1 00:00:00,970 --> 00:00:06,960 Okay. Good morning. Hi, Kelly. It's been a pleasure meeting some of you already at conferences. 2 00:00:06,970 --> 00:00:10,180 I look forward to meeting you one again for coffee and at lunch. 3 00:00:11,710 --> 00:00:18,310 I'd like to carry on from Jane to stop. And so James talked to you about Tesco sales. 4 00:00:20,260 --> 00:00:27,220 I want to talk to you about closing sales. And in particular, there's one thing I'd like to convey, 5 00:00:27,670 --> 00:00:38,010 which is question of what is a possible what to have the rights to resist is a possible how do you strike? 6 00:00:38,180 --> 00:00:47,290 Also, if income tax I chose to say at the beginning that my general preference is for interactive talks. 7 00:00:47,530 --> 00:00:50,620 There would certainly be question introduction to all questions. 8 00:00:50,620 --> 00:00:54,219 At the end. I would encourage you the usual to ask it in between. 9 00:00:54,220 --> 00:00:56,890 Just interrupt me. Sit your hand up and ask. 10 00:01:00,850 --> 00:01:12,130 So it's like I say, I first of all, once describe how you go from classical fields to giant strides to hospitals. 11 00:01:13,840 --> 00:01:22,130 So the story is going to be by decomposed fields in two sizes and then focus on the logical selectors to counterpoint. 12 00:01:22,390 --> 00:01:27,880 Just once I say it's not a pleasant place. 13 00:01:28,390 --> 00:01:31,430 I don't want to discuss the status of the fields. 14 00:01:32,200 --> 00:01:42,800 And so I discussed vacuum, which is much more interesting than the vacuum of classical fields and the expectations fields. 15 00:01:42,870 --> 00:01:47,019 I finally decided this debate about it's rational, 16 00:01:47,020 --> 00:01:53,800 so let's just explain the postulates and then we're going to explain what interactions between particles. 17 00:01:57,120 --> 00:02:01,500 So this is a total fails. It's also a choke hold. 18 00:02:02,070 --> 00:02:06,090 Some subjects. It's a talk on public places. 19 00:02:07,080 --> 00:02:15,600 And in this I am in very good company for a very distinguished and all that because this set the career of a young professional 20 00:02:15,600 --> 00:02:21,540 business consists of treating the public oscillator in ever increasing levels of abstraction with the confidence. 21 00:02:22,590 --> 00:02:28,440 So this is going to be a talk all the latest long ago takes us to the pendulum. 22 00:02:29,040 --> 00:02:35,790 But the small change oscillations or the pendulum and Haskell transform lots of 23 00:02:35,790 --> 00:02:42,510 classical theory lots of the very hopefully just produces to physics of all sizes. 24 00:02:44,310 --> 00:02:53,430 So since I want to go status also host I wanted to start by just reviewing the basics of the classical colonial science. 25 00:02:55,350 --> 00:03:03,440 The simple, of course, later is what he calls the most important system in physics has a kinetic energy James 26 00:03:03,870 --> 00:03:10,230 call settings or squares and a potential energy half including the squared x squared. 27 00:03:10,890 --> 00:03:15,900 Here omega is the angular frequency of the oscillations. 28 00:03:18,530 --> 00:03:23,419 It's customary questions, emotions and makes a lot more modest. 29 00:03:23,420 --> 00:03:28,430 And I would describe x and these classical equations. 30 00:03:28,430 --> 00:03:32,900 The motion also spike oscillating solutions. But what's interest solutions? 31 00:03:33,350 --> 00:03:43,100 A course I'm going to see the side a is the amplitude and classically the amplitude I can take any value and the larger I is, 32 00:03:43,190 --> 00:03:54,810 the more energy the offsets has. Using the more sophisticated language of classical mechanics. 33 00:03:55,950 --> 00:03:58,740 There is an accordion Hamiltonian for the whole sector. 34 00:03:59,010 --> 00:04:10,380 The project describes is the kinetic energy protection energy and the Hamiltonian right because it looks I must use it. 35 00:04:10,830 --> 00:04:15,480 This is gives a more direct connection to composition. 36 00:04:16,070 --> 00:04:21,060 It is something that the total energy piece greater to end forces off and omega squared. 37 00:04:21,510 --> 00:04:27,639 Excellent. So how many sources? 38 00:04:27,640 --> 00:04:34,660 I've reviewed clinical sites up unable to build the link between classical fields and harmonic oscillators, 39 00:04:35,620 --> 00:04:38,920 and then that some of those chips get quantum fields. 40 00:04:38,930 --> 00:04:47,930 And I just. Joins us to talk about this. 41 00:04:49,730 --> 00:05:02,390 I want to expand abstracts to those other points from Jeff from James talk of okay, so we see no idea where Haskell fails. 42 00:05:02,720 --> 00:05:06,320 Haskell deals his values at all points in space and time. 43 00:05:09,230 --> 00:05:19,430 Examples of these are the electromagnetic spectrum potential UV and the gravitational potential field for both of these potentials. 44 00:05:19,880 --> 00:05:26,240 From the best potential, you could drive the electric fields from the gravitational potential. 45 00:05:26,240 --> 00:05:33,250 By taking the grating surveys, you can you can derive the the actual gravitational field. 46 00:05:40,440 --> 00:05:47,640 These equations for these tables have have a very simple kind of classical vacuum solution, which is magnetism. 47 00:05:47,850 --> 00:05:55,470 So if the electron is exponential, the simple case, the vacuum solution that's essential is zero everywhere. 48 00:05:56,400 --> 00:06:00,620 No electric fields, no next fails, nothing propagation, no particles. 49 00:06:00,630 --> 00:06:04,380 All of this is the same as possible classical solution. 50 00:06:04,560 --> 00:06:15,090 And it's very boring. And these fields, the electromagnetic field potential, the gravitation potential, both satisfy the wave equation sources. 51 00:06:16,620 --> 00:06:22,290 The way of equation is that translation that describes the configurations of fields. 52 00:06:22,740 --> 00:06:29,250 I describe it as describes propagation waves of sexual waves. 53 00:06:30,090 --> 00:06:33,560 But this is the dynamics of classical, of the classical. 54 00:06:33,900 --> 00:06:44,690 That's magnetism or the gravitational spectrum. What's the significance of this? 55 00:06:45,630 --> 00:06:50,660 Okay. So if you say some fields after they sit by falling here, so to speak, 56 00:06:50,660 --> 00:06:56,630 we will be this is the next magnetic potential, for example, by just these type of a general fields. 57 00:06:57,020 --> 00:07:05,899 So you have some fields fully satisfies the question, then what does that tell us? 58 00:07:05,900 --> 00:07:09,050 How so what the kind of solution for this? 59 00:07:11,200 --> 00:07:20,600 So the. This is a linear regression, so we're going to be able to decompose it into some of those. 60 00:07:21,080 --> 00:07:31,580 So let's just focus on one loaf of salt. So one note of this operation is you can right click it t easily. 61 00:07:31,580 --> 00:07:37,610 I can do x. So hey k is the way number four actually the momentum of this note. 62 00:07:37,760 --> 00:07:44,540 So all this is describing is a load of this field that's propagating with the direction table, the message type. 63 00:07:44,990 --> 00:07:49,130 And this note is so meant to locate. 64 00:07:52,140 --> 00:07:58,950 This is a single low sales. The most is apertures and equations of motion for this planet. 65 00:07:59,100 --> 00:08:08,270 To reduce this as a function of all space and time, just signal the motive, the absolute largest single time and the equation. 66 00:08:08,280 --> 00:08:12,810 This note reduces to the public sector equation. 67 00:08:14,920 --> 00:08:23,860 I substitute into the white question and this is the official version for a holiday cost later with such frequency. 68 00:08:23,950 --> 00:08:29,700 See? So what's the significance of this? 69 00:08:29,910 --> 00:08:34,380 The significance of this is you look at the classical fields, 70 00:08:34,890 --> 00:08:42,770 what equation you take one of these moves most this virus is destroyed by the local state. 71 00:08:43,000 --> 00:08:48,780 The question. Because this is a linear equation. 72 00:08:50,340 --> 00:08:58,770 This means that we can get the general solution to it by decomposing the thought fields as the sum of all possible buckets. 73 00:09:00,900 --> 00:09:07,590 So this is essentially a theoretical position, right, for solution as a linear combination of all the individual lives. 74 00:09:09,420 --> 00:09:19,470 And because we could do this decomposition, this means that the dynamics of the fulfils reduces to the dynamics of all the individual lives. 75 00:09:21,660 --> 00:09:31,260 And we can really see that each individual load satisfies the local sex characteristics. 76 00:09:38,380 --> 00:09:50,080 What's the importance of this mossy thing we take the thing we take away from this is that if you have a continuous capital fails, 77 00:09:50,620 --> 00:09:58,630 the dynamics of the continuous classical fails is the dynamics of an infinite number of classical political crises. 78 00:10:00,430 --> 00:10:05,170 You can say we're trying to think about how this thing behaves, how this thing evolves. 79 00:10:05,620 --> 00:10:10,179 You can, instead of thinking it just feels effective, more productive. 80 00:10:10,180 --> 00:10:14,380 Think of it as an infinite number of classical point points. 81 00:10:17,190 --> 00:10:22,190 And this point is also subject to re-emphasise it. 82 00:10:22,620 --> 00:10:27,930 The dynamics of continuous classical fields is the dynamics of infinite number of possible expenses. 83 00:10:29,160 --> 00:10:35,920 So, for example, with your in this community, we thank you for breaking sounds, lots of electromagnetic waves here. 84 00:10:35,920 --> 00:10:38,950 You've got electronics quite propagating along here. 85 00:10:39,940 --> 00:10:45,450 Let's get latest on electric feels this way. 86 00:10:45,660 --> 00:10:54,120 I mean, yes, feels addicted to it. And if you look at objects of ease, you can see that lovely and sinusoidal down, up and down. 87 00:10:54,120 --> 00:10:58,890 So these are precisely what you get for all of the decisions of the polymers. 88 00:11:01,500 --> 00:11:10,710 So the dynamics of the fields reduces to the homologous oscillators, the explosive harmonic oscillator and goals. 89 00:11:12,270 --> 00:11:20,850 You have these sites of like, let's build them in the transverse direction because this is an electron in this way. 90 00:11:21,510 --> 00:11:29,850 This describes one polarisation of the life. There's another polarisation where somebody is in this direction and the makes this direction. 91 00:11:30,250 --> 00:11:34,890 There's an electric field in this direction. In this direction. 92 00:11:38,520 --> 00:11:44,520 So having reduced classical fields to an infinite number of oscillators. 93 00:11:44,850 --> 00:11:49,020 To understand, it got seven quantum treatments of magnetism. 94 00:11:49,200 --> 00:11:54,840 For example, we want to be able to go from classical fields in classical Hellenic oscillators to quantum fields. 95 00:11:55,050 --> 00:12:00,930 What's normal science? Let me just pause. Two questions now for before I make a position. 96 00:12:03,700 --> 00:12:09,470 Yes. Got sick the polarisation as well as our position of the two extreme positions. 97 00:12:09,490 --> 00:12:22,230 It's a. So we're going to now move to concentrate on the post-colonial stages. 98 00:12:22,710 --> 00:12:29,520 So let's just go back to the hotel sector. The only place up has a gradation to minus you. 99 00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:37,829 Hamiltonian 68 plus for the patient version x doubles up as minus omega squared 100 00:12:37,830 --> 00:12:43,770 x and it's got plus play and also oscillating solution like right now a 101 00:12:44,430 --> 00:12:50,610 classically A's continuous and the larger is more energy of your states as 102 00:12:51,270 --> 00:12:57,810 they can take any value and the energy harmonic oscillator as I mentioned so. 103 00:13:01,530 --> 00:13:08,280 Now the world is not has helped. The world is quantum all the through laws of nature. 104 00:13:08,280 --> 00:13:12,630 Of course, the laws of nature in that classical physics symmetry. 105 00:13:12,810 --> 00:13:23,070 So yeah, the truth is an approximation. So what we should be thinking of instead of the cosmological states goes into the quantum. 106 00:13:23,070 --> 00:13:34,800 Political nature is by finding basic systems of quantum mechanics, and the quantum is just characterised by its discrete tensions. 107 00:13:34,890 --> 00:13:40,860 So because of the multiple states as a section of the cosmological states, there is this the puzzle. 108 00:13:41,090 --> 00:13:49,230 And now strength is a greater state of an inch, half a smaller and bigger first size of the states and three hall effects for America. 109 00:13:49,650 --> 00:13:58,170 Well, I think for him, get set in context. All right. We got each energy level moves up by a quantum of a smaller omega. 110 00:13:58,890 --> 00:14:02,370 That all is necessarily involved because this is supposed to be nice. 111 00:14:04,020 --> 00:14:08,549 And this also the lowest possible level. 112 00:14:08,550 --> 00:14:14,580 The grass level has a nonzero and she has a nonzero energy of one of H four. 113 00:14:17,070 --> 00:14:21,780 So notice is all this is different from the classical system in the classical system 114 00:14:23,160 --> 00:14:31,290 where you all states in solution that I respect which has the energy I have no any value. 115 00:14:31,860 --> 00:14:35,340 So the ancients I think call them and she's all distressed. 116 00:14:39,750 --> 00:14:43,409 Okay. So what's the post picture saying? 117 00:14:43,410 --> 00:14:49,560 Of course, politics. That's just part grass energy, climate change. 118 00:14:49,920 --> 00:14:54,570 And then all the subsequent levels go up by a factor of 85. 119 00:14:58,070 --> 00:15:01,700 So they're all well to report what's in there. 120 00:15:01,700 --> 00:15:07,100 The banking states, the ground state, which is a zero point energy of one half h bar omega. 121 00:15:08,480 --> 00:15:17,780 So there's always an energy even in the back. And then they're also excited states the ethics of the states has an influx of I farming. 122 00:15:25,360 --> 00:15:29,410 So this is what this individual calls points to looks like. 123 00:15:36,350 --> 00:15:41,390 What we said earlier was this feels decomposition phenomenological scientist. 124 00:15:42,320 --> 00:15:47,420 So most things said about one of them, Michael Slater, thinking about lots of sketches. 125 00:15:49,220 --> 00:15:59,660 So if we have lots of oscillators, then give us your spectrum of quantum system just to the ends up in each oscillator. 126 00:16:00,890 --> 00:16:04,730 So if you go in only like this, then the overall energy, 127 00:16:05,300 --> 00:16:09,320 there's always a crash site where you add up the energies of each of the individual ground space. 128 00:16:09,680 --> 00:16:11,930 So the ground state system and oscillators. 129 00:16:12,350 --> 00:16:18,740 So some of the ground sites each of engineers attention, potentially each oscillator and each oscillates can also be excitation. 130 00:16:21,910 --> 00:16:25,720 Yes. You can pull sacred sites at your place inside. No place excited. 131 00:16:28,130 --> 00:16:37,760 Lots of excitations, a lot of expectation for each oscillator for energy, AGL, energies of each individual place. 132 00:16:39,620 --> 00:16:46,160 And there's also there's always a Graham site energy from the some of the greatest energy of each of those. 133 00:16:55,010 --> 00:16:59,120 Without a position in a position to say what a quantum field is. 134 00:17:00,260 --> 00:17:01,430 So a capital fails. 135 00:17:02,690 --> 00:17:12,140 Plus, the field decomposes in dreams, the number of classical canonical oscillators each associated to a characteristic wave of momentum and a phrase. 136 00:17:14,110 --> 00:17:20,799 A continuous quantum fails that we want to promote the classical helical slide just quantum holding 137 00:17:20,800 --> 00:17:29,770 oscillate just so continuous quantum fields decomposes to an infinite number of quantum global slices each. 138 00:17:29,770 --> 00:17:41,349 So thanks to a particular right number, it frees. So if you say in quantum mechanics, well, this quantum field, which is still very well sensical, 139 00:17:41,350 --> 00:17:46,630 still theory states of an infinite number of quantum particles. 140 00:17:49,480 --> 00:17:51,310 So these states, all the ground states for nothing. 141 00:17:51,490 --> 00:17:58,840 So I take this back to you states and sorry to the states, but there is of these little slices of extensions. 142 00:18:02,470 --> 00:18:06,940 There's one point I just want to mention here, Mrs. Sykes. 143 00:18:07,150 --> 00:18:16,750 This is a soy comic, but I just want to kind of say it is that the answers tabulate is more concrete of the thing so infinite. 144 00:18:16,800 --> 00:18:22,330 And generally you think in physics that you do a calculation and you get to infinity, 145 00:18:22,870 --> 00:18:27,870 something is probably go wrong or you should be suspicious of what you get. 146 00:18:28,510 --> 00:18:35,320 So the reason you have an infinite number of little sites here, so this is precisely tied to the word continuous. 147 00:18:35,640 --> 00:18:42,940 Okay. So this is if you assume that your fields has all pre-draft granularity that 148 00:18:42,940 --> 00:18:47,300 you could you could just description works down to distances all true small. 149 00:18:48,110 --> 00:18:52,270 Then what you end up getting is you get this infinite number of points. 150 00:18:53,890 --> 00:19:03,850 Now if you think that probably at some level this language of quantum field theory will break down because maybe you will get vaccinated. 151 00:19:03,850 --> 00:19:09,490 I something up some help that there's some sufficient small scale. 152 00:19:10,090 --> 00:19:15,159 This language of quantum field theory is going to break that the continuous break here and the 153 00:19:15,160 --> 00:19:20,979 continuous and the infinite break and infinite replace replaced by a number which is very, 154 00:19:20,980 --> 00:19:25,000 very, very large but is still finite and a little level. 155 00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:29,650 That is all the difference in the world between something that is large, fully nice and something is actually. 156 00:19:35,340 --> 00:19:40,400 Okay. So this is then what a course of bills is. 157 00:19:41,160 --> 00:19:47,850 It's an infinite number of possibilities. Next, I want to discuss the stakes of this theory. 158 00:19:48,360 --> 00:19:53,190 So you choose to discuss the vacuum space where nothing is excited and excites the sights. 159 00:19:53,770 --> 00:19:59,270 Again, much like a false economic conflict, questions is asked for. 160 00:20:02,310 --> 00:20:10,140 You know, is there any concept of a sort of a containment box able to see this field that they all of, you know, space time, as it were? 161 00:20:11,280 --> 00:20:15,629 So here we think that this pervades all the space forms. It is something like electromagnetic fields. 162 00:20:15,630 --> 00:20:17,490 We think electromagnetism applies everywhere. 163 00:20:20,890 --> 00:20:30,190 Get that confused by the concept of how many places, each with its own medium, vast energy supply, infinite energy has. 164 00:20:30,640 --> 00:20:35,410 That's really the question. I loved coming to them for three or four, so I slept through it somewhere. 165 00:20:40,490 --> 00:20:49,830 Okay. So now talk about the sex. So the first synthesiser, if you like, is the is the vacuum space. 166 00:20:49,890 --> 00:20:54,330 So the vacuum site, all these articles, scientists are in their reticence. 167 00:20:54,780 --> 00:21:02,050 Now, I would like states, George. I have got an infinite number of books, lectures in this will be able businesses. 168 00:21:02,340 --> 00:21:10,260 So I set out to document 600 sites in the mines you can promote to 60 but so here. 169 00:21:11,340 --> 00:21:14,730 Yeah. So this is lightweight is what it looks like to me. 170 00:21:15,290 --> 00:21:19,590 One, two, three, four, five, six, six. 171 00:21:21,390 --> 00:21:25,560 And this is and each of these I to go sites through the graph sites here you see the end 172 00:21:25,560 --> 00:21:32,670 channels a little behind those oscillators going up and this is the conceptual direction back. 173 00:21:33,570 --> 00:21:38,550 All oscillators are in their graph size. There are no ball skills anywhere. 174 00:21:39,630 --> 00:21:43,200 This is the quantum analogue of the classical thing. 175 00:21:43,290 --> 00:21:46,740 Just eight to equals zero. Midfield zero. 176 00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:55,390 However, however, the quantum vacuum is a lot more interesting than the explanation. 177 00:21:56,510 --> 00:22:01,060 And the reason the call of action is much more interesting. Classical vacuum is the because of zero. 178 00:22:03,720 --> 00:22:09,340 Okay. So as has already been alluded to, the serious energy situation. 179 00:22:11,030 --> 00:22:14,470 I think what's going on is there's two questions. 180 00:22:14,590 --> 00:22:19,240 First of all, is the zero four energy physical jersey? 181 00:22:19,660 --> 00:22:27,880 Yes. And the second answer is, if it's difficult, why it's you said that you should push a halt. 182 00:22:28,630 --> 00:22:31,540 Okay. The first question is the zero point energy physical. 183 00:22:32,590 --> 00:22:37,750 So this is decisively altered in the affirmative by something called the Casimir Effect or the test. 184 00:22:39,340 --> 00:22:50,830 So what is this? Well, if you place two perpendicular metal plates back into it, just you just cut it down yet again. 185 00:22:51,380 --> 00:23:00,310 You don't put anything between it. So let's say just focusing one does one by here, one doesn't apply here. 186 00:23:01,270 --> 00:23:04,660 And so classically what happened? Classically like.