1 00:00:00,450 --> 00:00:05,070 Good afternoon, everybody, and welcome to this Friday's Physics Colloquium. 2 00:00:05,880 --> 00:00:11,640 It's a great pleasure to introduce, first of all, Gibson from the University of Cambridge today. 3 00:00:11,700 --> 00:00:18,990 So Val is actually a local production is once upon a time a graduate student here dphil in 1986. 4 00:00:21,390 --> 00:00:26,969 So I'd say we both of us remember a time when in the basement of the Venice Room building, 5 00:00:26,970 --> 00:00:33,690 there were things called faxes and terminal rooms and all kinds of strange stuff like that, which has long since disappeared. 6 00:00:34,290 --> 00:00:39,590 Anyway, since. Since, since. Since then. About the first to Sir. 7 00:00:39,600 --> 00:00:48,360 And then in 1989, I think he moved to Cambridge, Missouri, where professor of physics of the in the Cavendish Laboratory. 8 00:00:48,930 --> 00:00:55,140 And she's going to talk to us today about the beauty of flavour, the LHC, the experiment of the Large Hadron Collider. 9 00:00:55,420 --> 00:01:02,190 But thank you, John. Actually, I'm going to tell you about the work of the Oxford Group, the LHC group here, 10 00:01:02,190 --> 00:01:07,770 because any one of them and they're sitting in the audience and they know who they are, could have actually given this talk. 11 00:01:08,400 --> 00:01:12,690 But it's nice to actually come to Oxford because I haven't been here for a long while. 12 00:01:13,050 --> 00:01:20,910 And not only to talk about the beauty of flavour, but also to talk about trying to get more women into physics, which is my other passion. 13 00:01:20,910 --> 00:01:24,570 And I've had a very good conversation with John and the team on that. 14 00:01:25,830 --> 00:01:34,020 So I'm going to tell you about the LHC experiment at the Large Hadron Collider, probably because this is a colloquium. 15 00:01:34,320 --> 00:01:38,850 I should probably give you a little bit of an introduction as far as the physics is concerned. 16 00:01:39,610 --> 00:01:44,550 I'll give you a little bit of an abstract, so to get our minds in order. 17 00:01:44,940 --> 00:01:47,880 This is the standard model of particle physics. 18 00:01:48,300 --> 00:01:56,490 And we have the matter carrying particles, matter particles of the quarks and the leptons, and we have the force carrying particles, 19 00:01:57,150 --> 00:02:04,020 the photon for the electromagnetic force, the glue on for the strong force, and the w inside for the weak force. 20 00:02:04,410 --> 00:02:10,380 And sitting behind all of this is this illustrious Higgs boson, which gives particles their mass. 21 00:02:11,040 --> 00:02:21,299 I'm sure you've seen this before. I just want to say, because we're talking about flavour in this talk, it's just a label. 22 00:02:21,300 --> 00:02:28,680 It's a label that distinguishes between all of these different matter particles, whether they be quarks or whether they be leptons. 23 00:02:29,370 --> 00:02:35,460 But you'll find that in this talk, I'm really just going to concentrate on the Coke flavour physics. 24 00:02:36,990 --> 00:02:38,580 Now, the Higgs boson, 25 00:02:38,820 --> 00:02:47,880 that was a great breakthrough in 2012 with other colleagues from from Oxford have a great deal to do with the discovery of the Higgs boson. 26 00:02:48,750 --> 00:02:52,470 And this is a recent picture form from the Atlas experiment. 27 00:02:52,950 --> 00:03:02,550 And we so we know its mass. We know it's 125, possibly GV and we know it's couplings to to the other particles of the standard model, 28 00:03:02,970 --> 00:03:11,370 although at the moment we don't know the coupling of the Higgs to itself, but you can see it all agrees with what we predict from the standard model. 29 00:03:12,510 --> 00:03:22,110 What is intriguing, however, is the mass of the Higgs boson, and that brings into sort of a the theoretical problem with this, 30 00:03:22,110 --> 00:03:27,060 which is is sort of encompassed within the naturalness hierarchy problem. 31 00:03:27,690 --> 00:03:34,560 And if you were you try and calculate the Higgs mass within the standard model, then this is how you calculate it. 32 00:03:35,100 --> 00:03:40,020 You see, you got to the Bear Higgs mass here and you've got a bunch of constants and then you've got 33 00:03:40,020 --> 00:03:45,660 all of these contributions from the 82 corrections for the other standard model particles. 34 00:03:46,170 --> 00:03:51,090 And you've got this lambda in here, which is the scale up to which the standard model is valid. 35 00:03:52,260 --> 00:04:01,800 Now to explain, the Higgs mass actually requires a fine tuning of these contributions at the level of ten to the -34. 36 00:04:02,220 --> 00:04:07,120 So you can imagine two numbers which agree down to the 34th decimal place. 37 00:04:07,570 --> 00:04:13,800 That's a sort of a naturalness that this means with within with the Higgs mass. 38 00:04:14,280 --> 00:04:20,130 And it also means that the scale to which the standard model is valid is about the TV scale. 39 00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:23,550 This is also known as the hierarchy problem. 40 00:04:24,240 --> 00:04:35,190 And a solution to this is actually to tie the Higgs mass to another symmetry which predicts and protects against these quadratic divergences. 41 00:04:35,430 --> 00:04:40,259 And you can choose your symmetry, which is super symmetry, and there you'll get more. 42 00:04:40,260 --> 00:04:45,840 Higgs is coupling to fermions. You'll get if you put in global symmetry, you get extra dimensions. 43 00:04:46,350 --> 00:04:53,550 Global symmetry, sorry, global symmetries. You get little Higgs technicolour and this is the regime of B beyond the standard model. 44 00:04:55,630 --> 00:05:00,670 Now the LHC, we've been running and we've been searching for beyond the standard model particles. 45 00:05:00,670 --> 00:05:07,610 And you can see just by here for the sort of searches that you look for, for supersymmetry, nothing has been found yet. 46 00:05:07,630 --> 00:05:13,090 Up to about the the TV level. So this is a plot from from Atlas. 47 00:05:13,630 --> 00:05:21,430 And then we have something similar from CMS where they're looking for more exotic particles and indeed nothing new yet has been found. 48 00:05:23,080 --> 00:05:33,820 Now, in naturalness or the naturalness problem, hierarchy problem is not new, but we've seen this actually many years ago and we've seen it further. 49 00:05:34,090 --> 00:05:46,959 John Kwok So in order to explain two effects, one which was the, the interaction between a K0 and a K0 ball, 50 00:05:46,960 --> 00:05:52,420 so the mixing between two flavour I can states and also to explain the particular decay rate. 51 00:05:52,870 --> 00:06:01,270 Then we had to introduce what was called the mechanism and the mechanism if you include that in the standard model, 52 00:06:01,780 --> 00:06:11,600 then in order to to actually pin down the difference between these two, I can states then once again you've got this lambda in here. 53 00:06:11,620 --> 00:06:19,510 So the scale at which the theory is involved, but also you had to include a new particle. 54 00:06:20,050 --> 00:06:29,950 And the prediction in 1970 was that new particle had to have a mass of about 1.2 GV and we now know it as the charm quark. 55 00:06:31,090 --> 00:06:39,430 And that was discovered in 1974 with the discovery of the J PSI, which is direct observation of the charm quark, 56 00:06:39,430 --> 00:06:45,670 which would've been predicted indirectly through this gem mechanism for years previously. 57 00:06:46,780 --> 00:06:53,739 So this is actually the regime, if you like, of quark flavour physics is looking in things like these quantum loops, 58 00:06:53,740 --> 00:07:03,640 if you like to see if you can indirectly observe new physics before you actually observe it directly with direct production of new particles. 59 00:07:04,870 --> 00:07:10,480 Now things have gone on from then. We now know that we've got three generations of quarks and leptons, 60 00:07:10,930 --> 00:07:19,989 and this mechanism has been extended to explain those three generations and their interactions and the interactions between the 61 00:07:19,990 --> 00:07:28,950 quarks of the generations is described by something called the could be Bo Kobayashi Must Go a mixing matrix which is written here. 62 00:07:28,960 --> 00:07:35,080 You see, it's a relationship between weak and states and the mass iron states of the quarks. 63 00:07:36,430 --> 00:07:40,060 Now the c k theory is highly predictive. 64 00:07:40,630 --> 00:07:44,980 It has a huge range of phenomena over a huge, massive energy scale, 65 00:07:45,400 --> 00:07:50,860 and you only need to input full parameters, and we will see those full parameters soon. 66 00:07:51,340 --> 00:07:59,350 It's also hierarchical because the masses have different masses and it's distinctive to the standard model, 67 00:07:59,620 --> 00:08:04,210 so it's not necessarily replicated in other of the theories. 68 00:08:05,260 --> 00:08:13,780 Another important point this second matrix is the only source of matter anti-matter asymmetries in the standard model. 69 00:08:14,230 --> 00:08:20,920 And the matter on some actually symmetries is something which is called which is given by something called CP violation. 70 00:08:21,670 --> 00:08:27,490 Okay. And that's accommodate by one single complex phase in the second matrix. 71 00:08:29,600 --> 00:08:35,360 So beyond the standard model, as I said, standard model is an approximate theory. 72 00:08:36,210 --> 00:08:41,330 A Higgs much like sector is a natural because of this mass of the Higgs, you can't quite understand it, 73 00:08:41,720 --> 00:08:48,410 which is really coming from the energy that you require to produce the Higgs, which we call the vacuum expectation value. 74 00:08:49,070 --> 00:08:54,229 The neutrino mass is not explained in the standard model to many free parameters, 75 00:08:54,230 --> 00:09:02,719 maybe 20 out of 25 parameters of the standard model or in this flavour sector there is no unification of the gauge interactions, 76 00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:11,060 no explain explanation of dark matter, dark energy and we know there must be more CP relation in the beyond the standard model 77 00:09:11,060 --> 00:09:16,520 to explain why we live in a universe which is made of matter and not anti-matter. 78 00:09:19,170 --> 00:09:29,430 Now the core flavour physics probes beyond the LHC energy frontier because you can look in directly in quark loops, 79 00:09:29,430 --> 00:09:36,390 in Quantum Loops, and you can see that the direct search is sort of reaching up to the, the 1tv level. 80 00:09:36,630 --> 00:09:42,100 If you want to put your toes in the water beyond that, then you need to look in directly. 81 00:09:42,450 --> 00:09:49,800 Currently, you need to look in directly with the energies that we're working at to try and find new physics beyond the standard model. 82 00:09:50,010 --> 00:09:57,870 So this is the regime, if you like, of the LHC experiment is we're looking for processes indirectly for new physics. 83 00:09:59,530 --> 00:10:02,740 Now, let me tell you a little bit about the Large Hadron Collider. 84 00:10:04,910 --> 00:10:09,440 As nice as a cartoon sweeping up the Higgs and other matter. 85 00:10:11,030 --> 00:10:15,080 So it started taking data in March 2010. 86 00:10:15,680 --> 00:10:24,020 And I'm sure you've all seen pictures like this before. So there's four experiments around the 27 kilometres of the LHC. 87 00:10:24,710 --> 00:10:28,160 There's the two general purpose experiments, Atlas and CMS. 88 00:10:28,640 --> 00:10:33,170 And then there's a more specific purpose, if you like, experiments at least, 89 00:10:33,170 --> 00:10:38,510 which is looking at gluon plasma, which is another form of matter at the beginning of the universe. 90 00:10:39,020 --> 00:10:43,790 And then there's LHC B, which is doing quark flavour physics. 91 00:10:45,690 --> 00:10:51,740 It is a picture down. The LHC is the magnets that was seen that before. 92 00:10:52,520 --> 00:10:57,920 One key parameter to particle physicists is the luminosity. 93 00:10:59,190 --> 00:11:09,210 And at the LHC we have counter-rotating bunches of protons and each of those bunches is about 10 to 11 protons. 94 00:11:10,460 --> 00:11:15,230 And the rate of events that we get is proportional to, let's say, this luminosity. 95 00:11:15,260 --> 00:11:20,060 Now, that depends on these key parameters. It depends on the circulation frequency. 96 00:11:20,540 --> 00:11:29,840 It depends on the number of protons per bunch, which is probably ten to the 11, the number of punches per B and the beam size itself. 97 00:11:31,010 --> 00:11:37,249 So you quite often hear particle physicists murmuring in the corridors, Ooh, how much integrated luminosity have we got? 98 00:11:37,250 --> 00:11:41,830 Or What's the peak luminosity today? So this defines those terms. 99 00:11:41,840 --> 00:11:46,550 The peak luminosity is our event rate per unit of area. 100 00:11:46,610 --> 00:11:55,130 So it's a centimetre squared. The second. And then we have our integrated luminosity, which is just proportional to the number of collisions. 101 00:11:55,400 --> 00:12:00,740 And so currently we're talking in units of per inverse attempt all. 102 00:12:03,480 --> 00:12:17,040 But the luminosity in LCP is actually tuned, if you like, to produce a sort of a level luminosity all the way through the data taken. 103 00:12:17,040 --> 00:12:21,210 Because what we require is conditions which do not change. 104 00:12:21,690 --> 00:12:27,720 And our event rate, we have so many good events that we can choose what we would like. 105 00:12:28,890 --> 00:12:37,140 So what happens at the LHC? B Interaction point is the the beams are sort of separated vertically and a little bit of tilt on them. 106 00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:43,799 And then as the, the luminosity within the, the beams, the, the interactions itself decreases, 107 00:12:43,800 --> 00:12:49,680 we bring the beams closer and closer together, which means that we have a luminosity which is level. 108 00:12:49,680 --> 00:12:53,910 So it's at this constant level during the the data running. 109 00:12:55,490 --> 00:12:58,580 So our luminosity is different from the luminosity. 110 00:12:58,580 --> 00:13:01,870 If you like, you'll hear Atlas and CMS people talk about. 111 00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:07,100 So this is the story so far for our proton proton collisions. 112 00:13:07,400 --> 00:13:09,950 I'm only going to discuss proton proton collisions. 113 00:13:10,630 --> 00:13:21,080 LCP can take data in proton and and heavy ions like LED collisions or led on like collisions or indeed in a fixed target format. 114 00:13:21,620 --> 00:13:31,400 But today I'm just going to tell you about Proton. Proton. We started running in 2010 and the last round was 2016. 115 00:13:31,850 --> 00:13:35,030 And you can see here where the energy has changed to those running. 116 00:13:35,030 --> 00:13:38,719 So we approximately doubled the energy over the two runs. 117 00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:42,080 So far, the number of punches is increased substantially. 118 00:13:42,110 --> 00:13:43,820 You see, when we were in run one, 119 00:13:44,120 --> 00:13:52,970 we're now doubled the number of punches in the machine and the punch spacing instead of being 50 nanoseconds is 25 nanoseconds now. 120 00:13:53,610 --> 00:13:59,120 That's about seven and a half metres between the punches as they go around the 27 kilometres. 121 00:13:59,480 --> 00:14:07,340 Our peak luminosity stays at about 410 to 32 and then this is our integrated luminosity so far. 122 00:14:08,510 --> 00:14:14,780 So that's the story so far for the schedule. The overall schedule for LHC looks something like this. 123 00:14:14,780 --> 00:14:21,230 So we're with 2006. We just finished 2016 getting ready for the 2017 run. 124 00:14:21,590 --> 00:14:25,910 So we're in the middle of this run too of the LHC. 125 00:14:26,450 --> 00:14:32,030 We then have a brake shutdown where we are going to upgrade the experiment, 126 00:14:32,660 --> 00:14:38,540 which brings us into run three and then with future potential upgrades that will take us all the 127 00:14:38,540 --> 00:14:47,990 way through in the high luminosity running era of the LHC up to 2030 plus plus wherever we end up. 128 00:14:49,040 --> 00:14:55,850 And these are the sorts of integrated luminosity that we would expect our hope to expect in the future. 129 00:14:56,930 --> 00:15:04,910 You can see with our current luminosity, we are way only got a few percent of the data that we would ultimately expect. 130 00:15:05,390 --> 00:15:15,920 So really the key issue, the key message here is the LHC has only just started taking data and that's the case for all of the the LHC experiments. 131 00:15:17,670 --> 00:15:21,810 So this is a picture of the integrated luminosity field for the LHC experiment. 132 00:15:22,110 --> 00:15:29,130 Here we started in 2010 and you can see how much data we've got over these five, six years. 133 00:15:29,580 --> 00:15:39,900 And the last run we're running pretty much we did in run one at the 2012, and we'll start taking data again in March, April time this year. 134 00:15:41,600 --> 00:15:48,410 So at the moment we have a total integrated luminosity of just over five inverse pickup peak. 135 00:15:48,630 --> 00:15:52,540 Sorry, I should've said p couple wrong units. 136 00:15:53,210 --> 00:15:56,030 Let me tell you about the the experiment itself. 137 00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:09,220 We have a huge broad physics program, and it would be absolutely impossible to tell you about everything we did in the time I've got available. 138 00:16:09,820 --> 00:16:13,540 So we can look at CP violation matter, anti-matter asymmetries. 139 00:16:13,810 --> 00:16:19,030 We look at rare decays of particles, we look at QCT, the strong interaction, 140 00:16:19,420 --> 00:16:29,530 do a lot of spectroscopy electroweak we look at the W side and top quarks and also heavy iron, a fixed target type physics as well. 141 00:16:29,980 --> 00:16:37,840 Well, I'm going to do today is really focus on the to be quiet physics physics because this is one of the core physics areas of the experiment. 142 00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:45,010 Now. Why the big clock? Well, it's a third generation clock. 143 00:16:45,340 --> 00:16:55,660 And being in that third generation really means it's intimately linked to CP violation, because that complex phase and the second matrix comes in, 144 00:16:55,670 --> 00:16:59,830 the third generation only comes if you've got three generations of quarks and leptons. 145 00:17:00,700 --> 00:17:03,850 So it's the heaviest clock that forms bound states. 146 00:17:04,390 --> 00:17:12,390 It's mass is about five GV and because it's sitting there in the third generation, it has to decay outside. 147 00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:17,410 It's it's generation to a second or a first generation state. 148 00:17:17,410 --> 00:17:26,559 So that means it's got a long lifetime and it has a lifetime of the order of 1.6 PICOSECONDS Which means if you're going near the speed of light, 149 00:17:26,560 --> 00:17:30,459 the speed of light, you're travelling about a centimetre before you decay. 150 00:17:30,460 --> 00:17:38,500 And that centimetre is crucial to LHC in picking out the clock because it's also got a high mass, 151 00:17:38,950 --> 00:17:47,860 which means there's many accessible final states and also you've got a big production of different sorts of beam particles, 152 00:17:48,610 --> 00:17:56,230 whether that be metals or b baryons that you can look at to to study the sort of physics that we're interested in. 153 00:17:58,170 --> 00:18:05,610 The other thing at the LHC is the main production process is called blue on Blue and fusion, 154 00:18:06,090 --> 00:18:10,470 which means that you produce a B quark and it's anti-matter equivalent. 155 00:18:10,830 --> 00:18:16,710 So you're got a controlled experiment, if you like, of matter and anti-matter produced at the same time. 156 00:18:17,280 --> 00:18:24,990 And these things are correlated. So if the B Corp goes in one direction, the B Bach will go in the same direction as well. 157 00:18:25,410 --> 00:18:32,370 So these are correlated, which that determines what the experiment actually looks like. 158 00:18:34,120 --> 00:18:37,510 And so here it is. This is a schematic of the experiment. 159 00:18:37,720 --> 00:18:42,550 It's a forward so in the forward direction, call it a single arm spectrometer. 160 00:18:42,820 --> 00:18:50,260 It only covers 4% of the solid angle for the interactions, but actually it's got 40% more of the cross-section in there. 161 00:18:51,490 --> 00:18:56,470 It's got excellent tracking precision silicon detector, which is called the Velo. 162 00:18:56,980 --> 00:19:08,170 They've got excellent particle identification. So that means we can really tell when one of these big metals or barrels decays what it's decaying to. 163 00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:12,880 So we know we can pick out what the final state particles are, whether they're piles or count. 164 00:19:14,140 --> 00:19:22,330 And we do that with two ring imaging detectors, and we have an excellent and efficient trigger as well. 165 00:19:24,430 --> 00:19:29,889 So this is a picture of of some of the collaboration and whether Neville's in here must be somewhere. 166 00:19:29,890 --> 00:19:34,030 I was always there. The drink in the button in the back of the in his hand. 167 00:19:34,840 --> 00:19:40,930 So that's a picture of Alex. And you can't really tell what the experiment looks like because you're really looking at scaffolding here. 168 00:19:42,340 --> 00:19:46,000 But at least you get some sense of the size of the experiment. 169 00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:51,190 It's a collaboration of over a thousand members. 170 00:19:51,640 --> 00:19:58,390 773 authors from 69 institutes in 16 countries across the world. 171 00:19:59,910 --> 00:20:05,760 And in the UK we're 11 institutes, so these are the list of them. 172 00:20:06,180 --> 00:20:08,040 And you see Cambridge and Oxford here. 173 00:20:08,490 --> 00:20:18,960 And our main contributions are the very low, the rich computing and the physics, where 18% of the authors are more than 30% of the PhD students. 174 00:20:19,770 --> 00:20:27,750 And so Oxford are the leaders in the rich and the very low and the physics and the computing, of course, because they would do everything. 175 00:20:31,260 --> 00:20:36,020 Okay, this is a nice picture of the the velo detector. 176 00:20:36,060 --> 00:20:45,840 This is half of the velo it's got. What you're seeing here is 21 stations made of silicon detectors separated by three millimetres. 177 00:20:46,170 --> 00:20:49,830 And so there's another half which sort of comes on top of it. 178 00:20:50,670 --> 00:20:59,580 And here it's sitting around the the interaction point. And what's unique about it is when the LHC is running, it's very, very close to the beam. 179 00:21:00,570 --> 00:21:02,370 So it's about eight millimetres from the peak. 180 00:21:02,820 --> 00:21:09,990 When we're setting up and tuning the beams, then we're sitting at about a 30 millimetres 30 centimetres away. 181 00:21:11,900 --> 00:21:18,200 I always love this picture, which is the beam's eye view down our beam pipe. 182 00:21:18,380 --> 00:21:24,950 And this is the aluminium foil which separates the the silicon very low from the beam itself. 183 00:21:24,950 --> 00:21:29,300 So it's in a secondary vacuum and this is in its retracted position. 184 00:21:29,690 --> 00:21:35,090 And when it comes together, it just slightly overlaps. So you don't have any dead that regions. 185 00:21:36,880 --> 00:21:46,900 And the sort of resolution that you get on this millimetre or so sorry, in a centimetre or so that you need to actually detect to get the b, 186 00:21:48,280 --> 00:21:58,900 b, hadrons is 13 microns in the transverse direction and 17 microns, 70 odd microns in the, um, the longitudinal direction. 187 00:21:59,110 --> 00:22:03,550 So this is an excellent, really excellent vertex detector. 188 00:22:05,650 --> 00:22:13,000 And of course, we have the particle ID as well. So the two rich detectors, I don't have time to go into these in detail at all, 189 00:22:13,270 --> 00:22:19,780 but we have two one, which is just before our magnet, which is about the size of a a small car. 190 00:22:20,170 --> 00:22:24,730 And we have one which is after the magnet, which is sort of the size of a double decker bus. 191 00:22:25,150 --> 00:22:29,440 And these two between them give us really good, 192 00:22:29,440 --> 00:22:38,110 efficient particle identification over a large range of momentum from the order of few gbps up to 100 giving. 193 00:22:40,110 --> 00:22:48,990 And I always like this picture that right at the beginning when we started taking data, we took a bit of data with no particle ID information at all, 194 00:22:49,350 --> 00:22:55,890 and then we just applied the rich information and immediately we saw peek of the fly come out. 195 00:22:56,820 --> 00:23:03,870 And that was just with just a very, very little bit of data. And this is what the events look like in the rich detector. 196 00:23:06,300 --> 00:23:09,600 This is a picture of the first big cock event from LHC. 197 00:23:09,840 --> 00:23:13,580 So this is the the full LHC be. 198 00:23:13,950 --> 00:23:18,870 This is where you actually zubin into the halo and you can see all the hits in the very low. 199 00:23:19,320 --> 00:23:28,200 And then this is where the interaction point is. And then if you go even further and start reconstructing and extrapolating the tracks, 200 00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:33,000 you get the primary vertex here and then you get the BTK vertex here. 201 00:23:33,450 --> 00:23:38,580 And this, you can see is of the order of a few a half, a few millimetres, one millimetres. 202 00:23:40,420 --> 00:23:45,070 Okay. So let me get onto the physics. I want to give you a taste of flavour, first of all. 203 00:23:46,780 --> 00:23:55,870 And the first thing I want to do. Well, let me just tell you about a number of publications we've got overall since 2010. 204 00:23:55,870 --> 00:24:00,760 We have approximately 350 papers which have published from the experiment. 205 00:24:01,300 --> 00:24:08,230 59 of them came last year, 16 still in the editorial board, 17 conference notes. 206 00:24:08,560 --> 00:24:15,970 40 analyses are currently under review, so we'd expect another 40 odd papers to come out very, very soon. 207 00:24:16,630 --> 00:24:22,230 So you can see I can only give you a few highlights in the half an hour that I have left. 208 00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:34,360 So I apologise that I if I don't give everybody's favourite analysis as you just coming back to ammonium to the discovery of the J site, 209 00:24:35,050 --> 00:24:38,530 this is where we sat in 1974. So when I was an undergraduate student, 210 00:24:38,860 --> 00:24:48,430 I learned about the JCI and its discovery and I also looked at the GI ammonium spectrum and this is what it looked like pre 2003. 211 00:24:49,360 --> 00:24:57,550 Since then, this picture is totally been revolutionised by several major discoveries and not only from LHC, 212 00:24:57,730 --> 00:25:05,620 but also from the sort of B factories that came before LHC and also from Fermilab and elsewhere. 213 00:25:06,820 --> 00:25:12,160 I'm just and it's not surprising, actually, because if you go back to Mary Girl Mum's original paper, 214 00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:17,380 which is 1964, then if you read this and I'll just zoom in here, 215 00:25:17,830 --> 00:25:23,020 you can see that barrels can now be constructed from quarks by using the combinations of three quartz, 216 00:25:23,020 --> 00:25:31,030 which we all know about, but also five a metals likewise from 2:00 or Quark and Lunch Corp or four. 217 00:25:31,570 --> 00:25:40,030 So even Murray go month in 1964 was predicting the existence of things called tetra quarks and pentaquarks. 218 00:25:41,590 --> 00:25:46,900 And so this is where some of the major discoveries have been made recently in this area. 219 00:25:47,320 --> 00:25:59,410 This is the tetra quarks. So LHC be have been looking at decays like the B minus going to j sci fi and the K minus and this is a three body decay. 220 00:25:59,980 --> 00:26:07,270 And when you have a three body decay, one of the things you can do is is look at a plot, you know, balance, right? 221 00:26:07,360 --> 00:26:14,500 So it's just looking at the kinematics in a three dimensional space and this is the plot for this decay. 222 00:26:15,340 --> 00:26:21,340 Now, if you do a full amplitude analysis and you really have to put all the details into the amplitude analysis, 223 00:26:21,340 --> 00:26:25,990 so you're not only putting the mass of the particles in, but you put in all the decay angles and so on. 224 00:26:26,680 --> 00:26:36,280 Then you realise in order to explain this, this plot, which is a projection of the star plot, so it's the mass of the JSON phi, 225 00:26:36,670 --> 00:26:47,590 then you actually need to include four tetra quarks of two are called X at the moment with this incredible significance. 226 00:26:48,100 --> 00:26:53,200 Eight Sigma. Six Sigma. Six Sigma. Six Sigma. All in one analysis. 227 00:26:54,470 --> 00:26:59,180 So that's petrol quarks and then pentaquarks as well. 228 00:26:59,270 --> 00:27:09,560 And that was looking at the decay of a metal, looking at the decay of a B barium, going to a J so proton can once again look at the phthalates plot. 229 00:27:09,890 --> 00:27:17,570 And you do the full amplitude analysis of that phthalates plot in order to explain its projection in the jet mass of the GE sci fi. 230 00:27:18,050 --> 00:27:27,200 Then the only way you can do it is to include two new particles which are pentaquarks, which are all consistent with Pentaquarks. 231 00:27:27,650 --> 00:27:32,220 And this was recently confirmed with another decay mode. And so this is the sort of pentaquarks. 232 00:27:33,110 --> 00:27:36,440 It's got a CC bar in there and two years in a time clock. 233 00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:43,370 So this picture that we had of shamanism has been totally revolutionised. 234 00:27:43,400 --> 00:27:48,050 This is the current picture. This is the in the neutral case. 235 00:27:49,100 --> 00:27:55,340 Here you can see our conventional status is a J psi, which is what we had before in other conventional states. 236 00:27:55,850 --> 00:27:58,910 We've still got some conventional states which have been unobserved, 237 00:27:59,300 --> 00:28:09,200 but now we have all of these exotic states which are in red that have been either discovered at LHC or previously with the big factories. 238 00:28:09,470 --> 00:28:13,310 And not only do we have neutral harmonium, we now charged harmonium. 239 00:28:13,670 --> 00:28:16,790 And that's got a whole spectrum with it as well. 240 00:28:16,790 --> 00:28:21,980 And here you can see these two Pentaquarks states, which I just showed you. 241 00:28:23,620 --> 00:28:28,840 So this whole QCT picture has now really changed. 242 00:28:30,190 --> 00:28:34,900 And with theorists still trying to explain what these states are. 243 00:28:35,440 --> 00:28:40,120 There's been 300 papers arising from that Pensacola paper. 244 00:28:40,450 --> 00:28:46,209 Just trying to interpret what Pentaquarks are, and there's various interpretations, 245 00:28:46,210 --> 00:28:50,170 if you like, the plain pentaquarks all the way up to try quarks and so on. 246 00:28:53,210 --> 00:28:56,480 Okay. So that's one aspect of the experiment. 247 00:28:56,750 --> 00:29:05,690 And I want to bring you on to looking at matter anti-matter asymmetry, so the CP violation and how the quark flavours mix. 248 00:29:07,710 --> 00:29:12,150 So all of that sea camp theory that I talked about is real. 249 00:29:12,150 --> 00:29:15,660 And there's an awful lot of work that's gone into it over the last 30 years. 250 00:29:15,660 --> 00:29:21,180 And there's many, several people in this audience who have really contribute major to this. 251 00:29:21,780 --> 00:29:30,480 And it's all encapsulated into this thing, which is called, well, this little triangle in the middle is called the unitary triangle. 252 00:29:30,840 --> 00:29:35,550 So these are all the measurements which actually lead up to the the entirety triangle. 253 00:29:35,790 --> 00:29:42,600 It may look a bit like this to those uninitiated, but it actually has got an awful lot of physics in it. 254 00:29:43,610 --> 00:29:47,389 Let me point out a few key things. First of all, 255 00:29:47,390 --> 00:29:52,160 all the measurements that have been made a point pointing towards this apex of 256 00:29:52,160 --> 00:29:58,910 this triangle and the fact that this apex is not zero is the CP violation, 257 00:29:58,910 --> 00:30:02,660 which is in the standard model that gives you the matter. Anti-matter asymmetries. 258 00:30:03,570 --> 00:30:08,760 The area of this triangle actually gives you the amount of CP violation in the standard model. 259 00:30:09,330 --> 00:30:16,860 And so the area is is given here, it's about 310 to the minus five in something called the y'all's code parameter. 260 00:30:18,000 --> 00:30:21,360 And these are the four parameters of the standard. 261 00:30:21,360 --> 00:30:25,889 Elizabeth Various ways of parameters rising, the square matrix. 262 00:30:25,890 --> 00:30:29,010 And this is one by Wolfenstein which has become common use. 263 00:30:29,430 --> 00:30:34,470 And these are the full parameters of the Wolfenstein PARAMETERISATION And this item here, 264 00:30:34,800 --> 00:30:38,640 the fact that that's nonzero, is that where the peak of that triangle is? 265 00:30:40,540 --> 00:30:44,980 So a lot of work has gone into this not only by experimentalists, but also theorists as well, 266 00:30:45,640 --> 00:30:51,100 who've been calculating sort of lattice correct calculations which feed into to all of these measurements. 267 00:30:52,940 --> 00:30:58,670 Now just want to tell you where matter anti-matter asymmetries come from in the standard model 268 00:30:59,210 --> 00:31:05,600 because those who are uninitiated probably don't appreciate where it actually does come from. 269 00:31:05,600 --> 00:31:13,549 So if you consider the decay of a matter particle, I've chosen a B minus here, which has got to be quark in it. 270 00:31:13,550 --> 00:31:17,300 So that's why it's matter and anti-matter, which is a B plus. 271 00:31:17,720 --> 00:31:22,610 It's got an A.P. in it. Then you write down the decay amplitudes which are written here. 272 00:31:23,180 --> 00:31:28,310 The only way that you can get CP violation is if the difference in the rates is not equal to zero. 273 00:31:29,680 --> 00:31:34,690 Now that can only happen if you have two processes which contribute to these decays. 274 00:31:35,530 --> 00:31:40,120 So if we write down these amplitudes and these got two processes, 275 00:31:40,130 --> 00:31:48,310 so this is for the the matter and this is for the anti-matter, then those two processes have a real and imaginary part. 276 00:31:49,150 --> 00:31:57,430 And in here you've got the weak phase, which is part of the second matrix, and you've also got something which explains the strong interaction. 277 00:31:58,560 --> 00:32:01,469 So working out what the difference in rate is, given these amplitudes, 278 00:32:01,470 --> 00:32:08,730 you get a a formula that looks like this and you can only get CP violation if you've got more than one process. 279 00:32:08,770 --> 00:32:11,250 So if you wrote that down just for one process, it would be zero. 280 00:32:11,640 --> 00:32:18,300 You've got to have more than one process and they've got to interfere with different, weak and strong phases. 281 00:32:19,410 --> 00:32:25,080 So that's how you get a difference between matter and anti-matter in the standard model. 282 00:32:26,990 --> 00:32:31,010 So here's an example. This is CP violation in charge PD. 283 00:32:31,010 --> 00:32:37,220 KS and this is the theoretically the cleanest way that you can do it. 284 00:32:37,610 --> 00:32:49,639 You do it with what we call tree decays, where you've just got a line which radiates a W and here we've got B two decay and we've 285 00:32:49,640 --> 00:32:56,000 got two diagrams which contribute one which is favoured where we got a B quark that can go 286 00:32:56,000 --> 00:33:01,969 to a charm quark and one which is suppressed where you've got the B quark skipping a generation 287 00:33:01,970 --> 00:33:08,240 and going to an up quark and skipping the generation brings in a phase called Gamma, 288 00:33:08,630 --> 00:33:15,050 which is the CP phase in the C care matrix, which gives you the CP violation. 289 00:33:16,280 --> 00:33:23,000 Now, if you can reconstruct this in final states, which are identical, then you can start looking at the interference between the two. 290 00:33:23,450 --> 00:33:25,580 And so here you have the matter, 291 00:33:25,910 --> 00:33:35,059 looking at the reconstructed mass of the matter particle when it decays into a particular final state and the antimony particle when it decays into a 292 00:33:35,060 --> 00:33:40,190 particular final state and you can see the heights of these are different and 293 00:33:40,190 --> 00:33:45,590 that's a direct observation of CP violation and matter anti-matter asymmetries. 294 00:33:46,550 --> 00:33:50,120 But ultimately what we want to measure is actually the single gamma. 295 00:33:52,540 --> 00:33:55,510 So that was one example here. 296 00:33:55,660 --> 00:34:08,200 LCB have combined 19 different final states, 71 observables and 32 parameters in this current paper of measurement of combined measurement of gamma. 297 00:34:08,770 --> 00:34:16,060 And you can see that the gamma we measure is 72 degrees with an uncertainty of about seven degrees. 298 00:34:17,220 --> 00:34:23,490 I'm not sort of looking at the scale of new physics of about the five TV region. 299 00:34:24,690 --> 00:34:32,160 Now, if you take this picture of. This universe unitary triangle. 300 00:34:32,400 --> 00:34:35,610 You can see gamma here. That's a shade of brown shaded region. 301 00:34:35,910 --> 00:34:41,100 If I took that measurement away and used all the other measurements to predict what Gamma was, 302 00:34:41,700 --> 00:34:50,160 then you end up with gamma of 65 degrees with an uncertainty about one or three degrees. 303 00:34:51,030 --> 00:34:56,490 Now, any difference between these two would be a direct indication of new physics. 304 00:34:57,120 --> 00:35:03,359 So you can see we're not quite there yet to see a difference. The theoretical uncertainty in all this is incredibly small. 305 00:35:03,360 --> 00:35:11,970 It's ten to the minus two degrees. So with a few more years and getting these measurements down to the order of a degree or so, 306 00:35:12,480 --> 00:35:19,320 then we should be able to see where there's the difference between Measure Gamma in in three processes, 307 00:35:19,560 --> 00:35:24,360 sort of pure standard model processes and other processes which include quantum leaps. 308 00:35:26,160 --> 00:35:36,140 So that's an interesting thing to watch. Now that was charged BS. 309 00:35:37,730 --> 00:35:50,719 Can also look neutral beams, ons and neutral B metals have this special special thing that they actually up just pure quantum mechanics. 310 00:35:50,720 --> 00:35:55,520 I love love it because they just oscillate. They just change their flavour, they change from one to the other. 311 00:35:55,910 --> 00:36:04,850 So you produce a b0 and it will oscillate into a b0 ball through this this diagram here, this box box, loop diagram. 312 00:36:05,860 --> 00:36:12,940 And you can write down the the iron states, the physical iron states in terms of the flavour icon states like this. 313 00:36:13,690 --> 00:36:18,610 So this is just pure trading in equation. There's three main observables in this. 314 00:36:19,450 --> 00:36:25,450 One is the difference in the mass eigen sites or the physical eigen states and the difference in their widths. 315 00:36:26,050 --> 00:36:34,570 But also there's a third observable here, which is the phase difference between the off diagonal elements of the mass and the decay matrix. 316 00:36:34,990 --> 00:36:48,470 This sine 512 here and that's observable is a measure of the probability of a B mass on changing to a people metal compared to a B bar going to be. 317 00:36:48,490 --> 00:36:54,550 So it gives you a difference in matter and anti-matter oscillations, which is in turn CP violation. 318 00:36:56,570 --> 00:37:03,530 So this is the system and this is where you can see the oscillations over a decay time of four picoseconds. 319 00:37:03,860 --> 00:37:07,909 If you work out that distances a couple of centimetres, so a couple of centimetres, 320 00:37:07,910 --> 00:37:17,840 these things oscillate away like crazy with a bell trim, a difference in mass, a beep frequency, if you like, of 17 per picosecond. 321 00:37:18,590 --> 00:37:21,650 That's, that's pure, pure quantum mechanics. 322 00:37:23,480 --> 00:37:26,930 The other thing is you can see CP violation in this mixing. 323 00:37:27,440 --> 00:37:30,860 Now this is actually a plot which I took which is pre LHC. 324 00:37:31,700 --> 00:37:38,900 So before we even started and this is the measure of this third observable and there was great 325 00:37:39,110 --> 00:37:45,860 interest in this before the LHC started because the standard model predictions sat here at zero zero. 326 00:37:46,340 --> 00:37:54,440 And the measurements that were coming from Fermilab at the time were sort of indicating that it was a few sigma away from the standard model. 327 00:37:56,090 --> 00:38:01,520 This is where we are now. So here are the lessons from summer 2016. 328 00:38:02,390 --> 00:38:06,770 Here is the LHC beam measurement. Here are the Fermilab measurements. 329 00:38:07,160 --> 00:38:15,710 Well, something from the big factory here on the beat system. And this is the current world average, which agrees totally with the standard model. 330 00:38:16,690 --> 00:38:28,399 Oh, well, never mind. We went away. There's another one that was this is pre LHC again, which there was indications when you look at the phase here, 331 00:38:28,400 --> 00:38:32,330 which is the B's going to find a state called J sci fi. 332 00:38:32,330 --> 00:38:39,230 This phase is the phase in the decay but takes into account the mixing the mixing phase as well. 333 00:38:39,740 --> 00:38:45,170 And here there was an indication which wasn't very strong, but the few sigma that is the standard model. 334 00:38:45,170 --> 00:38:50,750 And the measurements were indicating that it was a couple of sigma away from the standard model. 335 00:38:51,320 --> 00:38:56,710 We now have we can now zoom in with all the data that we have into this little box. 336 00:38:57,200 --> 00:39:02,930 And this is the current situation where you can see standard multiple prediction 337 00:39:03,260 --> 00:39:09,500 for this phase against Delta Gamma and you can see the combined of LHC B, 338 00:39:10,010 --> 00:39:15,200 which is the Green Atlas and seems to see the zero is bang on the standard model. 339 00:39:16,070 --> 00:39:20,360 So unfortunately, that little anomaly went away as well. 340 00:39:21,990 --> 00:39:31,430 Okay. So it looks like we currently there are no, I think anomalies in the sort of CP violation mixing area in the system. 341 00:39:32,750 --> 00:39:38,180 However, when you get to the rabbis, then we have another picture which is kind of interesting. 342 00:39:38,180 --> 00:39:46,580 We're getting kind of interesting. So let me just tell you, my last 10 minutes about rabbi decays. 343 00:39:47,420 --> 00:39:54,260 Now, Rabbi decays are such because they involve bottom up going to a strange quiet transition. 344 00:39:54,260 --> 00:40:00,560 So be to transition and they're only allowed for via loop diagrams, quantum loop diagrams. 345 00:40:01,310 --> 00:40:09,470 So here's one, for example, for what we call the be going to view plus me minus and here we've got to be a B going to B plus, B minus. 346 00:40:09,770 --> 00:40:13,220 This one's called a penguin diagram because it looks like a penguin, obviously. 347 00:40:15,440 --> 00:40:24,200 So here you can see all of them have loops in them. And in the standard model you can write down in the model independently, if you like, 348 00:40:24,620 --> 00:40:31,190 sort of independent any new physics, an effective Hamiltonian which has constants. 349 00:40:31,330 --> 00:40:36,979 I've got the Fermi coupling constants and the sum matrix elements from the C can make tricks and you can 350 00:40:36,980 --> 00:40:43,760 write it down in terms of some operators and some coefficients which are called Wilson coefficients, 351 00:40:43,760 --> 00:40:47,810 which actually tell you about the short range interactions between the quarks. 352 00:40:50,160 --> 00:41:01,050 So first of all, to me, you know, this is a golden place to look for new physics because you've got a very, very rare process in the standard model. 353 00:41:01,770 --> 00:41:09,930 The branching fractions of the probability that best goes to me plus me minus the branch and fraction is 3.7 times ten to the minus nine. 354 00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:15,089 And for the big D, it's even it's even lower. So just to translate that, if you like, 355 00:41:15,090 --> 00:41:27,670 you would expect the B's to decay into two new ones once every 3.7 billion decays or one every 2 trillion proton proton collisions at the LHC. 356 00:41:27,780 --> 00:41:31,020 It really is the canonical, you know, needle in a haystack, this one. 357 00:41:32,140 --> 00:41:38,920 However, the standard only you can predict this extremely precisely so beyond the standard 358 00:41:38,920 --> 00:41:44,309 model processes can actually cause a measurable effect to the decay rate. 359 00:41:44,310 --> 00:41:50,440 And here are some. Beyond the standard model processes, you can see this x whatever it is, whether it's charge or neutral, 360 00:41:50,710 --> 00:41:55,570 could bring a change to the the the branching ratio, punching fraction. 361 00:41:57,230 --> 00:42:03,850 So after 30 years, we've been looking for peace to me, maybe to me, me. 362 00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:10,070 And then I look back and see them as actually combined forces with all of their data, 363 00:42:11,060 --> 00:42:14,450 both of them individually cross the Four Sigma significance line. 364 00:42:15,140 --> 00:42:22,520 But when they combined, we found that we had combined results to give us a greater than Six Sigma discovery of the best to me, 365 00:42:22,520 --> 00:42:27,590 plus B minus and a greater than three sigma for the BD to me plus minus. 366 00:42:28,280 --> 00:42:34,909 And unfortunately, if it was a couple of weeks, if I was giving this seminar in a couple of weeks time, there would be an update on this. 367 00:42:34,910 --> 00:42:37,640 So keep your eyes and ears open. It would be a nice result. 368 00:42:39,460 --> 00:42:52,170 But this resort in itself, just measuring the branching fractions for bass and being t really does sort of constrain any new physics phase space. 369 00:42:52,180 --> 00:42:58,030 So this is a picture of various supersymmetric models is the standard model. 370 00:42:58,600 --> 00:43:08,260 And if you include those results, then you're sort of looking now down into a box where B on the standard model in supersymmetry might lie. 371 00:43:09,280 --> 00:43:12,980 Of course, there is kind of a way to do things to to change things. 372 00:43:13,090 --> 00:43:19,300 The picture, I guess. Now, let me tell you a little bit about the other rare decay that I was mentioning, 373 00:43:19,780 --> 00:43:29,580 and that is the B to S transition where you've got an L plus minus and the S is contained within a K on or K star. 374 00:43:30,850 --> 00:43:34,690 So it's another powerful approach to to look for new physics. 375 00:43:35,170 --> 00:43:39,930 There's many observables here. An experiment is a very nice thing to look for. 376 00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:43,210 Clean, easy to pick out two leptons on the scale. 377 00:43:44,470 --> 00:43:52,600 And it's also got very keen theoretical predictions, especially at low Q squared is the very mass of the 2 million square. 378 00:43:53,960 --> 00:44:01,640 Now what we're finding here is, first of all, when we look at these processes, the decay rates just seem to be a little bit lower than expected. 379 00:44:02,810 --> 00:44:07,250 We also measure the forward, backward asymmetry. This is a picture of the forward backward asymmetry. 380 00:44:07,640 --> 00:44:11,330 And you can see this is the theoretical prediction and this is the data. 381 00:44:11,870 --> 00:44:18,800 This sort of defines the forward and backward just depends on the orientation of the of the leptons with respect to the scale. 382 00:44:20,250 --> 00:44:28,049 That seems to be slightly different. If you do a global analysis of all the angular observables. 383 00:44:28,050 --> 00:44:34,800 And here's another one, which is anybody in the business will will probably not know what it is, 384 00:44:35,130 --> 00:44:37,800 but it's one of the angular observables everybody always talks about. 385 00:44:38,640 --> 00:44:44,130 You can see that there is a difference between what you measure and what you predict. 386 00:44:44,970 --> 00:44:51,180 And then also there's another bit of information that comes in where you're looking at Lepton universality. 387 00:44:51,600 --> 00:45:01,650 So you're looking at a difference between the decay rate of A B plus going to K plus new plus B minus and a B plus going to K plus E plus E minus. 388 00:45:01,950 --> 00:45:06,750 And in the standard model, that ratio, this thing we call our K should be one. 389 00:45:07,350 --> 00:45:12,390 But you can see the measurement here is significantly less than one at 2.6 sigma. 390 00:45:13,560 --> 00:45:19,890 So there's lots of sort of intriguing anomalies which are coming into the Baby Reddy case. 391 00:45:21,340 --> 00:45:24,270 And so how can you interpret this in any way? 392 00:45:25,500 --> 00:45:34,320 Well, one thing you can do, one thing these people have done is to allow for some new physics in the global fits to the data. 393 00:45:34,830 --> 00:45:39,959 So these coefficients I was talking about with Wilson coefficients, you can just say, okay, 394 00:45:39,960 --> 00:45:45,570 I've got a standard model bit and then I've also got a new physics bit on top of that as well. 395 00:45:46,830 --> 00:45:52,230 So these are two of the coefficients that the coefficients that the most interesting if you like. 396 00:45:53,190 --> 00:45:58,110 Here's the standard model prediction. Here is where all the data is putting its constraints. 397 00:45:58,590 --> 00:46:06,659 And you can see that it's sort of sitting away from the standard model prediction and consistent with this Wilson coefficient, 398 00:46:06,660 --> 00:46:09,990 the c91 being about minus minus one. 399 00:46:11,250 --> 00:46:15,120 So can we interpret that in any way? Well, of course we can. 400 00:46:16,140 --> 00:46:18,120 We can cut it in two ways, if you like. 401 00:46:18,840 --> 00:46:29,370 First of all, if you were to allow a new vector on a Z prime that has the effect in the Z prime would look something like this. 402 00:46:29,370 --> 00:46:34,800 It would couple to the the o'clock be two S and you get the B plus B minus one Z prime. 403 00:46:35,820 --> 00:46:45,120 That would have the effect of just changing the oh nine operator so it would change this Wilson coefficient this C nine and it would shift it to here. 404 00:46:46,190 --> 00:46:53,000 So indirectly, there may be a little bit of indirect evidence for Z Prime. 405 00:46:53,330 --> 00:46:58,670 But of course, we would need to see it directly. It would be fantastic. 406 00:46:59,540 --> 00:47:03,110 Maybe it's out of the reach of the LHC. I don't know. 407 00:47:03,870 --> 00:47:10,930 It depends what its masses. Alternatively a laptop quark. 408 00:47:11,530 --> 00:47:14,800 So this is something which couples two quarks and leptons. 409 00:47:15,910 --> 00:47:23,800 It would contribute equally to the two operators nine and ten contribute. 410 00:47:23,920 --> 00:47:27,190 So you can see here, that's where the prediction would lie. 411 00:47:27,910 --> 00:47:36,520 And if that was the case, if electro quark exists, it would naturally expect you would naturally expect to find flavour of Lepton flavour violation. 412 00:47:36,880 --> 00:47:44,320 So you need to start looking for decays like B plus going to K plus E plus new minus, which clearly we are we are doing. 413 00:47:45,800 --> 00:47:50,130 Anyway. So there's a interpretation of those results that I showed. 414 00:47:50,150 --> 00:47:53,389 But of course, every result has only a couple of sigma. 415 00:47:53,390 --> 00:48:00,130 And as we know from the experience with the CP violation and mixing, quite often a couple of signals go away. 416 00:48:00,140 --> 00:48:06,950 So there's a reason that we wait until things are five or Six Sigma before claiming discoveries. 417 00:48:08,070 --> 00:48:14,550 I know it's the indirect approach of looking, putting your feet in the water to see if there's any new physics outside that. 418 00:48:18,880 --> 00:48:22,300 So just one word on the future for HCB. 419 00:48:23,020 --> 00:48:30,130 This is where a lot of activity is going on now. Run one and run two well underway. 420 00:48:30,790 --> 00:48:34,960 We'd expect to get 18% to bonds by the end of run, too. 421 00:48:35,680 --> 00:48:39,670 So continue the analysis. Lots of results in the pipeline. 422 00:48:40,480 --> 00:48:47,410 We'll update key measurements and get improved precision and push things as far as we can on all aspects of HCB. 423 00:48:49,030 --> 00:48:57,400 The mid-term plan is to upgrade for run three, so run three, we get 25 infrastructure ball. 424 00:48:58,240 --> 00:49:02,590 This is something we were working on very hard right now. It's all been approved and it's happening. 425 00:49:03,100 --> 00:49:08,080 And what we're going to do there is actually replace basically the whole of the redoubtable ACP, 426 00:49:08,770 --> 00:49:11,950 which is because it's limited to one megahertz readout. 427 00:49:12,250 --> 00:49:15,590 We want to read it out of 40 megahertz, which is the crossing rate, 428 00:49:15,640 --> 00:49:27,670 the LHC excellent physics case to to for this to improve the precision an ever increasing broader program of the the experiment and so on. 429 00:49:27,920 --> 00:49:32,920 And this is all going to happen in the the shutdown of 2018 to 20. 430 00:49:33,880 --> 00:49:37,000 Now, I haven't got time to go through exactly what we're going to change, 431 00:49:37,000 --> 00:49:45,550 but basically we're changing majority of electronics and some detector components in order to go for this full 40 mega megahertz readout. 432 00:49:47,230 --> 00:49:50,260 And then fifth, further future. 433 00:49:50,980 --> 00:49:59,990 So more mid term plan is to do a little bit more upgrading for a run for where we should have 50 infrastructure bonds. 434 00:50:00,580 --> 00:50:11,740 So that plan is to consolidate and enhance our current upgraded experiment when it's upgraded to improve the tracking acceptance 435 00:50:12,070 --> 00:50:20,770 for low momentum particles and some replacement of some electromagnetic calorimeter to improve resolutions and so on. 436 00:50:21,520 --> 00:50:26,589 And then the longer term plan, which is very, very interesting at the moment, 437 00:50:26,590 --> 00:50:31,450 lots of discussions going on, what we can do in the fall future for the high luminosity LHC. 438 00:50:31,840 --> 00:50:41,680 Lots going on in Oxford here for the upgrade to the phase two which will come in at five with the target of creating three 300 universe bombs. 439 00:50:42,130 --> 00:50:50,120 So we're currently discussing the feasibility of this major upgrade is challenging because you're going to get thousand 50 events per interaction. 440 00:50:50,590 --> 00:50:56,079 So now we got to look at whether we can use timing information in both our rich detectors, 441 00:50:56,080 --> 00:51:01,120 our particle identity detectors, and also our payload detector in some way. 442 00:51:01,660 --> 00:51:02,920 But it's very compelling. 443 00:51:02,920 --> 00:51:11,320 We haven't reached the theoretical limit, if you like, of of how you can measure all the parameters observable in this field. 444 00:51:11,740 --> 00:51:19,000 And once again, it's a very broad physics program. So this will, if this goes ahead, will take us all the way up to the end of the LHC. 445 00:51:20,380 --> 00:51:24,610 And you see things like this. This is some of the physics I've discussed today. 446 00:51:25,300 --> 00:51:30,970 The the uncertainty on those is just going to go rocket down where we do really get to the 447 00:51:30,970 --> 00:51:38,830 precision that hopefully we might start finding new physics and significant discoveries. 448 00:51:40,430 --> 00:51:48,110 So just to summarise, historically in particle physics, new physics actually first shown up in this sort of indirect method. 449 00:51:48,620 --> 00:51:55,250 If you look at beech decay, the mechanism I've discussed that CP violation, the discovery of the top actually was an. 450 00:51:55,640 --> 00:51:58,880 We knew the mass of the top before it was discovered directly. 451 00:51:59,810 --> 00:52:03,980 We knew that from from the from the said the Higgs. 452 00:52:03,980 --> 00:52:07,340 We had an indication of what the mass of the Higgs was before it was discovered. 453 00:52:07,370 --> 00:52:11,570 So, you know, historically a lot happens in these indirect processes. 454 00:52:12,110 --> 00:52:15,710 LHC B and flow physics really are at this precision frontier. 455 00:52:16,490 --> 00:52:20,630 So hopefully history will repeat itself again very soon. 456 00:52:20,840 --> 00:52:22,370 Thank you. I'll stop there.