1 00:00:10,280 --> 00:00:13,280 Okay. So it's time to start the colloquium. 2 00:00:14,090 --> 00:00:23,060 That's a pleasure today for me to introduce a colleague of mine from my days in the US, Professor John Rosner from the University of Chicago. 3 00:00:24,440 --> 00:00:29,330 As I learned earlier today, when John met 15 of our field students. 4 00:00:30,230 --> 00:00:38,510 He began his love affair with physics at the age of four, when he played with electric light bulbs and with electric bows. 5 00:00:39,650 --> 00:00:48,410 And this stood him in good stead to win the Westinghouse National Science Talent Competition and Top 40 in 1958, 6 00:00:48,410 --> 00:00:55,310 where he got along with his other prize recipients to go to Washington, DC and to lay out his work. 7 00:00:55,790 --> 00:01:01,310 And that work was inspected by then Vice, the vice president of the United States, Richard Nixon. 8 00:01:03,560 --> 00:01:13,430 Subsequently, he went to Swarthmore College after being valedictorian at the Roosevelt High School in Yonkers and got it as in 1962 in physics. 9 00:01:14,480 --> 00:01:20,510 He then went to Princeton to work, trying the same treatment. He got his Ph.D. in 1965. 10 00:01:20,540 --> 00:01:28,370 He then went to the University of Washington as a research assistant professor and then as a visiting lecturer to Tel Aviv. 11 00:01:29,390 --> 00:01:32,870 He then became a faculty member of the University of Minnesota. 12 00:01:33,890 --> 00:01:39,600 1969 remained there, working his way through the faculty ranks until 1982, 13 00:01:40,140 --> 00:01:45,630 when he moved to the University of Chicago as a professor and has remained there ever since. 14 00:01:47,010 --> 00:01:52,979 John's a real world authority on the weak and strong interactions. 15 00:01:52,980 --> 00:01:55,770 Of course, it has been particularly concerning in his career. 16 00:01:56,190 --> 00:02:01,979 The several aspects of this one is how they bind and form spectroscopy and exotic cutting. 17 00:02:01,980 --> 00:02:07,410 We're talking about that today. And another area of interest for him is what is flavour? 18 00:02:07,410 --> 00:02:13,739 Why are the three types of electron electron new and why are there different types of probes? 19 00:02:13,740 --> 00:02:17,580 What determines the masses? What determines that complex? 20 00:02:18,360 --> 00:02:24,239 Because John argues that just like we understand the putting of the periodic table because of a deeper knowledge of nature, 21 00:02:24,240 --> 00:02:29,399 so understanding the patterns of quarks and leptons could reveal the deeper 22 00:02:29,400 --> 00:02:32,850 symmetries of nature that could help us understand how a universe was born, 23 00:02:33,180 --> 00:02:41,909 how it would evolve, and how it will land. In addition to John's remarkable insights in these areas over the years, 24 00:02:41,910 --> 00:02:48,600 he's also got many other interests, including a passion for radio and for eclipses, solar eclipses. 25 00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:54,299 And so if at the end of the rope, he would run out of scientific questions to drawing on the theme of the talk, 26 00:02:54,300 --> 00:02:56,730 you can certainly ask him about those as well. 27 00:02:57,000 --> 00:03:03,870 And you'll have that opportunity because we'll all go upstairs right after the talk for homemade cake and coffee. 28 00:03:04,500 --> 00:03:09,540 So without further introduction, let me welcome John to Oxford. 29 00:03:16,150 --> 00:03:26,260 Thank you. It's a pleasure. And it's also a pleasure to review a question that's been posed over 50 years ago, 30 00:03:26,650 --> 00:03:30,190 which is why we see certain types of elementary particles and not others. 31 00:03:30,850 --> 00:03:35,680 And I believe we're on the cusp of having answers to that. 32 00:03:36,880 --> 00:03:43,180 So this was asked in the context of the court model when not all physicists even took Quark seriously. 33 00:03:43,690 --> 00:03:49,750 And I'll tell a story at the end, if I have time about the Princeton Review of Quarks. 34 00:03:51,010 --> 00:03:55,300 So we had to learn quarks on our own at Princeton to a great extent. 35 00:03:56,890 --> 00:04:06,070 In 1964, Gell-Mann and Zweig proposed that the known mesons were Quark Antiquark and the known Baryons were three quarks, 36 00:04:06,820 --> 00:04:14,080 with the quarks having charges two thirds minus a third, and a heavier one, the strange quark minus the third. 37 00:04:15,610 --> 00:04:22,630 So were those assignments kooky bar and q. Q. Q. The mesons and variants would have integral charges, 38 00:04:24,370 --> 00:04:35,649 but the other states that have integral charges include ones with two quarks and two antiquark or baryons, such as four quarks and one Antiquark. 39 00:04:35,650 --> 00:04:39,700 Those would also have integral charges, and the question is, why haven't they been seen? 40 00:04:41,170 --> 00:04:48,220 And they now have been seen, but only under conditions, which tell us a lot about the strong interactions and how they manifest themselves. 41 00:04:49,110 --> 00:04:56,080 Mean I've worked on these problems mostly in recent years with Margaret Carlson at the Academy of University. 42 00:04:56,470 --> 00:05:01,570 And I'll also report on a collaboration with Michael Grimm now at the Technion. 43 00:05:03,100 --> 00:05:10,150 I should apologise at the beginning because the question that Ian raised at the end, 44 00:05:10,630 --> 00:05:15,070 why this particular type of quark and not that particular type of cork, 45 00:05:15,160 --> 00:05:22,810 the periodic table of the quarks, so to speak, I will not have an answer for, but we can discuss that in the questions. 46 00:05:27,410 --> 00:05:30,770 In the file associated with this tool. 47 00:05:31,430 --> 00:05:38,059 So if you get the electronic file from from IA, there are references. 48 00:05:38,060 --> 00:05:43,130 So I don't spell out the references in detail there in a bibliography at the end. 49 00:05:45,690 --> 00:05:53,340 So after some pre-history, we'll discuss the first believable exotics, molecular candidates. 50 00:05:53,790 --> 00:06:03,390 And those are the ones that we seem to see in addition to the ordinary cucumber and three quark states, 51 00:06:03,720 --> 00:06:12,450 including a pentaquarks for quarks and and antiquark and some remarks on its photo production variance with more than one heavy quark. 52 00:06:12,840 --> 00:06:20,610 That's a testing ground for our very simple description of core masses properties. 53 00:06:22,290 --> 00:06:27,150 This wave thresholds play a large role, and I'll discuss those. 54 00:06:30,630 --> 00:06:38,940 Mark and I have discussed so far resonances which have been seen by the LHC B collaboration, 55 00:06:39,300 --> 00:06:50,820 which Oxford is a member and there may be some role for ETA exchange in generating those resonances in the same way that the most 56 00:06:50,820 --> 00:06:58,229 believable molecular candidates seem to be generated by PI and Exchange then goes back to the work the world of the deuterium, 57 00:06:58,230 --> 00:07:01,290 in fact, which is also an exotic state. 58 00:07:01,530 --> 00:07:07,170 It's six quarks and after all, two core three quarks and three more quarks. 59 00:07:08,370 --> 00:07:15,300 And you know what? If I have time to talk about some work with Michael Grimm now on exotics in Charm Decay. 60 00:07:15,660 --> 00:07:20,340 These are not heavy quark exotics, but they come from the decay of a state with heavy quarks. 61 00:07:21,480 --> 00:07:27,730 I may or may not have time for discussing the Sigma B and Sigma C variants. 62 00:07:27,780 --> 00:07:36,420 These are ICE has been one baryons with one big quark or one C quark, and one knows shamefully little about them at the moment. 63 00:07:37,980 --> 00:07:49,240 And then go on to prospects. So this picture that I have up here evolved gradually over several years. 64 00:07:50,110 --> 00:07:57,550 The delta resonance was the first resonance that was seen with about one point times, 1.3 times the mass of a protons. 65 00:07:59,110 --> 00:08:08,380 Chicago claims to have seen the first half of the Delta resonance, namely, as one increases the energy, the cross-section increases. 66 00:08:09,790 --> 00:08:14,530 This was not good enough for Fermi, who resisted the idea of a resonance for a while. 67 00:08:15,370 --> 00:08:22,059 But a higher energy machine at Carnegie Mellon University continued to study. 68 00:08:22,060 --> 00:08:31,270 The cross-section at Higher Energies found that it came back down and this was indeed evidence for a resonance at about 1.3 times the proton mass, 69 00:08:31,570 --> 00:08:42,760 namely the delta, which existed in four charge states, plus plus in pi plus p scattering plus zero and minus pi minus m scattering. 70 00:08:44,820 --> 00:08:48,630 Very shortly thereafter. Excited segments. 71 00:08:49,380 --> 00:08:57,690 I haven't told you what a segment is, but an excited segment is something with the same spin as the Delta, which has been three years. 72 00:08:57,990 --> 00:09:08,610 So this is a family of resonators with spin three halves, signals size and you could imagine. 73 00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:21,330 Not having yet had this omega minus you are invited to complete the decimate the 74 00:09:21,340 --> 00:09:29,020 deck it with a state the RSU three symmetry scheme that Murray Gell-Mann and 75 00:09:29,020 --> 00:09:36,909 you've all nearby proposed had particles in a template a decimal and predicted an 76 00:09:36,910 --> 00:09:43,000 omega minus with equal spacings between the delta minus the Delta Sigma star, 77 00:09:43,150 --> 00:09:54,580 that size star and the omega equal spacings did occur between Delta in Sigma Star and between Sigma Star and South Star. 78 00:09:55,210 --> 00:10:02,410 So the prediction was that the Omega minus would show up with a mass of about 670 overseas squared. 79 00:10:03,430 --> 00:10:10,299 And this was seen in a bubble chamber experiment in 1964 and later certified that there were 80 00:10:10,300 --> 00:10:16,750 several events in nuclear emulsion which had been overlooked that had been earlier determined. 81 00:10:22,550 --> 00:10:26,950 Now the neutron and proton also belong to a family in the S2 three scheme. 82 00:10:28,590 --> 00:10:36,600 With signals having masses greater than a neutron and proton with lambdas having a mass is 83 00:10:36,600 --> 00:10:42,540 slightly below those of sigma and with psi minus inside zero having still greater mass. 84 00:10:43,110 --> 00:10:46,320 We'll talk a little bit about the pattern of these masses in a moment. 85 00:10:47,610 --> 00:10:56,850 But this is by no means all the particles that had been seen by the mid-sixties, even when Fermi was alive. 86 00:10:57,420 --> 00:11:01,980 He said, Young man, if I could remember the names of all these particles, I would have been a biologist. 87 00:11:02,340 --> 00:11:10,940 That was in the early 1950s, and now it was proliferating by the mid-sixties or early seventies. 88 00:11:10,950 --> 00:11:16,710 There were over 400 different resident states now. 89 00:11:17,100 --> 00:11:25,410 Fermi's claim to fame in this particular lecture is that with CNN in 1949, 90 00:11:25,860 --> 00:11:34,680 he proposed that the PI on the latest method was a composite of a nuclear on and an anti nuclear. 91 00:11:35,070 --> 00:11:45,840 So for instance, a pi plus would be a P and the wind bar pi minus would be an and a p bar pi zero would be some combination of paper and then bar. 92 00:11:47,340 --> 00:11:52,409 Now, those were the first bound states of Iberian, Indian, 93 00:11:52,410 --> 00:11:58,650 any type baryon and we call those which and in fact we will see that there is evidence for Baryon here. 94 00:11:59,880 --> 00:12:11,370 So a bound state of three quarks and three antiquark, but not nearly as deeply bound as Fermi's Fermi and Yang's proposal. 95 00:12:14,220 --> 00:12:29,040 So for the Delta Sigma star size star and Omega binaries, if you assign them to be three core objects, then the deltas are combinations of you and DX. 96 00:12:31,020 --> 00:12:39,120 The similar stars are combinations with one strange quark which is heavier CI star is a combination with two strange quartz, 97 00:12:39,690 --> 00:12:46,260 which is still heavier, and the omega minus is a combination with three strange quarks, which is still heavier and. 98 00:12:48,700 --> 00:12:53,820 For a spend three have state you get an equal spacing. 99 00:12:53,830 --> 00:13:01,200 I haven't derived that but you do get an equal spacing in the as you three skip for the decimal or the decoupling. 100 00:13:02,950 --> 00:13:11,280 If you take the charges of the youth court to be two thirds of the town court to be heard in this strange court, also to be of. 101 00:13:14,040 --> 00:13:23,730 In 1966, Dick Douglas and Harry Lipkin cased marvellous talks at the International Conference on High Energy Physics at Berkeley, 102 00:13:24,390 --> 00:13:27,340 which really kindled my interest in the Corp. model. 103 00:13:27,340 --> 00:13:39,310 One could reduce this zoo of over 400 particles to a zoo of three in various configurations, including with some orbital angular momentum. 104 00:13:39,330 --> 00:13:42,870 These are states with no orbital angular momentum. The ground states. 105 00:13:47,250 --> 00:13:52,440 Let me pass on to the 1970s, in 1964. 106 00:13:52,440 --> 00:14:04,680 Already the fact that the electron lepton with a particle with no strong interactions had a partner which was neutral called the electron neutrino, 107 00:14:05,400 --> 00:14:11,760 which was distinct from the partner of a muon, a heavier electron with its neutrino. 108 00:14:11,820 --> 00:14:19,710 The new new. The fact that these came in pairs, new E with E minus and new mew with new ideas, 109 00:14:20,280 --> 00:14:27,240 suggested to be arcane and glashow and several other collaborators that by analogy, 110 00:14:27,810 --> 00:14:38,640 the up quark was paired with a down quark, and the strange quark had to be paired with a as yet undiscovered, heavier core known as charm. 111 00:14:40,590 --> 00:14:54,480 This was analysed in some detail by Glashow, Heliopolis and Maione in 1970, and they estimated roughly the mass of about 2 billion electron volts. 112 00:14:55,260 --> 00:15:02,610 Gaillard and Li looked in detail at the Electroweak role of the charm quark and. 113 00:15:04,950 --> 00:15:12,420 Improve the accuracy of that estimate so that indeed the term cork has to have a mass somewhere between one and a half and two. 114 00:15:13,890 --> 00:15:23,640 And in fact, the indirect evidence for the term cork first came in the form of a bound state between a term cork and a term that 115 00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:33,660 were discovered simultaneously on both coasts of the US in Stanford called the CI and in Brookhaven called the J. 116 00:15:34,230 --> 00:15:41,250 J stands for Ting in Chinese and Sam Ting was one of the co discoverers. 117 00:15:42,420 --> 00:15:48,690 So the harmony spectrum, c, c bar spectrum, the name is the analogue of positron. 118 00:15:48,690 --> 00:15:53,040 In the term, owning the spectrum is still evolving and it's very rich today. 119 00:15:55,050 --> 00:16:01,950 Particles with one term cork were discovered a couple of years later and again they have a very rich spectrum. 120 00:16:02,940 --> 00:16:08,880 And because the term cork has a mass which is large compared to the scale of the strong interactions, 121 00:16:09,630 --> 00:16:15,930 strong interactions have a scale to see the quantum chroma dynamics as a characteristic scale of a couple 122 00:16:15,930 --> 00:16:22,710 of hundred be things much heavier than that scale could be treated in in a non relativistic approximation. 123 00:16:24,090 --> 00:16:27,120 So non relativistic quantum mechanics provide some insights. 124 00:16:27,510 --> 00:16:36,630 And Chris Quick and I have a review in which we apply simple quantum mechanics and some very old some rules to the physics of core cognition. 125 00:16:37,770 --> 00:16:43,380 And that was published in Physics Reports in 1979. 126 00:16:49,020 --> 00:17:01,110 But there's more. A third quirk Lepton family was suggested by the discovery of the Tao Lepton, a third still heavier electron with its neutrino. 127 00:17:01,110 --> 00:17:05,580 Its neutrino actually wasn't discovered explicitly until the year 2000, 128 00:17:06,060 --> 00:17:15,570 but the title Lepton was discovered in 1974 and championed by Martin Perl, a member of an experimental collaboration at Stanford. 129 00:17:19,710 --> 00:17:32,790 If the cork lepton analogy was correct, there would be a third cork pair named Top and bottom up and down with names which were chosen already. 130 00:17:32,790 --> 00:17:35,699 So one had to have something as close as possible. 131 00:17:35,700 --> 00:17:42,750 So top and bottom, and these were actually predicted by Kobayashi and Muscala for a totally different reason, 132 00:17:43,080 --> 00:17:52,500 having to do with the violation of the combination of charge conjugation and parity in variance or mirror in various CP and variants. 133 00:17:52,500 --> 00:17:56,370 In other words, it was found with three quark pairs of this sort. 134 00:17:56,820 --> 00:18:01,049 The weak interactions could be made to violate CP in a manner that had been 135 00:18:01,050 --> 00:18:08,250 suggested by an experiment like Fitch and Cronin and collaborators in 1964. 136 00:18:11,870 --> 00:18:21,020 The bottom corp was in fact discovered in the same way that the term Corp. was discovered, namely in a bound state of bottom, anti bottom. 137 00:18:23,940 --> 00:18:31,110 In the Upsilon family of spin one particles discovered at Fermilab produced in proton 138 00:18:31,110 --> 00:18:36,780 proton interactions and decay two lepton pairs e plus t minus or v plus minus. 139 00:18:38,950 --> 00:18:43,450 Not only is there a rich spectroscopy of bottom anti bottom states, 140 00:18:43,990 --> 00:18:56,830 but b medicines containing a single B cork are very rich and their decays not only violate CP at a much higher level than in the K on case, 141 00:18:57,340 --> 00:19:04,070 but their spectroscopy is also interesting. I should say a word about the top court. 142 00:19:04,340 --> 00:19:11,240 The top court discovered at Fermilab in 1994 is too heavy to have an interesting spectroscopy. 143 00:19:11,540 --> 00:19:20,900 It decays to B plus a weak position W and something of the order of ten to the -25 or ten to the -20 3 seconds, 144 00:19:21,290 --> 00:19:26,300 any way too quickly to form any hydraulic resonance. 145 00:19:26,810 --> 00:19:33,440 So we won't speak of it further, but we'll talk about particles containing the term quark and the bottom quark. 146 00:19:36,090 --> 00:19:41,370 So this is as far as we go, an elementary introductory level. 147 00:19:41,910 --> 00:19:47,879 What you see next may not be as familiar to you. It was physics of the late 1960s. 148 00:19:47,880 --> 00:19:48,990 And let me walk you through it. 149 00:19:50,970 --> 00:20:03,450 There was a scheme which is still, of course, valid, known as duality, which allowed one to view particle reactions in several different ways at once, 150 00:20:04,320 --> 00:20:13,710 either by exchange of a particular state or by what we call the channel, the direct channel. 151 00:20:14,970 --> 00:20:20,250 But b, illustrate those. The TV channel. 152 00:20:20,250 --> 00:20:25,410 The exchange channel is this channel. Looking up the diagram. 153 00:20:26,310 --> 00:20:28,610 The channel is this channel. 154 00:20:28,620 --> 00:20:40,080 Looking sideways along the diagram and in medicine basin scattering and its channel resonances are dual channel trajectories. 155 00:20:41,130 --> 00:20:48,120 You see Quark Antiquark both in the Tea Channel and in the channel count the minimum number of quarks. 156 00:20:48,120 --> 00:20:52,050 So count what it looks like here. Right. 157 00:20:52,150 --> 00:21:01,110 Quark. Quark. In Medicine Varian Scattering t channel medicine exchange ordinary q. 158 00:21:01,140 --> 00:21:05,670 Q bar mezzanine exchange is dual to three quarks. 159 00:21:07,160 --> 00:21:07,730 A barrier. 160 00:21:09,740 --> 00:21:21,830 So what I noticed in 1968 was that te channel exchange in the barrier on the anti barrier system was dual to two quarks and two anti quarks. 161 00:21:22,310 --> 00:21:25,250 In other words, the exotic basin system. 162 00:21:26,750 --> 00:21:36,139 So if duality was to be valid also for barrier and anti barrier and scattering, there had to exist exotic designed to kill Cuba. 163 00:21:36,140 --> 00:21:40,880 Cuba. Question is, where were they? 164 00:21:42,020 --> 00:21:45,350 And I will walk you through all the pursuit. 165 00:21:47,210 --> 00:21:57,350 I had a bet with Peter Floyd that the pursuit was difficult and that in 1972 we made a bet that by 1974, he said, they would be discovered. 166 00:21:58,130 --> 00:22:04,340 And I said they wouldn't. And I won a French dinner from him on that. 167 00:22:06,030 --> 00:22:12,060 Because it had a time limit, 1974. It was much too early to understand why these things were being seen. 168 00:22:13,410 --> 00:22:20,910 Now, another motivation, again, just guilt by association, comes from noting that in medicine, 169 00:22:20,910 --> 00:22:29,820 medicine scattering, if a quirk in a given medicine can annihilate the same antiquark in another medicine. 170 00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:36,239 Then you just go through your particle data group table and you find that let's 171 00:22:36,240 --> 00:22:42,750 say a pi minus with the pi plus can annihilate into a cuckoo bar system. 172 00:22:43,410 --> 00:22:50,610 What's the minimum? What's the maximum centre of mass three momentum at which that can occur? 173 00:22:51,660 --> 00:22:59,190 And it turns out that when you go through all possible systems, you get a distribution peak at around 350 MMP over C. 174 00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:08,600 You can do the same thing with mass on baryon scattering. Here's a mess on an antique work in the Amazon. 175 00:23:08,930 --> 00:23:12,440 Here's a cork in the barrel and they annihilate. And the question is, what's the. 176 00:23:13,960 --> 00:23:20,080 Maximum centre of mass three momentum at which that that annihilation can occur. 177 00:23:21,070 --> 00:23:34,570 And the answer is 300 or 250 MTV, obviously, then you can say, well, that makes sense because momentum is sort of inversely related to size. 178 00:23:35,120 --> 00:23:40,360 The proton is bigger, so this corresponds roughly to the same impact parameter the same. 179 00:23:43,350 --> 00:23:49,410 Same product of orbital anchor momentum and. 180 00:23:54,470 --> 00:24:00,080 The orbital angular momentum is the product of the three momentum and the impact parameter. 181 00:24:00,350 --> 00:24:11,930 So if you have the same impact, the same orbital angular momentum in this case one, then for a larger impact parameter, 182 00:24:12,260 --> 00:24:17,660 as you get in the variable, you get a lower momentum at which the same thing happens. 183 00:24:18,650 --> 00:24:22,970 So now you go to barrier, native barrier, and by that generalisation you should, 184 00:24:23,240 --> 00:24:34,520 you should see an antibody on barrier resonance before the centre of mass three momentum gets to 200 and maybe over three square. 185 00:24:34,940 --> 00:24:52,000 So again, where are they? Peter Frond and this student named Ron Walt and I in 1969 proposed that the case occur via a cork pair production mechanism, 186 00:24:52,600 --> 00:25:03,610 and one can view quantum chroma dynamics interacting between a quark and an intact quark as having a flux tube, 187 00:25:03,880 --> 00:25:09,130 just like a flux tube in electromagnetism between a quark and an antiquark. 188 00:25:10,120 --> 00:25:16,809 And the difference in quantum chroma dynamics is that because the properties of the vacuum, 189 00:25:16,810 --> 00:25:24,340 the flux tube doesn't spread out the way a dipole interaction would spread out in quantum electrodynamics, 190 00:25:24,820 --> 00:25:34,510 the flux lines are confined to a tube of approximately constant area, and this gives a linear potential between the quark and the antiquark. 191 00:25:35,320 --> 00:25:45,790 This string, this QCT string, will actually break at a certain separation by production of a cork and an antiquark at each end of the broken stream. 192 00:25:46,510 --> 00:25:51,720 And. That is a mechanism for decay of a resonance. 193 00:25:53,880 --> 00:25:59,040 Now, that would also say that a two quark, 194 00:25:59,040 --> 00:26:12,900 two antiquark system would have to decay by production of another cucumber pair and not by just falling apart into a pair of cucumber mesons. 195 00:26:16,790 --> 00:26:23,270 And that is consistent also with treatments by other authors Amaechi at all, and Rossi and Veneziano, 196 00:26:24,110 --> 00:26:31,340 who postulated that the case occurred by breaking a string with cork in adequate production on the end of the stream. 197 00:26:34,060 --> 00:26:41,290 Also corresponds to a fixed force between particles and between Quark. 198 00:26:41,290 --> 00:26:44,680 And that quark, that that force turns out to be about 16 tons. 199 00:26:45,550 --> 00:26:55,920 A linear potential corresponds to a fixed force. But such exotics may fall apart into meson parents if this selection rule is valid. 200 00:26:56,330 --> 00:26:59,930 And they may be too broad to show up as distinct, resonant peaks. 201 00:27:00,860 --> 00:27:05,149 And Bob Jaffe actually had pictures of two cork, 202 00:27:05,150 --> 00:27:12,500 two antiquark states within a model of CD in which the latest Diet Coke antidote quark 203 00:27:12,950 --> 00:27:18,860 states to quarks and to it could be familiar ones with masses of a give or less. 204 00:27:20,120 --> 00:27:29,350 I should mention that very Ionian States two quark two adequate states formed by the resonance of a barium with the native baron, 205 00:27:29,360 --> 00:27:34,040 were also discovered discussed extensively by SHAPIRO in the Soviet Union. 206 00:27:36,160 --> 00:27:43,000 Now here's coming some indirect evidence for something happening in the barrier. 207 00:27:43,180 --> 00:27:51,520 That barrier and how one can study plus or minus production of six pylons or photo production, 208 00:27:51,520 --> 00:28:04,030 refractive photo production of six pions at the Fermilab experiment 687 And I'll show you what that result gave. 209 00:28:06,160 --> 00:28:07,270 Look at the bottom curve. 210 00:28:07,480 --> 00:28:23,110 First, the cross-section for six pi and production rises above six pi on threshold and undergoes a remarkable dip at about one point 9gb. 211 00:28:24,400 --> 00:28:28,570 This is just where the proton antiproton threshold opens up. 212 00:28:29,590 --> 00:28:34,180 So in fact, what is happening is the proton antiproton amplitude is, so to speak, 213 00:28:34,480 --> 00:28:40,420 stealing from the amplitude for six pi on production and causing this dip. 214 00:28:41,440 --> 00:28:49,270 The amplitude for six pions is one of these colours. 215 00:28:50,680 --> 00:28:55,570 The amplitude for PVR is the screen colour, the interference term is the red colour, 216 00:28:55,810 --> 00:29:00,880 and this is due to interference between the amplitude for one, and the amplitude for the other. 217 00:29:01,960 --> 00:29:11,140 There's a simple similar behaviour in the ice has been zero pi pi s wave that is orbital and zero phase shift there one GeV. 218 00:29:11,350 --> 00:29:16,540 When the k k bar threshold opens up near a resonance called the F nought 980. 219 00:29:19,050 --> 00:29:22,500 And there are threshold enhancements in proton antiproton. 220 00:29:22,810 --> 00:29:32,970 Final status, for instance, in the decay of the jape, which I mentioned as the first cc bar state to a photon and the P bar state. 221 00:29:34,320 --> 00:29:43,610 This. Dashed line is face space. 222 00:29:46,750 --> 00:29:54,220 The data have this remarkable, remarkable enhancement right near threshold. 223 00:29:55,090 --> 00:30:00,190 And one fits that with a state which is just below PBR threshold. 224 00:30:02,170 --> 00:30:06,850 This peak is also seen in the pie, plus pie minus eight, a prime final state. 225 00:30:07,300 --> 00:30:16,540 I haven't told you what the eight plus eight a prime is, but it's a heavier neutral measure and the mass seems to be 1834, 226 00:30:16,540 --> 00:30:20,980 plus or minus seven, maybe with a width of 68 plus or -21. 227 00:30:22,360 --> 00:30:32,500 And again, this gives a consistent fit. If you take this mass and this width, then try to fit the people are spectrum. 228 00:30:33,220 --> 00:30:37,360 So it looks like for all the world a baryon and her barium. 229 00:30:39,340 --> 00:30:42,790 Final state. Buried under that buried resonance. 230 00:30:42,790 --> 00:30:46,180 In fact, there are other decays. 231 00:30:46,270 --> 00:30:51,100 The decay of a beam. As I mentioned, the Amazon is a heavy basin containing a bottom cork. 232 00:30:51,640 --> 00:30:55,540 The B-plus basin contains a bottom cork and an anti-EU quark. 233 00:30:56,740 --> 00:31:06,030 And the P bar. Spectrum. 234 00:31:06,330 --> 00:31:09,480 This is an early plot. The later plots confirm this. 235 00:31:09,930 --> 00:31:15,420 People are spectrum is far above space for this production. 236 00:31:16,050 --> 00:31:21,330 So again, the PA system seems to be undergoing a low energy enhancement. 237 00:31:21,780 --> 00:31:25,760 Very much compatible with this upper bound of 200 MTV. 238 00:31:26,220 --> 00:31:36,060 Obviously for the centre of mass three momentum between the resonating particles 200 maybe or less. 239 00:31:38,280 --> 00:31:41,790 But here is evidence for a genuine exotic. 240 00:31:42,180 --> 00:31:47,520 And this is, I think, the poster child for to court to eight states. 241 00:31:49,730 --> 00:31:54,950 Put the case to JPC Pi Plus Pi minus, who was discovered about 13 years ago. 242 00:31:56,730 --> 00:32:04,110 And. Let me point out. 243 00:32:07,170 --> 00:32:11,940 Familiar resonance. This is called the CI prime at 3686. 244 00:32:12,420 --> 00:32:16,230 It was known since the earliest days of the CI. 245 00:32:16,410 --> 00:32:20,700 This discovery, ten days after the so about 600 A.D. heavier. 246 00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:25,230 And this small blip at 3872. 247 00:32:26,400 --> 00:32:30,720 And hence the fuel. But an inset was discovered. 248 00:32:32,600 --> 00:32:44,870 By the Bell collaboration, an E plus C-minus experiment which was able to produce B mesons which decayed to this plus something else plus a K on. 249 00:32:47,380 --> 00:32:53,110 Now, this was also seen by the collider detector facility at Fermilab and. 250 00:32:55,790 --> 00:33:01,730 The D0 collaboration. So the CDF, this is actually the CDF. 251 00:33:02,390 --> 00:33:06,650 This is actually the CDF spectrum rather than the belt. So this is CDF. 252 00:33:06,650 --> 00:33:14,360 This is the other detector at Fermilab that's at 3872, the D zero detector. 253 00:33:15,020 --> 00:33:20,659 And it now turns out that it's within point to be of the threshold for the production 254 00:33:20,660 --> 00:33:29,630 of a neutral term particle known as D zero and then antiparticle d zero star, 255 00:33:31,640 --> 00:33:34,790 which is composed of anti charm and a new quark. 256 00:33:41,380 --> 00:33:53,650 Here is its mess in more detail. 3870 1.69 movie compared with the threshold for DD 0d0 dark 3870 1.68. 257 00:33:54,220 --> 00:34:01,360 Anything? Not much hope of determining whether it's a bound state or a virtual state at this point. 258 00:34:01,900 --> 00:34:04,990 But anyway, a very large scattering light between the two. 259 00:34:05,650 --> 00:34:12,650 Turns out. The decay of the X to a photon and a jigsaw is seen. 260 00:34:13,010 --> 00:34:24,590 And what this implies is a charged conjugation eigenvalue of plus and some mixture of a plane cc bar, shamanism state and its wave function. 261 00:34:25,690 --> 00:34:31,610 The angular distribution of the decay products implies that the spin is one, 262 00:34:31,610 --> 00:34:43,460 the parity is plus and the charge conjugation eigenvalue this plus as you expect for an s wave state of d0d0 bar star plus the charge conjugate. 263 00:34:45,860 --> 00:34:50,390 Now the charge conjugation invariance says that since the. 264 00:34:53,430 --> 00:34:59,219 Gypsy has charge conjugation minors and the state itself has charged conjugation. 265 00:34:59,220 --> 00:35:08,010 Plus, because of that decay and the gamma takes on, then the pi plus pi minus system has to have charge conjugation minus, 266 00:35:08,430 --> 00:35:20,440 which means that it's in the basin called the Rho. Now it's a large splitting of masses between the charged and the neutral dimensions. 267 00:35:20,440 --> 00:35:27,700 And these star mesons means that there's little of the charged star and the mesons in the wave function. 268 00:35:28,180 --> 00:35:33,310 So the wave function mostly has CC bar you you bar and not CC bar bar. 269 00:35:33,970 --> 00:35:37,120 This corresponds to a violation of ISO spin symmetry. 270 00:35:37,510 --> 00:35:47,080 And in fact, you see that because not only does the particle decay to JP zero row having ISO spin one, 271 00:35:47,530 --> 00:35:51,850 but at the case two grapes omega omega having ice has been zero. 272 00:35:52,720 --> 00:36:04,240 So everything I think lines up in saying that the x 3872 is a mixture of a triplet p one keep our state. 273 00:36:06,710 --> 00:36:15,050 Which is a radial excitation of a lower state with similar quantum numbers and a spin one. 274 00:36:15,350 --> 00:36:25,220 CC Bar you bar state composed of an S with bound state or virtual state of d0 t0 bar star plus charged conjugate. 275 00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:32,180 Now if you have a mixture of two different quantum mechanical states, you have to have another mixture of it, all mixture, 276 00:36:32,630 --> 00:36:42,170 and it probably is lying above 3900 according to most potential models of the cork in that quark interaction. 277 00:36:45,910 --> 00:36:48,850 Now we come to another poster child in the system. 278 00:36:50,110 --> 00:36:58,240 Let me walk you through the B spectroscopy first, because this actually doesn't contain anything about the states I'm going to talk about. 279 00:36:58,630 --> 00:37:11,650 But it's background material for the first baby bath state that was discovered was the oops on one s and its radial excitation partner. 280 00:37:11,650 --> 00:37:17,980 The Epsilon to us was seen at the same time and there was hint of a third the Epsilon three years, 281 00:37:18,580 --> 00:37:24,040 which was discovered more conclusively by E plus minus reactions. 282 00:37:25,880 --> 00:37:31,530 And Newfoundland Forest lies high enough that it can decay to a pair of Bemis homes. 283 00:37:33,990 --> 00:37:41,069 Further up. Not shown. Here is something called the Epsilon five s and the Upsilon five. 284 00:37:41,070 --> 00:37:48,870 As you would expect, the decay also to be bar or be star bar star or be star p bar star. 285 00:37:49,740 --> 00:37:54,760 Or BP store. Should the key to all those pairs. 286 00:37:57,460 --> 00:38:00,910 The other states are interesting, but we're not going to talk about them at the moment. 287 00:38:05,780 --> 00:38:14,420 The Bell collaboration study, the plus and minus collisions at the centre of mass energy corresponding to the five s state. 288 00:38:16,780 --> 00:38:29,080 And they looked at the mass spectrum of the oops line one s and pi one producing groups line one as pi pi. 289 00:38:31,900 --> 00:38:40,150 And they saw a piece. Uh. 10.61 and 10.65. 290 00:38:40,190 --> 00:38:49,000 Maybe these two little peaks here. They looked at the oops long pi looks on to us hi spectrum. 291 00:38:50,490 --> 00:38:54,870 And they saw peaks at 10.61 and 10.65 MTV. 292 00:38:56,260 --> 00:39:00,210 They looked at the oops long 3 hours passing spectrum. 293 00:39:01,610 --> 00:39:06,320 And again, peak 10.61 and 10.65 and. 294 00:39:09,860 --> 00:39:22,250 These are all within a few movie of IMDB plus and Bart Starr for the Eclipse Line for the 10.61 GBP 295 00:39:23,270 --> 00:39:33,380 and P star plus Bieber star threshold at 10.65 GBP again within a few MMV of these thresholds. 296 00:39:33,980 --> 00:39:46,130 So there are again, either inbound states or threshold enhancements associated with those states could be found states could be virtual states. 297 00:39:46,580 --> 00:39:56,720 But in any case, they look like they have a large molecular component of the star plus charged conjugate or be star Bieber star. 298 00:39:57,530 --> 00:40:00,530 So they're called the Z sub B ten, six, ten. 299 00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:04,130 That's the movie and CV ten 650. 300 00:40:06,310 --> 00:40:15,070 So their makeup is baby bar and a charged like cork pair, so they cannot mix with baby bar states. 301 00:40:15,490 --> 00:40:22,090 So they're definitely exotic. Everything in their wave function is exotic. 302 00:40:22,960 --> 00:40:28,090 No admixture with a non exotic state in contrast to the x 3872. 303 00:40:32,660 --> 00:40:36,140 Now, how do you explain what you see and what you don't see? 304 00:40:36,530 --> 00:40:41,600 What you don't see is as important as what you see. Let's take a pie and exchange model. 305 00:40:42,530 --> 00:40:47,809 Parity and angular momentum conservation say that a pie coupled to a pseudo 306 00:40:47,810 --> 00:40:53,150 scalar pair because it's pseudo scalar and the parity works out to be wrong. 307 00:40:54,530 --> 00:41:08,750 So a parent can take at0 into at00 into a that should be at0 star and it can take a D bar zero star into a d bar and zero. 308 00:41:10,640 --> 00:41:18,830 It can also take a B into a B star or a B bar star into a B, just this middle. 309 00:41:20,810 --> 00:41:25,400 It also can take a B star into a B star bar. 310 00:41:28,490 --> 00:41:33,170 That should be a big star and a beaver star into a beaver starred. 311 00:41:35,190 --> 00:41:47,790 In other words, part exchange can generate a molecule, but only between B, B star bar or B star, b bar star and not b b bar. 312 00:41:49,050 --> 00:41:55,140 You don't see a molecule in the BP bar case, but you do see one in the other two cases. 313 00:41:56,190 --> 00:42:04,079 So PI in exchange again seems to play a role here. The pi in exchange potential is proportional to the scalar. 314 00:42:04,080 --> 00:42:14,610 Product of ice has been one. That ice has been two times the spin, one times the spin to four quark antiquark interactions. 315 00:42:14,610 --> 00:42:27,700 It's minus and four quark quark interactions it's plus. So you look at what states you can form and you find that the JPC equals one plus plus state. 316 00:42:29,200 --> 00:42:34,940 Is the one that you formed. And. 317 00:42:36,980 --> 00:42:52,670 If it's analogous to the x 3872 in contrast to the x 3872, which is driven by bound state or not, or just barely unbound states of the neutral. 318 00:42:52,670 --> 00:42:59,570 DS The neutral and charged be both the B and the B star have almost the same mass. 319 00:43:00,140 --> 00:43:09,050 And so one doesn't expect ice has been splitting and one expects that these states should be dominantly ICE has been zero. 320 00:43:11,760 --> 00:43:21,540 Now this would be the ex 3872 analogue should be distinct from disease of bees which have ice has been one. 321 00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:30,620 So the Alexa B analogue of the date of the 3872 may or may not have been seen, 322 00:43:30,620 --> 00:43:37,490 but we predicted to have a rather narrow range, somewhere between 10.56 and 10.59. 323 00:43:37,940 --> 00:43:41,840 MTV And the references given at the end. 324 00:43:44,960 --> 00:43:48,380 So we can enumerate what things are likely to form resonances. 325 00:43:49,660 --> 00:43:57,070 And all we do is we take thresholds, we take whether foreign exchange can occur between these. 326 00:43:57,670 --> 00:44:01,000 And let me walk you through a couple of these. 327 00:44:04,430 --> 00:44:09,410 Here is the threshold for the average of charge, the neutral deeds. 328 00:44:10,690 --> 00:44:14,140 This is the threshold for the average of charging mutual. These stars. 329 00:44:17,200 --> 00:44:26,440 In the case of bees, one has heavier states that 10.61 and 10.65. 330 00:44:28,010 --> 00:44:34,030 State and a barium medicine system composed of Sigma's, 331 00:44:34,040 --> 00:44:45,200 C and D bar star Sigma C is a baryon with one time quark and two light quarks up or down quarks and an ice has been one state. 332 00:44:46,070 --> 00:44:59,780 The Sigma C d bar. A star threshold is at 4462 MP and indeed the state has seen their piece of C 4450. 333 00:45:01,570 --> 00:45:17,500 Let's go right to the production mechanism. First of all, there was a false alarm for a Pentagon that surfaced and then retreated in the early 2000. 334 00:45:18,400 --> 00:45:29,680 A K plus neutron bump was seen at 1540 and then the in low energy five photo production north nuclei and the references are in there. 335 00:45:31,150 --> 00:45:36,520 In a paper that I wrote shortly after with a kinematic explanation of this, 336 00:45:36,520 --> 00:45:42,760 and we can go into that if there are any experts wanting to discuss the details. 337 00:45:43,360 --> 00:45:48,010 But a much more robust signal was seen by the LHC B collaboration. 338 00:45:48,640 --> 00:45:55,510 They saw a bump in the IP invariant mass in a decay of a lambda B, 339 00:45:55,510 --> 00:46:05,880 lambda B has a B core and a new D pair in itis spin zero going to k minus james IP at 43, 80 and 4450 MTV. 340 00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:14,170 Here are a couple of production mechanisms for producing excited Lambda states. 341 00:46:15,130 --> 00:46:21,550 We can produce S2 D opposite a c c bar with a W exchange. 342 00:46:21,550 --> 00:46:30,760 This is a weak decay, or you can produce a five core opposite of K minus with a slightly different arrangement of the quarks. 343 00:46:33,080 --> 00:46:38,120 Now you can make a plot which shows both channels simultaneously. 344 00:46:40,410 --> 00:46:53,790 And this Dallas plot has a prominent narrow band and we'll see it at m james i p equals 44 or 49.8 plus or -1.7 plus -2.5. 345 00:46:53,790 --> 00:47:01,500 Maybe with a rather narrow fitted with. Here's the plot. 346 00:47:02,940 --> 00:47:15,270 What you see along the x axis is the K minus P squared, very mass, and you see quite a strong enhancement in low mass to something at 15, 20 maybe. 347 00:47:16,560 --> 00:47:20,880 And on the vertical axis you see the square of the Jeep's IP mass. 348 00:47:21,660 --> 00:47:28,440 And the one feature that jumps out at you is this rather narrow band at a mass of 44. 349 00:47:28,440 --> 00:47:35,040 50 may be mass squared of about 19.5 g heavy squared. 350 00:47:39,150 --> 00:47:44,070 This summer asymmetric behaviour along the dollar's part, 351 00:47:44,430 --> 00:47:51,180 which enables the authors to conclude that there is some other resonance there an opposite 352 00:47:51,180 --> 00:47:58,100 parody state of some sort which operates differently on the two ends of that band in the. 353 00:48:02,900 --> 00:48:07,070 So here's the projection of the cake minus p invariant mass. 354 00:48:09,490 --> 00:48:14,350 On the left, two prominent take here, several other high romance peaks. 355 00:48:14,800 --> 00:48:20,900 Those are all resonances of the form. Yes, you do. 356 00:48:21,020 --> 00:48:31,910 Where the food is and ice has been zero state. And the other projection, the mass of the K, the tapes IP shows a narrow peak here. 357 00:48:34,790 --> 00:48:38,810 Deficiency at higher amounts with respect to the face space. 358 00:48:41,110 --> 00:48:44,410 Now if the peak is an SW wave. 359 00:48:44,830 --> 00:48:52,300 Sigma C db are star bound state with binding energy of about ten or 12 MTV. 360 00:48:53,440 --> 00:49:01,720 It's been in parity should be three has minus. That's consistent with the analysis that the LHC people do. 361 00:49:03,040 --> 00:49:13,130 However, they fished around for a number of other possibilities to fit the remaining structure of this goal. 362 00:49:13,270 --> 00:49:22,330 It's part park projection and what they came up with was a resonance, not a higher mass, but a lower mass. 363 00:49:23,020 --> 00:49:33,970 C deficiency is higher. They came up with a business at lower mass, broad width and opposite parity and probably spend five heads. 364 00:49:35,020 --> 00:49:42,160 We don't predict this. So our prediction unfortunately, is like the dog that didn't bark, 365 00:49:43,300 --> 00:49:53,920 we believe that they should look for a solution which has the deficiency fit as well as the peak fit. 366 00:49:54,400 --> 00:50:05,360 And we don't think this is the end of the story. One can test resident behaviour by looking at an argon plot. 367 00:50:06,350 --> 00:50:16,250 Plotting the imaginary part versus the real part of a given amplitude in the 4450 state has a nice argon plot. 368 00:50:16,940 --> 00:50:24,590 The arrow arrow shows the direction of increasing centre of mass energy of 4380. 369 00:50:25,370 --> 00:50:30,080 Argon plot is not as characteristic of resonant behaviour. 370 00:50:31,190 --> 00:50:39,140 So again, we're waiting to see the last word of the 4380, but the molecular picture doesn't do so well with it. 371 00:50:40,310 --> 00:50:43,430 What it could be is a genuine pentaquarks. 372 00:50:44,090 --> 00:50:55,340 A genuine pentaquarks would be something where four quarks and the lone antiquark all are in some sort of roughly symmetric wavefunction. 373 00:50:55,910 --> 00:51:02,970 And in fact, if you've looked at the poster of advertising this talk, there's a picture of such a pentaquarks. 374 00:51:03,650 --> 00:51:11,150 Not grouped according to three quarks at the core, but all together in one big. 375 00:51:12,420 --> 00:51:20,190 So we'll see. It's interesting that Sigma C Star D Bar Star 2010. 376 00:51:21,360 --> 00:51:30,060 This final state of your final state could be interfering destructively with a suitable background and maybe causing that that. 377 00:51:33,080 --> 00:51:39,350 So I think the jury is still out on this state, but the 4450 looks like a genuine. 378 00:51:40,390 --> 00:51:47,110 Staple for corks. And then it just probably grouped like a molecule. 379 00:51:50,270 --> 00:51:58,580 Let me talk very briefly about bonds with more than one heavy cork, because this validates some of our methods for estimating masses. 380 00:52:00,480 --> 00:52:04,410 We can estimate masses in the following way. 381 00:52:04,410 --> 00:52:10,850 We take simple caucuses for non strange quirks of the order of 310. 382 00:52:10,860 --> 00:52:21,600 I mean the strange quirks of the order of 480. And we allow them to have a hyper fine interaction inversely proportional to their mass. 383 00:52:23,190 --> 00:52:35,700 We also add a certain penalty for the interaction of a baryon based on the number of string junctions that occur. 384 00:52:36,300 --> 00:52:45,480 The variant has picked strength from each quark running to a central junction with an airtight symmetric coupling of. 385 00:52:48,020 --> 00:52:53,900 Triplet, triplet and triplet of 83. 386 00:52:54,500 --> 00:52:58,580 And with this one can fit all of the. 387 00:53:01,750 --> 00:53:10,930 All of the unfortunately, that's fine. No one can fit all of the ground state missions and burials in this manner. 388 00:53:15,350 --> 00:53:22,700 So this is something like they tell me an empirical best formula for nuclei for nuclear isotopes. 389 00:53:22,970 --> 00:53:32,660 We put in as much data as we can and as little theory as we can, but at some point we're required to rely on theory. 390 00:53:33,230 --> 00:53:39,920 So for charm, charm and light, Quark, we need to know how a charm and a charm bind one another. 391 00:53:40,280 --> 00:53:43,340 It's not enough just to take an effective charm mask. 392 00:53:43,820 --> 00:53:50,300 And with that, we can estimate the mass of a doubly charmed baryon. 393 00:53:50,930 --> 00:53:55,970 And the mass of the j equals one half state, for instance, is. 394 00:53:59,910 --> 00:54:03,720 3627. I may be heavier. 395 00:54:03,750 --> 00:54:07,290 J equals three. His partner has 3690 MTV. 396 00:54:08,190 --> 00:54:17,759 This is to be compared with claims by the Helix collaboration of but very on about 100 MTV lighter which has 397 00:54:17,760 --> 00:54:26,310 not been confirmed by any other experiment and more of the objects of search of the LHC will be collaboration. 398 00:54:27,150 --> 00:54:34,380 People here and at Syracuse is to see where they could find. 399 00:54:35,920 --> 00:54:50,890 C, C and Life Corps. Q or c, c, d Mario, let us gauge theory gives you masses within terms of MTV of this. 400 00:54:51,310 --> 00:54:57,070 And I tend to believe the latter stage theory calculations these days because they present us with 401 00:54:57,070 --> 00:55:04,450 realistic errors and they do quite well on spectroscopy of heavy court systems and light quick systems. 402 00:55:05,560 --> 00:55:16,720 There's also a heavy quark effect of theory calculation, which gets a value very close to this, and that's also probably fairly reliable. 403 00:55:16,870 --> 00:55:29,660 So we're looking forward to. Experiments that give us information on those not really exotics, but a new type of matter with two heavy quarks. 404 00:55:32,530 --> 00:55:42,489 Let me just mention, as we've thresholds very briefly, I talked about thresholds before and the pie pie system when the cake bar threshold opens 405 00:55:42,490 --> 00:55:51,070 up by pie system becomes highly inelastic and the phase shift goes to 180 degrees and. 406 00:55:52,320 --> 00:55:58,260 This point, which is the k k bar threshold in E plus minus collisions. 407 00:55:59,040 --> 00:56:02,440 When you get to an escape threshold for production of charm zones, 408 00:56:02,460 --> 00:56:09,840 the first s wave threshold for production of time zones involves production of item one, 409 00:56:09,840 --> 00:56:19,020 hit one plus dimension with a zero minus on because you're working from a virtual photon. 410 00:56:19,620 --> 00:56:28,709 So one plus zero minus gives a one minus, which has the quantum numbers of the virtual photon, and that threshold is 4280. 411 00:56:28,710 --> 00:56:33,840 And so just before that, that's before 4280. 412 00:56:33,840 --> 00:56:41,850 And maybe there's a sharp dip. In the cross, section four FC minus goes to everything. 413 00:56:42,480 --> 00:56:50,610 And we believe that this is the effect of the opening of the estimated threshold for charm pair production. 414 00:56:54,860 --> 00:57:04,850 I think I'm going to skip the discussion of resonances and jape sci fi, which may or may not be understandable by ETA exchange. 415 00:57:05,150 --> 00:57:14,600 But the LHC B collaboration has seen such resonances, and if they are to be understood as molecules, since they don't have nine strange quirks, 416 00:57:14,930 --> 00:57:21,080 one has to have a heavier particle exchange that has some strange quirks, and the heat is a candidate for that. 417 00:57:24,190 --> 00:57:30,370 This is a set of predictions of states that would be bound by to exchange. 418 00:57:30,820 --> 00:57:36,250 So I leave you with that, that anybody wanting details can get the file from here. 419 00:57:37,660 --> 00:57:45,840 I think we're running short on time. One prediction of this, by the way, if the exchange is important, is that the JPY. 420 00:57:48,480 --> 00:57:52,170 Lambda four 4400. 421 00:57:56,850 --> 00:58:06,360 Should be an observable resonance and lambda be it goes to j beside lambda where the lambda decays to pi pi or eta. 422 00:58:11,520 --> 00:58:18,450 This is not really an exotic due to having more quarks and more anti quarks, 423 00:58:18,450 --> 00:58:25,950 but this is a candidate for a state with a quark antiquark and a quantum of the strong interactions. 424 00:58:25,950 --> 00:58:32,870 The glue of a state with ice has been zero, seems to dominate the decay of a neutral dimension. 425 00:58:33,180 --> 00:58:41,790 Pi plus pi minus pi zero. It has odd g parity zero ices spin and it's a spin zero three pi state. 426 00:58:41,790 --> 00:58:48,390 So its charge conjugation and parity are both minus and this can't be made from a quirky system. 427 00:58:49,050 --> 00:58:56,370 So what Michael Groner and I have suggested is a photo produce actually electrode produced as of a pie on target. 428 00:59:00,780 --> 00:59:02,759 Looking at very small transfer. 429 00:59:02,760 --> 00:59:17,100 One is dominated by pi zero exchange electric production because the produces the zero minus state one can't have two zero minus particles. 430 00:59:17,100 --> 00:59:24,809 So it cannot be a real. Oh, tell them it has to be a sorry. 431 00:59:24,810 --> 00:59:30,190 This is a. a020 transition can't occur. 432 00:59:30,550 --> 00:59:40,450 020 transition electromagnetic is forbidden, so one has to have an optional photon in order to circumvent this. 433 00:59:42,490 --> 00:59:51,580 So we're looking for a state about 1865 MTV with spin zero parody minus and charge conjugation minus. 434 00:59:52,390 --> 00:59:59,770 And let us gauge theories. Tell us about such states, but they tend to give much heavier masses for such states. 435 01:00:00,370 --> 01:00:05,920 So it'll be an interesting question to see whether light of theories got it right or not. 436 01:00:06,190 --> 01:00:15,910 If we see a resonance near 1865 MTV, there may have to be some rethinking of cuckoo bar gluon states and lattice cage theories. 437 01:00:19,710 --> 01:00:21,860 Think I'm going to skip odd parody burials. 438 01:00:23,510 --> 01:00:32,879 We don't have this distinct predictions for each of their masses, but we have a correlation among prediction of masses. 439 01:00:32,880 --> 01:00:38,780 So if we start to see one or the other of the Sigma B states or a Sigma C states, 440 01:00:39,620 --> 01:00:47,690 these are Heavy Corp. with a u u bar with a u u or you d or d the system and itis in one. 441 01:00:47,960 --> 01:00:51,020 If we start to see one of them, then we know where some of the others are. 442 01:00:51,530 --> 01:00:56,660 There is one unknown called the Tensor Force, which we haven't been able to pin down yet. 443 01:00:57,560 --> 01:01:01,220 There are also predictions by Gebhardt and his collaborators. 444 01:01:03,310 --> 01:01:07,350 With Sigma sae mass masses in the range of 2.7 to 2.8, 445 01:01:07,450 --> 01:01:15,730 Ivy and Sigma be masters and all in the range of about 6.1 GBP just waiting to be discovered perhaps by elite CB. 446 01:01:17,790 --> 01:01:26,670 So prospects, exotic medicines and variants do exist, but molecular configurations or at least part of the story. 447 01:01:28,360 --> 01:01:36,760 So it's not surprising that you can have three corks in a cork and an airtight cork completely separated. 448 01:01:39,350 --> 01:01:45,680 Whether or not you have them in a symmetric bag configuration remains to be seen. 449 01:01:46,370 --> 01:01:53,569 But at least some sort of interaction among suitable medicines and baryons are 450 01:01:53,570 --> 01:01:59,480 suitable medicines and medicines forming at least a molecular configuration. 451 01:01:59,870 --> 01:02:02,000 Those exotics do seem to have been seen. 452 01:02:06,380 --> 01:02:16,310 As I mentioned, there are techniques for mass estimation which involve constituent quark masses, hyper fine interactions, 453 01:02:16,310 --> 01:02:26,540 namely spin this way or opposite binding effects which are relatively straightforward, but they remain to be tested for baryons with two heavy quarks. 454 01:02:27,350 --> 01:02:38,420 If those methods succeed, there's one further frontier which is looking for tetra quarks with all heavy quarks. 455 01:02:38,600 --> 01:02:41,960 Q1, Q2, Q3 BAA. Q4 BAA. 456 01:02:43,010 --> 01:02:54,800 So for instance, is there any to try to determine state lighter than twice the mass of the lowest CC bar state called the A2 Subsea? 457 01:02:55,730 --> 01:02:59,390 Our answer more like Mark Lehner. My answer is probably not. 458 01:03:00,140 --> 01:03:11,570 But in the case of the bottom cork BBW Bar Bar, we go to a state that's only 28, the above two and A to B with an era of 25 MTV. 459 01:03:11,990 --> 01:03:20,979 So we're sitting on the fence. And if the mass is less than two and A to B, it may have some interesting decay. 460 01:03:20,980 --> 01:03:26,200 Looks like a photon pair or four leptons. 461 01:03:26,760 --> 01:03:35,430 Four charged leptons or photon plus two charge leptons or even an eighth B and a photon. 462 01:03:36,630 --> 01:03:37,700 Charge left on pair. 463 01:03:41,390 --> 01:03:49,790 So one of the things that still needs to be mapped out is what it costs to produce one or more extra heavy quarks via the strong interaction. 464 01:03:51,880 --> 01:03:56,860 Here. We don't know until we, for instance, see the q. 465 01:03:56,890 --> 01:04:00,430 Q. The Heavy Corp to Heavy Corp. Cute. 466 01:04:00,670 --> 01:04:08,560 Q. Prime Little Kew Gardens will tell us by their production cross-section, this one could produce an extra quarter. 467 01:04:10,360 --> 01:04:18,249 El HCB is also learning this by their study of b c bar mesons because you have to produce a, 468 01:04:18,250 --> 01:04:22,700 b, b bar pair and a C bar C pair in order to get a b c bar. 469 01:04:23,830 --> 01:04:28,090 So LHC B is starting on this road. 470 01:04:28,810 --> 01:04:31,870 So the next three pages are bibliography. 471 01:04:34,110 --> 01:04:37,290 And I have some remarks on Q. 472 01:04:37,320 --> 01:04:41,160 Q. Q. Baqubah State. Just look at the middle row. 473 01:04:42,300 --> 01:04:48,600 The prediction for the lowest bah bah bah is 28, plus or -25, 474 01:04:48,600 --> 01:04:58,440 maybe above twice that of the eighth B and C, Abbas in particular sees double oops minus production. 475 01:04:58,890 --> 01:05:02,400 So that's to be cautious until it works. 476 01:05:03,000 --> 01:05:10,740 So maybe there is hope for such a state. Its branching ratio, the two lepton pairs is larger. 477 01:05:11,400 --> 01:05:15,080 Okay, let me go back to the prospect. 478 01:05:15,570 --> 01:05:16,530 Thank you for your attention.