known since the earliest days of the CI.
This discovery, ten days after the so about 600 A.D. heavier.
And this small blip at 3872.
And hence the fuel. But an inset was discovered.
By the Bell collaboration, an E plus C-minus experiment which was able to produce B mesons which decayed to this plus something else plus a K on.
Now, this was also seen by the collider detector facility at Fermilab and.
The D0 collaboration. So the CDF, this is actually the CDF.
This is actually the CDF spectrum rather than the belt. So this is CDF.
This is the other detector at Fermilab that's at 3872, the D zero detector.
And it now turns out that it's within point to be of the threshold for the production
of a neutral term particle known as D zero and then antiparticle d zero star,
which is composed of anti charm and a new quark.
Here is its mess in more detail. 3870 1.69 movie compared with the threshold for DD 0d0 dark 3870 1.68.
Anything? Not much hope of determining whether it's a bound state or a virtual state at this point.
But anyway, a very large scattering light between the two.
Turns out. The decay of the X to a photon and a jigsaw is seen.
And what this implies is a charged conjugation eigenvalue of plus and some mixture of a plane cc bar, shamanism state and its wave function.
The angular distribution of the decay products implies that the spin is one,
the parity is plus and the charge conjugation eigenvalue this plus as you expect for an s wave state of d0d0 bar star plus the charge conjugate.
Now the charge conjugation invariance says that since the.
Gypsy has charge conjugation minors and the state itself has charged conjugation.
Plus, because of that decay and the gamma takes on, then the pi plus pi minus system has to have charge conjugation minus,
which means that it's in the basin called the Rho. Now it's a large splitting of masses between the charged and the neutral dimensions.
And these star mesons means that there's little of the charged star and the mesons in the wave function.
So the wave function mostly has CC bar you you bar and not CC bar bar.
This corresponds to a violation of ISO spin symmetry.
And in fact, you see that because not only does the particle decay to JP zero row having ISO spin one,
but at the case two grapes omega omega having ice has been zero.
So everything I think lines up in saying that the x 3872 is a mixture of a triplet p one keep our state.
Which is a radial excitation of a lower state with similar quantum numbers and a spin one.
CC Bar you bar state composed of an S with bound state or virtual state of d0 t0 bar star plus charged conjugate.
Now if you have a mixture of two different quantum mechanical states, you have to have another mixture of it, all mixture,
and it probably is lying above 3900 according to most potential models of the cork in that quark interaction.
Now we come to another poster child in the system.
Let me walk you through the B spectroscopy first, because this actually doesn't contain anything about the states I'm going to talk about.
But it's background material for the first baby bath state that was discovered was the oops on one s and its radial excitation partner.
The Epsilon to us was seen at the same time and there was hint of a third the Epsilon three years,
which was discovered more conclusively by E plus minus reactions.
And Newfoundland Forest lies high enough that it can decay to a pair of Bemis homes.
Further up. Not shown. Here is something called the Epsilon five s and the Upsilon five.
As you would expect, the decay also to be bar or be star bar star or be star p bar star.
Or BP store. Should the key to all those pairs.
The other states are interesting, but we're not going to talk about them at the moment.
The Bell collaboration study, the plus and minus collisions at the centre of mass energy corresponding to the five s state.
And they looked at the mass spectrum of the oops line one s and pi one producing groups line one as pi pi.
And they saw a piece. Uh. 10.61 and 10.65.
Maybe these two little peaks here. They looked at the oops long pi looks on to us hi spectrum.
And they saw peaks at 10.61 and 10.65 MTV.
They looked at the oops long 3 hours passing spectrum.
And again, peak 10.61 and 10.65 and.
These are all within a few movie of IMDB plus and Bart Starr for the Eclipse Line for the 10.61 GBP
and P star plus Bieber star threshold at 10.65 GBP again within a few MMV of these thresholds.
So there are again, either inbound states or threshold enhancements associated with those states could be found states could be virtual states.
But in any case, they look like they have a large molecular component of the star plus charged conjugate or be star Bieber star.
So they're called the Z sub B ten, six, ten.
That's the movie and CV ten 650.
So their makeup is baby bar and a charged like cork pair, so they cannot mix with baby bar states.
So they're definitely exotic. Everything in their wave function is exotic.
No admixture with a non exotic state in contrast to the x 3872.
Now, how do you explain what you see and what you don't see?
What you don't see is as important as what you see. Let's take a pie and exchange model.
Parity and angular momentum conservation say that a pie coupled to a pseudo
scalar pair because it's pseudo scalar and the parity works out to be wrong.
So a parent can take at0 into at00 into a that should be at0 star and it can take a D bar zero star into a d bar and zero.
It can also take a B into a B star or a B bar star into a B, just this middle.
It also can take a B star into a B star bar.
That should be a big star and a beaver star into a beaver starred.
In other words, part exchange can generate a molecule, but only between B, B star bar or B star, b bar star and not b b bar.
You don't see a molecule in the BP bar case, but you do see one in the other two cases.
So PI in exchange again seems to play a role here. The pi in exchange potential is proportional to the scalar.
Product of ice has been one. That ice has been two times the spin, one times the spin to four quark antiquark interactions.
It's minus and four quark quark interactions it's plus. So you look at what states you can form and you find that the JPC equals one plus plus state.
Is the one that you formed. And.
If it's analogous to the x 3872 in contrast to the x 3872, which is driven by bound state or not, or just barely unbound states of the neutral.
DS The neutral and charged be both the B and the B star have almost the same mass.
And so one doesn't expect ice has been splitting and one expects that these states should be dominantly ICE has been zero.
Now this would be the ex 3872 analogue should be distinct from disease of bees which have ice has been one.
So the Alexa B analogue of the date of the 3872 may or may not have been seen,
but we predicted to have a rather narrow range, somewhere between 10.56 and 10.59.
MTV And the references given at the end.
So we can enumerate what things are likely to form resonances.
And all we do is we take thresholds, we take whether foreign exchange can occur between these.
And let me walk you through a couple of these.
Here is the threshold for the average of charge, the neutral deeds.
This is the threshold for the average of charging mutual. These stars.
In the case of bees, one has heavier states that 10.61 and 10.65.
State and a barium medicine system composed of Sigma's,
C and D bar star Sigma C is a baryon with one time quark and two light quarks up or down quarks and an ice has been one state.
The Sigma C d bar. A star threshold is at 4462 MP and indeed the state has seen their piece of C 4450.
Let's go right to the production mechanism. First of all, there was a false alarm for a Pentagon that surfaced and then retreated in the early 2000.
A K plus neutron bump was seen at 1540 and then the in low energy five photo production north nuclei and the references are in there.
In a paper that I wrote shortly after with a kinematic explanation of this,
and we can go into that if there are any experts wanting to discuss the details.
But a much more robust signal was seen by the LHC B collaboration.
They saw a bump in the IP invariant mass in a decay of a lambda B,
lambda B has a B core and a new D pair in itis spin zero going to k minus james IP at 43, 80 and 4450 MTV.
Here are a couple of production mechanisms for producing excited Lambda states.
We can produce S2 D opposite a c c bar with a W exchange.
This is a weak decay, or you can produce a five core opposite of K minus with a slightly different arrangement of the quarks.
Now you can make a plot which shows both channels simultaneously.
And this Dallas plot has a prominent narrow band and we'll see it at m james i p equals 44 or 49.8 plus or -1.7 plus -2.5.
Maybe with a rather narrow fitted with. Here's the plot.
What you see along the x axis is the K minus P squared, very mass, and you see quite a strong enhancement in low mass to something at 15, 20 maybe.
And on the vertical axis you see the square of the Jeep's IP mass.
And the one feature that jumps out at you is this rather narrow band at a mass of 44.
50 may be mass squared of about 19.5 g heavy squared.
This summer asymmetric behaviour along the dollar's part,
which enables the authors to conclude that there is some other resonance there an opposite
parody state of some sort which operates differently on the two ends of that band in the.
So here's the projection of the cake minus p invariant mass.
On the left, two prominent take here, several other high romance peaks.
Those are all resonances of the form. Yes, you do.
Where the food is and ice has been zero state. And the other projection, the mass of the K, the tapes IP shows a narrow peak here.
Deficiency at higher amounts with respect to the face space.
Now if the peak is an SW wave.
Sigma C db are star bound state with binding energy of about ten or 12 MTV.
It's been in parity should be three has minus. That's consistent with the analysis that the LHC people do.
However, they fished around for a number of other possibilities to fit the remaining structure of this goal.
It's part park projection and what they came up with was a resonance, not a higher mass, but a lower mass.
C deficiency is higher. They came up with a business at lower mass, broad width and opposite parity and probably spend five heads.
We don't predict this. So our prediction unfortunately, is like the dog that didn't bark,
we believe that they should look for a solution which has the deficiency fit as well as the peak fit.
And we don't think this is the end of the story. One can test resident behaviour by looking at an argon plot.
Plotting the imaginary part versus the real part of a given amplitude in the 4450 state has a nice argon plot.
The arrow arrow shows the direction of increasing centre of mass energy of 4380.
Argon plot is not as characteristic of resonant behaviour.
So again, we're waiting to see the last word of the 4380, but the molecular picture doesn't do so well with it.
What it could be is a genuine pentaquarks.
A genuine pentaquarks would be something where four quarks and the lone antiquark all are in some sort of roughly symmetric wavefunction.
And in fact, if you've looked at the poster of advertising this talk, there's a picture of such a pentaquarks.
Not grouped according to three quarks at the core, but all together in one big.
So we'll see. It's interesting that Sigma C Star D Bar Star 2010.
This final state of your final state could be interfering destructively with a suitable background and maybe causing that that.
So I think the jury is still out on this state, but the 4450 looks like a genuine.
Staple for corks. And then it just probably grouped like a molecule.
Let me talk very briefly about bonds with more than one heavy cork, because this validates some of our methods for estimating masses.
We can estimate masses in the following way.
We take simple caucuses for non strange quirks of the order of 310.
I mean the strange quirks of the order of 480. And we allow them to have a hyper fine interaction inversely proportional to their mass.
We also add a certain penalty for the interaction of a baryon based on the number of string junctions that occur.
The variant has picked strength from each quark running to a central junction with an airtight symmetric coupling of.
Triplet, triplet and triplet of 83.
And with this one can fit all of the.
All of the unfortunately, that's fine. No one can fit all of the ground state missions and burials in this manner.
So this is something like they tell me an empirical best formula for nuclei for nuclear isotopes.
We put in as much data as we can and as little theory as we can, but at some point we're required to rely on theory.
So for charm, charm and light, Quark, we need to know how a charm and a charm bind one another.
It's not enough just to take an effective charm mask.
And with that, we can estimate the mass of a doubly charmed baryon.
And the mass of the j equals one half state, for instance, is.
3627. I may be heavier.
J equals three. His partner has 3690 MTV.
This is to be compared with claims by the Helix collaboration of but very on about 100 MTV lighter which has
not been confirmed by any other experiment and more of the objects of search of the LHC will be collaboration.
People here and at Syracuse is to see where they could find.
C, C and Life Corps. Q or c, c, d Mario, let us gauge theory gives you masses within terms of MTV of this.
And I tend to believe the latter stage theory calculations these days because they present us with
realistic errors and they do quite well on spectroscopy of heavy court systems and light quick systems.
There's also a heavy quark effect of theory calculation, which gets a value very close to this, and that's also probably fairly reliable.
So we're looking forward to. Experiments that give us information on those not really exotics, but a new type of matter with two heavy quarks.
Let me just mention, as we've thresholds very briefly, I talked about thresholds before and the pie pie system when the cake bar threshold opens
up by pie system becomes highly inelastic and the phase shift goes to 180 degrees and.
This point, which is the k k bar threshold in E plus minus collisions.
When you get to an escape threshold for production of charm zones,
the first s wave threshold for production of time zones involves production of item one,
hit one plus dimension with a zero minus on because you're working from a virtual photon.
So one plus zero minus gives a one minus, which has the quantum numbers of the virtual photon, and that threshold is 4280.
And so just before that, that's before 4280.
And maybe there's a sharp dip. In the cross, section four FC minus goes to everything.
And we believe that this is the effect of the opening of the estimated threshold for charm pair production.
I think I'm going to skip the discussion of resonances and jape sci fi, which may or may not be understandable by ETA exchange.
But the LHC B collaboration has seen such resonances, and if they are to be understood as molecules, since they don't have nine strange quirks,
one has to have a heavier particle exchange that has some strange quirks, and the heat is a candidate for that.
This is a set of predictions of states that would be bound by to exchange.
So I leave you with that, that anybody wanting details can get the file from here.
I think we're running short on time. One prediction of this, by the way, if the exchange is important, is that the JPY.
Lambda four 4400.
Should be an observable resonance and lambda be it goes to j beside lambda where the lambda decays to pi pi or eta.
This is not really an exotic due to having more quarks and more anti quarks,
but this is a candidate for a state with a quark antiquark and a quantum of the strong interactions.
The glue of a state with ice has been zero, seems to dominate the decay of a neutral dimension.
Pi plus pi minus pi zero. It has odd g parity zero ices spin and it's a spin zero three pi state.
So its charge conjugation and parity are both minus and this can't be made from a quirky system.
So what Michael Groner and I have suggested is a photo produce actually electrode produced as of a pie on target.
Looking at very small transfer.
One is dominated by pi zero exchange electric production because the produces the zero minus state one can't have two zero minus particles.
So it cannot be a real. Oh, tell them it has to be a sorry.
This is a. a020 transition can't occur.
020 transition electromagnetic is forbidden, so one has to have an optional photon in order to circumvent this.
So we're looking for a state about 1865 MTV with spin zero parody minus and charge conjugation minus.
And let us gauge theories. Tell us about such states, but they tend to give much heavier masses for such states.
So it'll be an interesting question to see whether light of theories got it right or not.
If we see a resonance near 1865 MTV, there may have to be some rethinking of cuckoo bar gluon states and lattice cage theories.
Think I'm going to skip odd parody burials.
We don't have this distinct predictions for each of their masses, but we have a correlation among prediction of masses.
So if we start to see one or the other of the Sigma B states or a Sigma C states,
these are Heavy Corp. with a u u bar with a u u or you d or d the system and itis in one.
If we start to see one of them, then we know where some of the others are.
There is one unknown called the Tensor Force, which we haven't been able to pin down yet.
There are also predictions by Gebhardt and his collaborators.
With Sigma sae mass masses in the range of 2.7 to 2.8,
Ivy and Sigma be masters and all in the range of about 6.1 GBP just waiting to be discovered perhaps by elite CB.
So prospects, exotic medicines and variants do exist, but molecular configurations or at least part of the story.
So it's not surprising that you can have three corks in a cork and an airtight cork completely separated.
Whether or not you have them in a symmetric bag configuration remains to be seen.
But at least some sort of interaction among suitable medicines and baryons are
suitable medicines and medicines forming at least a molecular configuration.
Those exotics do seem to have been seen.
As I mentioned, there are techniques for mass estimation which involve constituent quark masses, hyper fine interactions,
namely spin this way or opposite binding effects which are relatively straightforward, but they remain to be tested for baryons with two heavy quarks.
If those methods succeed, there's one further frontier which is looking for tetra quarks with all heavy quarks.
Q1, Q2, Q3 BAA. Q4 BAA.
So for instance, is there any to try to determine state lighter than twice the mass of the lowest CC bar state called the A2 Subsea?
Our answer more like Mark Lehner. My answer is probably not.
But in the case of the bottom cork BBW Bar Bar, we go to a state that's only 28, the above two and A to B with an era of 25 MTV.
So we're sitting on the fence. And if the mass is less than two and A to B, it may have some interesting decay.
Looks like a photon pair or four leptons.
Four charged leptons or photon plus two charge leptons or even an eighth B and a photon.
Charge left on pair.
So one of the things that still needs to be mapped out is what it costs to produce one or more extra heavy quarks via the strong interaction.
Here. We don't know until we, for instance, see the q.
Q. The Heavy Corp to Heavy Corp. Cute.
Q. Prime Little Kew Gardens will tell us by their production cross-section, this one could produce an extra quarter.
El HCB is also learning this by their study of b c bar mesons because you have to produce a,
b, b bar pair and a C bar C pair in order to get a b c bar.
So LHC B is starting on this road.
So the next three pages are bibliography.
And I have some remarks on Q.
Q. Q. Baqubah State. Just look at the middle row.
The prediction for the lowest bah bah bah is 28, plus or -25,
maybe above twice that of the eighth B and C, Abbas in particular sees double oops minus production.
So that's to be cautious until it works.
So maybe there is hope for such a state. Its branching ratio, the two lepton pairs is larger.
Okay, let me go back to the prospect.
Thank you for your attention.