1 00:00:00,480 --> 00:00:09,000 Good afternoon, everyone. So, so welcome to this week's Physics Colloquium. 2 00:00:09,960 --> 00:00:13,050 Now, this colloquium is slightly special in time, 3 00:00:13,410 --> 00:00:20,880 as it's the closest major event that we have to the 10th anniversary of the commencement of the John Adams Institute. 4 00:00:21,500 --> 00:00:29,870 But the John Adams Institute was originally founded in 2004 to to to accelerate the science. 5 00:00:29,880 --> 00:00:35,580 And it was a joint joint escapade with Royal Holloway College and was supported by what was at that 6 00:00:35,580 --> 00:00:41,550 time people as part of a major initiative to build up accelerated science in the United Kingdom, 7 00:00:41,790 --> 00:00:47,220 which I think it's fair to say it sort of lapsed somewhat in in the previous couple of couple of decades. 8 00:00:47,700 --> 00:00:51,989 So one I think one of the great signs of the success of the John Adams Institute, 9 00:00:51,990 --> 00:00:57,660 which I like to point out from time to time, is that many years later, Imperial College decided they'd like to join. 10 00:00:58,020 --> 00:01:01,559 So I think that's that's a good sign that we were doing the right thing. 11 00:01:01,560 --> 00:01:08,910 So Imperial. So Imperial College, Royal Holloway and Oxford are now like the members of the John Adams Institute. 12 00:01:09,750 --> 00:01:15,630 Our speaker today is Andre. Sir Sir Andre is the second director of the John Adams Institute. 13 00:01:16,560 --> 00:01:20,460 It was originally set up by Ken Peach, who is well known to so many of us. 14 00:01:20,880 --> 00:01:30,090 Andre joined us in 2010 cans Ken's retirement and has has a distinguished career in 15 00:01:30,090 --> 00:01:34,950 accelerated science previous places as he was at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre. 16 00:01:36,360 --> 00:01:45,360 And so he has over the past few years taken over the leadership of the of the John Adams Institute and all the various things that go on, go on there. 17 00:01:45,360 --> 00:01:48,660 So it's a great pleasure to have him here to talk to us today. 18 00:01:50,040 --> 00:01:54,210 His topic, I think, is deliberately chosen to be fairly alluring. 19 00:01:55,050 --> 00:02:00,990 So without further ado, I'm going to hand over to Andre is going to talk to us about science and the arts of inventiveness. 20 00:02:01,710 --> 00:02:05,580 Thank you. Thank you, John. Indeed, colleagues, it's really a pleasure. 21 00:02:05,880 --> 00:02:11,520 My pleasure to open this sequence of colloquium this year. 22 00:02:11,850 --> 00:02:18,900 And as John John described as the occasion of our 10th anniversary of John Adams Institute, 23 00:02:19,680 --> 00:02:29,579 the topic is only slightly connected to the what John Adams Institute is doing, but it is connected very well with John Adams himself. 24 00:02:29,580 --> 00:02:38,910 As I will show through this various inventiveness, arts of inventiveness, which I will describe is way to lower the lights slightly, a little bit. 25 00:02:39,280 --> 00:02:42,450 And that's it if the I'll talk. 26 00:02:42,930 --> 00:02:50,879 So indeed, in 2000, 2004, in October, our stars aligned very well for John Adams. 27 00:02:50,880 --> 00:02:55,620 This is Scorpio and thunderous and events. 28 00:02:55,620 --> 00:03:07,740 Indeed, sequence of event led us to establishment of the Anatomy Institute and remarkable event happened just almost exactly ten years ago. 29 00:03:08,280 --> 00:03:11,880 Plus minus one day on 25th of October 2004. 30 00:03:12,210 --> 00:03:15,420 That was inauguration event for John Adams Institute. 31 00:03:16,140 --> 00:03:22,800 When Professor Brian Foster announced that Accelerator Centre, 32 00:03:23,650 --> 00:03:30,840 Royal Holloway and Oxford Accelerator Centre will now carry the name of John Adams John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science. 33 00:03:31,170 --> 00:03:35,850 And there was open inauguration lecture given by that time. 34 00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:45,059 Assistant Associate Director of Jefferson Laboratory Professor Chapin Sheppard today, who then became a Director of the Institute, 35 00:03:45,060 --> 00:03:51,330 which is outreach organisation in north and to now he is back to to to to use as 36 00:03:51,330 --> 00:03:58,670 a senior person senior member of Directorate at the Federal Open University. 37 00:03:59,520 --> 00:04:03,570 So this indeed was a remarkable, remarkable events for us. 38 00:04:03,840 --> 00:04:08,750 But what I am going to discuss today is and of course, happy anniversary, John Adams Institute. 39 00:04:09,120 --> 00:04:16,710 I'll discuss and describe to you the arts of inventiveness as it came to us from ingenuity. 40 00:04:17,250 --> 00:04:25,200 And what I'll try to do, I'll try to connect this to science and I'll try to show that this message is, in fact, really interesting, 41 00:04:25,200 --> 00:04:34,890 powerful, and could form a really powerful eye opening, an amalgam which enable and arm us with something new, some new understanding. 42 00:04:35,220 --> 00:04:42,629 So since we are coming from I'm coming from Accelerator Institute, obviously I will start from discussion of some examples, 43 00:04:42,630 --> 00:04:47,220 just a couple of examples of accelerators, why they are useful for society. 44 00:04:47,730 --> 00:04:52,980 Then I will show you some examples of inventions in accelerators. 45 00:04:53,340 --> 00:04:59,160 And only after that I will discuss start to discuss how to invent more efficiently. 46 00:04:59,190 --> 00:05:08,690 What kind of. Formal and efficient, efficient approach has been developed last century in engineering field and then how to connect this to science. 47 00:05:08,960 --> 00:05:14,600 And I will show you several examples. Again, going back to colliders, accelerators, lasers of plasma, 48 00:05:14,900 --> 00:05:22,880 of application of these principles of inventiveness in what we typically do and identified all have some surprise for you. 49 00:05:24,350 --> 00:05:36,530 So one of the examples of why accelerators meet and what they can do, for example, accelerators can can help to study art. 50 00:05:37,370 --> 00:05:41,660 On this picture, you see a painting by Vincent Van Gogh. 51 00:05:42,350 --> 00:05:51,680 It's called Patch of Grass. But apparently behind this painting, there was another another painting that was a portrait of woman and then use. 52 00:05:51,980 --> 00:06:00,530 And that was revealed to this help of fixed indicators. So there was a different layer, different portrait underneath. 53 00:06:00,800 --> 00:06:07,880 So that's accelerators are useful for that. Another example, accelerators can help to study archaeology. 54 00:06:08,240 --> 00:06:14,660 He is you see a sample prepared it for experimental synchrotron radiation laboratory. 55 00:06:14,900 --> 00:06:20,810 You can understand and study this simple design destroying it so accelerators could be very useful for that as well. 56 00:06:21,500 --> 00:06:29,750 So another example, this patch, this many layers which is so old it could not be unfolded without breaking. 57 00:06:30,140 --> 00:06:37,520 But accelerators indeed can. This X-ray finds the signatures of iron in this ancient pigments. 58 00:06:37,910 --> 00:06:44,420 And then, without destroying or unfolding this thing, you can really read what's inside, even if there are many layers. 59 00:06:44,840 --> 00:06:51,110 So that's again, a usefulness of accelerators. And as example, even in the food in development of chocolate, 60 00:06:51,710 --> 00:06:59,850 this Cadbury was developing and studying the way how cocoa crystallises and in fact it was found. 61 00:06:59,880 --> 00:07:06,440 There are several possible crystal forms of this chocolate and only one of them tastes tastes better. 62 00:07:06,440 --> 00:07:09,440 But accelerators didn't help to understand how they taste. 63 00:07:10,020 --> 00:07:14,089 They help to distinguish what kind of crystal form is that. 64 00:07:14,090 --> 00:07:18,829 And people do that good. That, of course, people still useful for that as well anyway. 65 00:07:18,830 --> 00:07:29,480 So that's another example. And of course, in medicine, many of my accelerators are used for cancer therapy treatment, of course. 66 00:07:29,660 --> 00:07:37,219 Majority of them use X-rays. And it's really important and timely to mention this good news, 67 00:07:37,220 --> 00:07:45,410 which was announced yesterday by by healthcare, a press release that there will be a therapy, 68 00:07:45,710 --> 00:07:54,020 there will be a Precision Cancer Medicine Institute established in Oxford, which will use various targeted genomic methods, 69 00:07:54,260 --> 00:08:01,320 including proton therapy here in Oxford, and will be available in few years from now. 70 00:08:01,340 --> 00:08:07,940 This is really great news. So proton therapy, proton accelerators are also really important for this. 71 00:08:08,720 --> 00:08:16,320 So so as you see, there are many, many examples how accelerators can be useful for society and they are listed here. 72 00:08:16,340 --> 00:08:20,780 I'll just give you a three proof, three reasons restating them again. 73 00:08:21,110 --> 00:08:30,170 The first one is tens of millions of people receive accelerator based diagnosis or treatment in clinics around the world. 74 00:08:30,350 --> 00:08:40,160 So many, many people. Second proof is that all products which are developed or treated with help of particle beams have huge, huge value. 75 00:08:40,370 --> 00:08:43,040 So in your values, more than $500 billion. 76 00:08:43,580 --> 00:08:53,690 And final sort reason is that actually a fraction of Nobel Prizes in physics are directly or indirectly connected to use of accelerators is about 30%. 77 00:08:54,170 --> 00:08:59,740 It's actually a really, really good, good number. So accelerators are really important tools for discoveries. 78 00:08:59,750 --> 00:09:06,380 And of course, we just had recently one additional proof of such usefulness and for discovery of fundamental science. 79 00:09:07,220 --> 00:09:16,040 LHC Large Hadron Collider of course you know everything about that helped to to find existence of proof of of of Higgs boson. 80 00:09:16,220 --> 00:09:27,350 And see here you see two happy Nobel Prize laureates last year which which received this this prize for prediction of the Higgs boson. 81 00:09:28,370 --> 00:09:39,800 So accelerators and inventiveness, of course, LHC and other accelerator require a lot of inventions to be to be, to be working efficiently. 82 00:09:40,220 --> 00:09:47,900 So you can you can try to discuss accelerators and inventions together and also ask the questions what motivates inventions? 83 00:09:48,260 --> 00:09:58,340 And in particular, often something which comes from nature inspires you inventions like in this case, probably these really complicated. 84 00:09:58,640 --> 00:10:02,410 Complicated. Shaped channel. 85 00:10:02,710 --> 00:10:07,270 Which is is is needed in order to cool down Moonbeam. 86 00:10:08,470 --> 00:10:15,430 You see it's created solenoid absorbers, accelerated structures, but its shape probably inspired by the shape of the uni. 87 00:10:16,210 --> 00:10:20,650 So another example and actually a question about motivations. 88 00:10:20,830 --> 00:10:25,960 What is motivation behind behind inventions could be discussed from this point of view. 89 00:10:26,290 --> 00:10:29,680 And with this example, like a gears. 90 00:10:30,790 --> 00:10:35,590 The people really inventors of gears or goes motivated by nature. 91 00:10:35,920 --> 00:10:39,520 And some of you probably know the answer because this was in the news. 92 00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:45,360 Ego is everywhere, almost. So indeed, gears. 93 00:10:45,400 --> 00:10:48,520 We are used by nature for millions of years already. 94 00:10:48,730 --> 00:10:57,940 In fact, this happens that in jumping insects, gears are used in order to synchronise left and right legs for them to jump on a straight line. 95 00:10:58,210 --> 00:11:03,760 So apparently neural signal is not fast enough to synchronise mechanical synchronisation. 96 00:11:04,360 --> 00:11:10,780 Well, of course, this invention from nature could have been motivation for this invention. 97 00:11:11,440 --> 00:11:15,070 Of course, if such microscope would exist that time. 98 00:11:16,540 --> 00:11:20,889 But I guess we probably could say that people invented gears themselves. 99 00:11:20,890 --> 00:11:24,730 They didn't look it up in nature. But anyways, that was interesting. 100 00:11:24,820 --> 00:11:33,820 Interesting. The kind of question and answer. So now let me give you several examples of inventions in accelerators. 101 00:11:34,300 --> 00:11:37,390 And there is this a very busy plot on the right. 102 00:11:38,230 --> 00:11:42,910 I'm not going to describe it on the tables. What I would like to point out is some tendencies. 103 00:11:43,270 --> 00:11:50,170 So there are really different families of accelerators these years and also that energy effect of energy of acceleration. 104 00:11:50,500 --> 00:11:56,350 And you see that there is a generally logarithmic exponential for the growth of energy. 105 00:11:56,530 --> 00:12:04,450 But then different technologies saturate after some point, like electrostatic generators cannot produce anymore energy and so on and so on. 106 00:12:04,810 --> 00:12:14,390 You need to have new and new inventions in order to push the boundary of energy and and improve performance of your accelerator sequence fuels. 107 00:12:14,950 --> 00:12:18,880 So this is really some typical behaviour which happens in any evolution. 108 00:12:19,270 --> 00:12:28,540 So in India it is a list of inventions in accelerator field is humongous new one and I'm not going to discuss many of them, 109 00:12:28,540 --> 00:12:38,920 but just to show you some of examples from from development of various acceleration method focus, Inmarsat, cooling of the beams and so on and so on. 110 00:12:39,350 --> 00:12:43,930 Now, the point is that there are many of them. They continue till now and they don't stop. 111 00:12:44,290 --> 00:12:49,930 And I have to show you some the some selected examples which also shown on this picture. 112 00:12:50,230 --> 00:12:58,230 So this is another another even smaller subset of these inventions, various method of oxidation, electrostatic cyclotron, 113 00:12:58,250 --> 00:13:08,860 Metatron collective effects plasma, which is recently very promising of various methods to cool the beam, focus the beam, collide and so on. 114 00:13:09,160 --> 00:13:16,300 I'll, I will describe in detail on the two examples because they connected these examples to John Adams Institute, in fact. 115 00:13:16,810 --> 00:13:26,940 So I'll describe strong focus in example. And after that I will describe electron cool in one so strong question before I'll describe it in details. 116 00:13:27,700 --> 00:13:31,510 I'll mention a couple of words about the history of kind of invention itself. 117 00:13:32,320 --> 00:13:38,440 It's really interesting that this invention was just a person who made this 118 00:13:38,440 --> 00:13:44,470 invention first try to patents that so and but that was not really well known. 119 00:13:44,950 --> 00:13:52,300 And in fact to see other people develop the same idea and presented it without knowing that this patent already existed, 120 00:13:52,540 --> 00:14:00,420 they had to acknowledge that this person was first. But in fact, most of the people in the science believe that these three people inventions. 121 00:14:00,880 --> 00:14:06,270 So that's a question relevant to actually our discussion we often have is our students, 122 00:14:06,280 --> 00:14:09,730 if you have really good idea what you do with the patent it or you publish it and so on. 123 00:14:10,030 --> 00:14:16,990 We always think about this question which doesn't don't have universal answer, but this is something which we need to take into account. 124 00:14:17,500 --> 00:14:20,500 But okay, coming back to strong focus in itself. 125 00:14:20,860 --> 00:14:30,340 So what this focus on is really simple. You need something which keeps keeps trajectory of a particle close to the centre of the accelerator. 126 00:14:30,850 --> 00:14:39,220 So you need some force which brings you back to the centre, like in this example of half pipe competition in Olympic Games. 127 00:14:39,520 --> 00:14:43,930 You see this person going back and forth oscillation around the centre. 128 00:14:44,170 --> 00:14:48,070 And this is gravity, which in this case pull it to the centre. 129 00:14:48,370 --> 00:14:52,150 It's analogous to the motion in a gutter. 130 00:14:52,510 --> 00:14:57,870 Right. So and this first accelerators have excellent weak forces. 131 00:14:57,870 --> 00:15:06,890 And what does it mean weak? If you take this one and kind of roll it onto the orbit of Circle Accelerator and compare the perimeter, 132 00:15:07,310 --> 00:15:14,660 this perimeter ends a special step period of the axis of the isolations. 133 00:15:14,990 --> 00:15:19,520 So this special period is greater as the perimeter. That means it's a week focusing. 134 00:15:19,910 --> 00:15:24,410 So it focuses its wonders around and so on. The amplitude is large and so on. 135 00:15:24,710 --> 00:15:30,440 So first accelerator we focus in. Then what is a strong focusing? 136 00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:39,140 Strong focusing is in this analogy is a gutter is a gutter which is bent which is bent much sharply, much more sharply upward. 137 00:15:39,560 --> 00:15:45,350 But the problem is that from time to time, periodically, it's also bent downwards like that. 138 00:15:45,950 --> 00:15:54,350 So imagine now you have you are riding a bicycle and you can bicycle or roller or whatever and you would like to go on this trajectory. 139 00:15:54,620 --> 00:16:01,250 It's really easy to do it for this vehicle. But if you imagine that you are rolling down on this kind of shape, 140 00:16:02,060 --> 00:16:09,890 it's now becoming more dangerous because you can fall down if your trajectories on so but that's actually how strong force in the works. 141 00:16:10,370 --> 00:16:17,149 So you need to have a correct trajectory for a particle so that you can use advantage of this field focus in the view field, 142 00:16:17,150 --> 00:16:25,700 which is very strong at some location and you need to cross through the centre at the point when the gutter is bent a different direction. 143 00:16:26,300 --> 00:16:33,379 That's really how strong focusing the worst. So in a weak focus in the field of focus in field is uniform around the 144 00:16:33,380 --> 00:16:38,750 accelerator and this one has focussed in defocus in lenses periodically changing. 145 00:16:39,320 --> 00:16:47,240 So you need to arrange trajectories indeed. So you focus from these points of F gutter is upwards. 146 00:16:47,750 --> 00:16:53,900 Now how it's connected to John Adams connected it really appropriately. 147 00:16:54,260 --> 00:17:00,950 John Adams himself actually led the realisation of the first strong focus in accelerator. 148 00:17:01,310 --> 00:17:13,040 And not only that, he actually had the courage to consult the already approved weak focusing accelerator in around 52 and for this really innovative 149 00:17:13,250 --> 00:17:21,110 risk it at the time because it's not proven strong focus in accelerator and in fact it was very successful it paid paid paid off. 150 00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:30,140 And this photos actually shows him announcing that this proton synchrotron, which was first a strong focus accelerator, 151 00:17:30,440 --> 00:17:41,149 just a beaten the world record, which before that was a [INAUDIBLE] to use a double synchrotron of ten GV What he is holding is a token of victory. 152 00:17:41,150 --> 00:17:52,560 A bottle with Polaroid photograph inside, showing the image on the screen that prove that this record was a record was beaten. 153 00:17:53,000 --> 00:18:00,500 So and how this they ed look like this is indeed accelerator in doctor Vic focusing and this is strong 154 00:18:00,500 --> 00:18:11,420 focus you saw at NGV 60 metres 36,000 tons and this one is ten times lighter and larger and more energy. 155 00:18:11,690 --> 00:18:19,250 So you see that inventions really do make a difference and you also see that the orbits are much more compact in strong focus in accelerator. 156 00:18:19,910 --> 00:18:27,200 Now let me give you another example of invention, and you will see that it also connects to John Adams. 157 00:18:27,500 --> 00:18:29,230 Some call, well, electrocution. 158 00:18:29,840 --> 00:18:42,950 Why look at cooling this need coolant is needed most before usually for particles which don't exist in everyday like life, like antiparticles. 159 00:18:42,950 --> 00:18:45,529 So you need to produce them. So for example, 160 00:18:45,530 --> 00:18:52,580 antiprotons you produce by sending beam of protons on a target and then you collect antiprotons so you could produce positrons and so on. 161 00:18:53,030 --> 00:19:01,610 So when you produce such antiparticles, they usually produce this very large temperature and they just spread to angles. 162 00:19:02,030 --> 00:19:09,799 So it's difficult to collect them and use an accelerator. You need to cools them down, decrease their temperature of space so you can do it. 163 00:19:09,800 --> 00:19:14,720 For example, with electron cooling, when you are for some of the fraction of the orbit, 164 00:19:14,990 --> 00:19:23,569 you emerge this antiprotons into electron beam which would follow them with the same speed and it can be, 165 00:19:23,570 --> 00:19:28,820 would be called a antiparticles that would be hot and they would collide and exchange energy. 166 00:19:29,240 --> 00:19:31,670 So eventually antiprotons be cooled down. 167 00:19:32,360 --> 00:19:41,689 So that idea was suggested by Booker, who was first director and founder of Booker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 168 00:19:41,690 --> 00:19:49,820 named after him later, when this idea was first suggested, it was deemed to be brilliant but unrealistic. 169 00:19:50,330 --> 00:19:58,820 However, despite of all this, it was realised an excellent cooling was developed, built and there are many, many cooling devices now. 170 00:19:58,920 --> 00:20:04,470 Is the world used in different experiments? Why am I discussing this reactor coolant? 171 00:20:04,480 --> 00:20:05,340 There are two reasons. 172 00:20:05,760 --> 00:20:15,420 One is that I had a chance to contribute to electronic cooling as I was a single pass electronic cooling experiment at Novosibirsk around 86. 173 00:20:15,870 --> 00:20:21,750 And this is me standing there doing some measurements. And I hope I didn't change much. 174 00:20:23,610 --> 00:20:27,300 So as this to be used to one movie beam and electron electron beam, 175 00:20:27,540 --> 00:20:33,299 and we could have either positive or negative particles and we actually revealed a difference of force. 176 00:20:33,300 --> 00:20:39,959 Despite of cold approximation, the force would be just a square of charge of one particle. 177 00:20:39,960 --> 00:20:42,660 Another square of charge wouldn't depend on the charge sign. 178 00:20:42,870 --> 00:20:48,719 But we actually found really huge difference factor five of cooling force in these experiments. 179 00:20:48,720 --> 00:20:56,850 But we are going to into much details already. There is another connection of discussion of an excellent cooling and what John Adams did. 180 00:20:57,540 --> 00:21:04,950 So Senator John Adams indeed had a really strong combination of scientific and engineering abilities, 181 00:21:05,400 --> 00:21:10,800 and Booker was the one scored by Landau as a relativistic engineer. 182 00:21:11,460 --> 00:21:16,770 So that highlights what that he was able to understand science and as well as engineering. 183 00:21:17,070 --> 00:21:22,590 So this really is connections is to to to great great man. 184 00:21:22,980 --> 00:21:26,459 And also it connects to these to the topic. 185 00:21:26,460 --> 00:21:35,040 I'm going to just start discussing the art of inventiveness, because what we are about to start discussing came from engineering field. 186 00:21:35,850 --> 00:21:41,010 So how to invent more efficiently so the art of inventiveness. 187 00:21:41,310 --> 00:21:44,520 Let's ask Forbes Forbes magazine. 188 00:21:44,940 --> 00:21:55,680 So in this article published just a year ago, so there is this interesting article which ask a question what makes Samsung such an innovative company? 189 00:21:56,100 --> 00:22:05,219 And that's what it says. There was something that became bedrock of innovation at Samsung and it was introduced at Samsung by somebody you will learn. 190 00:22:05,220 --> 00:22:09,480 Who is that in a few moments? Samsung hires them and so on. 191 00:22:09,930 --> 00:22:17,910 And this comes in only in 2000, three led to 50 new patents and also $2,000,000 million saved. 192 00:22:18,330 --> 00:22:23,360 And this something is now obligatory skill set if you would like to advance in some form. 193 00:22:23,820 --> 00:22:30,900 So let's slow on what this could be. So and let's start from discussion of inventiveness. 194 00:22:31,020 --> 00:22:37,110 Invention methods started from something very, very simple, such as to brute force, exhaustive search. 195 00:22:37,620 --> 00:22:43,559 So this first one is really something very in not really much intelligence. 196 00:22:43,560 --> 00:22:46,980 So you just list all the possibilities and try to evaluate them. 197 00:22:47,490 --> 00:22:49,620 Something a bit better is brainstorming. 198 00:22:50,100 --> 00:23:00,450 Brainstorming is a psychological method when you try to separate the process of idea generation from the process of critical analysis. 199 00:23:01,140 --> 00:23:04,920 So this method of, of course, is better than just exhaustive search, 200 00:23:05,370 --> 00:23:11,100 but it also not really met expectations, have good work in marketing or something like that. 201 00:23:11,370 --> 00:23:17,760 But the problem is that absence of feedback, which from one sense is advantage of this method, 202 00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:23,250 is also a handicap because you actually need feedback in order to improve, improve the idea. 203 00:23:23,880 --> 00:23:27,990 So improvement of brainstorming is so called Synaptics. 204 00:23:28,590 --> 00:23:38,370 So Synaptics is improving that trying to introduce permanent groups for problem solving so people can get used to each other for critics and so on. 205 00:23:39,060 --> 00:23:45,690 Emphasis on importance of to see familiar behind on no on the vice versa and importance of fresh 206 00:23:45,690 --> 00:23:51,660 view on a on the problem and also importance of use of analogies to generate these fresh views. 207 00:23:52,020 --> 00:23:57,959 So analogies could be direct you from nature could be empathic like you trying to. 208 00:23:57,960 --> 00:24:08,370 If you like to improve some object, you imagine yourself being that object so symbolic describing your problem in some short symbolic description. 209 00:24:08,670 --> 00:24:13,950 Well, metaphorical. You try to describe your problem in terms of fairytales and legends. 210 00:24:14,520 --> 00:24:19,919 Really strange. Yes. So. So a Synaptics is indeed a limit. 211 00:24:19,920 --> 00:24:24,780 What can be achieved if you maintain brute force, exhaustive search approach? 212 00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:32,849 And indeed, why would you want to employ very irrational factors when you would like to come to very natural and 213 00:24:32,850 --> 00:24:38,700 universal formula as an action from your object you would like to improve has to happen itself. 214 00:24:39,540 --> 00:24:49,890 So indeed one should aim at such formula in process of of any invention arm to use precise identification of physical contradiction, 215 00:24:50,520 --> 00:24:54,360 which is the essence of the trees method which I am trying to describe. 216 00:24:54,630 --> 00:24:58,530 I will describe you in a moment. So trees was. 217 00:24:58,860 --> 00:25:03,120 Developed in Soviet Union by a person called, again, hard shoulder. 218 00:25:04,230 --> 00:25:07,950 And this is while it's also in Russian, you can read it. 219 00:25:08,280 --> 00:25:11,309 It's translated a series of inventive problem solving, 220 00:25:11,310 --> 00:25:22,080 usually as this person was working in patent office in starting from 1946, and it had a really interesting life. 221 00:25:22,770 --> 00:25:28,710 Let me try to describe it in a optimistic and romantic way so there could be different ways to describe this. 222 00:25:29,430 --> 00:25:40,170 So in 1948, he wrote a letter to top levels of governments about how the situation with inventions appear in Soviet Union. 223 00:25:40,470 --> 00:25:47,430 And he got out of favour and he spent several years in very complicated conditions. 224 00:25:47,820 --> 00:25:52,920 But what was lucky for him that together with him in the same conditions were many 225 00:25:52,920 --> 00:26:01,410 professors who then he arrange them to give them lectures on various subjects of science. 226 00:26:01,740 --> 00:26:07,950 And actually for many years he was getting this basically like 1 to 1 education in this condition. 227 00:26:07,950 --> 00:26:18,149 So after after getting to normal life, he was really an educated person and he continued to develop his ideas of of these trees. 228 00:26:18,150 --> 00:26:21,570 And eventually he analysed many thousands of patents. 229 00:26:22,140 --> 00:26:26,460 He uncovered patterns what make patterns successful? 230 00:26:26,700 --> 00:26:33,720 And a group of enthusiastic people grow around him as they developed this method of trees. 231 00:26:34,170 --> 00:26:40,860 So what are the main conclusions of this semester? There are four key discoveries or conclusions of trees. 232 00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:46,980 First is that same problem and solution appear again and again, but in different industries. 233 00:26:48,090 --> 00:26:54,540 So there is a recognisable technological evolution pass for all industries that innovative patterns 234 00:26:54,540 --> 00:27:00,660 and there is quote of them in total use science and engineering theories outside of their own areas. 235 00:27:01,200 --> 00:27:05,040 And finally, that innovative patterns uncovers and solve contradictions. 236 00:27:06,060 --> 00:27:09,180 So let me show you. Well, of course. 237 00:27:09,180 --> 00:27:14,100 And then you, of course, could have guessed that this was in the trees that became bedrock of innovation. 238 00:27:14,100 --> 00:27:17,330 And some sooner that the Russians in years this was three centuries again. 239 00:27:17,940 --> 00:27:26,520 So let me show you example how this trees method works using some of the simple, simple examples. 240 00:27:27,060 --> 00:27:30,210 Imagine you have a lens and you would like to polish it very fast. 241 00:27:30,780 --> 00:27:39,150 So first, as a method of trees tells that you need to find a pair of contradiction parameters you to find physical contradiction. 242 00:27:39,510 --> 00:27:47,460 And here is a problem is that you polish it faster, temperature rises and the quantity of a lens polish than deteriorates. 243 00:27:47,820 --> 00:27:51,210 So the contradiction here between speed and temperature. 244 00:27:51,630 --> 00:27:56,280 Then you take this contradiction where you take it from specific problem. 245 00:27:56,280 --> 00:28:01,260 Now you formulated a generic problem with this way of contradicting parameters. 246 00:28:01,650 --> 00:28:08,430 Now you will look at the matrix, this contradiction matrix, which three fathers developed, 247 00:28:08,880 --> 00:28:13,650 and you looked at the cross of this row and column of speed the temperature, 248 00:28:13,860 --> 00:28:19,200 and find what kind of inventive principles could help to solve this contradiction in the past. 249 00:28:20,340 --> 00:28:28,080 And then you find this image of principles and you try to apply one of them which fit fits best to this particular problem. 250 00:28:28,260 --> 00:28:33,690 Let me show you in budget deals. So first of all, as the elements of this contradiction matrix listed here, 251 00:28:34,500 --> 00:28:39,150 the important and very nice features that there are not thousands of them but only 39. 252 00:28:39,750 --> 00:28:42,900 So you see temperature force and so on. So really a small matrix. 253 00:28:43,650 --> 00:28:48,570 Even more amazing fact is that the number of inventive principles is really limited. 254 00:28:48,780 --> 00:28:55,080 It's not millions, not cells, and but it's only 40 only 40 inventive principles for entire engineering. 255 00:28:55,470 --> 00:29:00,300 Only 40 principles. So how it works in our case, so for our example is the lens. 256 00:29:00,810 --> 00:29:09,540 We take a speed and temperature and finds that on this crossing of these two areas, we have only four inventive principles which worked in the past. 257 00:29:10,200 --> 00:29:17,730 So if you looked at them, this is principle of inventive principle, taking out mechanical substitution, flexible shells and phase transition. 258 00:29:18,180 --> 00:29:22,680 You see that this doesn't solve the problem for us. We need to see in order to think what principles to apply. 259 00:29:23,100 --> 00:29:27,500 So we take the phase transition principle and make an invention change. 260 00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:36,270 And this abrasive, which you use to polish lenses, eyes and abrasive eyes, provide a perfect coolant and abrasive particles polish the lens. 261 00:29:36,720 --> 00:29:43,290 So here is how trees approach works. But this is really just a tiny bit of iceberg. 262 00:29:43,890 --> 00:29:53,520 Three methodology have many, many details and which could be could be really used and I don't really have time to describe all of them. 263 00:29:53,880 --> 00:29:58,320 Now let me instead turn into inventiveness and science. 264 00:29:58,420 --> 00:30:08,860 And see how we can use this approach of thinking like trees into some of some of our well-known familiar to us scientific facts. 265 00:30:09,940 --> 00:30:17,139 So indeed, trees was created for engineering, but method of trees especially is a mess. 266 00:30:17,140 --> 00:30:24,280 Of how trees was developed is really interesting and can be applied to science in data science, but not only. 267 00:30:24,790 --> 00:30:34,810 So in the following examples, I will show you various examples how indeed you will hopefully see how this opened up 268 00:30:34,870 --> 00:30:39,490 your mind and give you some additional additional additional tools in your brain. 269 00:30:39,820 --> 00:30:46,930 So indeed, and in fact, looking at the world through the prism of trees allows us to rethink familiar things. 270 00:30:47,620 --> 00:30:53,200 So in examples, which I would like to discuss in this lecture, just to have just a few examples, 271 00:30:53,560 --> 00:31:03,100 I will select a couple of standard trees principle inventive principles as a principle of Russian goals and the principle of other way around. 272 00:31:03,550 --> 00:31:07,120 So this principle is also called the principle of anti system. 273 00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:08,860 And let's talk this principle, 274 00:31:08,860 --> 00:31:17,200 take this principle and try to see if you can recognise this principle in something which we already know in various scientific, scientific facts. 275 00:31:18,310 --> 00:31:26,590 What I will also do in addition to standard trees, I'll show you examples from accelerator science extension of trees, 276 00:31:26,950 --> 00:31:32,230 because as you see trees developed for for for engineering, 277 00:31:32,740 --> 00:31:37,630 in order to really be applicable to science in particular accelerate the science, we need to extend it. 278 00:31:38,260 --> 00:31:43,000 So we are missing some parameters which are relevant for the writers, like Luminosity Metres and so on. 279 00:31:43,300 --> 00:31:51,340 And so that's what we are doing. And here examples of parameter for the matrix of of of trees you see metres luminosity and so on. 280 00:31:51,520 --> 00:31:54,940 And some of the inventive principles don't have time to list all of them. 281 00:31:54,940 --> 00:32:04,570 But I will describe from this list only two of them use an undamaged, already damaged materials and change in the volume to your first ratio. 282 00:32:05,050 --> 00:32:13,660 So let me start from this last example. So changes of William to show ratio to change for quality of object. 283 00:32:13,900 --> 00:32:16,000 I'm sure you can give various examples. 284 00:32:16,900 --> 00:32:25,900 You have I think refreshment and some something to to buy it after wrote and then this is exemple relevant was that these two 285 00:32:25,900 --> 00:32:35,110 objects which have the same volume but have different different surface area and probably this one takes less time to cook. 286 00:32:35,650 --> 00:32:43,630 So as this example is not that funny because indeed such shapes are used in actually 287 00:32:43,870 --> 00:32:48,100 relevant for accelerators because when we are talking about linear colliders, 288 00:32:48,460 --> 00:32:54,250 we indeed collide pancakes, type objects, beams instead of ones like Z. 289 00:32:54,670 --> 00:33:04,060 So and you see that there is a connection between this changing of shapes of object in this simple example, or in beams which collide and accelerator. 290 00:33:04,690 --> 00:33:10,600 So another example of principle of changing volume to surface ratio is given here. 291 00:33:11,530 --> 00:33:20,710 It's a book which have many pages and as you say, which region again, same volume, but different amount of information, of course. 292 00:33:21,460 --> 00:33:24,760 Well, could we give an example of this principle in biology? 293 00:33:24,760 --> 00:33:29,640 Of course there are many mitochondria Golgi apparatus, algae brains. 294 00:33:29,830 --> 00:33:33,610 These could be same volume but different surface area. 295 00:33:33,610 --> 00:33:42,760 And again, this enhanced functionality. Let me then turn into some other example from standard trees and this is example of Russian dose. 296 00:33:43,420 --> 00:33:47,470 Well, of course you probably can give example of Russian dose in normal life. 297 00:33:47,800 --> 00:33:55,540 This is one example, very simple system inserted into another system and another system that's of course, really simple. 298 00:33:55,540 --> 00:34:08,560 But what about trying to find example of such principle in, let's say, philology and even in English literature or poetry? 299 00:34:09,460 --> 00:34:18,150 Somebody one, two, three. OC Mother Goose rhymes as a house that was that Jack built. 300 00:34:18,540 --> 00:34:22,380 And this is a sentence inside of a sentence and outside of sentence. 301 00:34:22,740 --> 00:34:26,820 This is the house that Jack built is a mouth that lanes, the house that Jack built and so on. 302 00:34:27,150 --> 00:34:34,530 This is a there is a sort inside of a certain site of a sort. And this is a by the way, this is a translation by Marshak, 303 00:34:34,530 --> 00:34:44,340 who translated to Russian many poetry is from from English language like Z, including including Shakespeare and so on and so on. 304 00:34:45,330 --> 00:34:52,800 But what about example, simple example of such principle from a science fiction, 305 00:34:53,130 --> 00:34:58,110 also from poetry, which would connect us back to accelerators and detectors. 306 00:34:58,740 --> 00:35:00,930 So there is such example, of course, I'll show it to you. 307 00:35:01,230 --> 00:35:10,590 So as this example is a poem of what you reproduce of 1920 poem, this is called Atom of the World of Electron that is original, 308 00:35:10,590 --> 00:35:14,130 which is, of course, you cannot see, but I will translate it in the moment. 309 00:35:14,430 --> 00:35:22,980 Well, let me just describe it. So as this poem describes, give you a sort that perhaps there is a world inside of a electron in an atom. 310 00:35:23,580 --> 00:35:28,740 So and this is a really interesting concept and translation of this poem. 311 00:35:28,890 --> 00:35:36,090 Well, I'm not a poet, but I translated the first four lines. Can you imagine that electrons are planets serpens their sons. 312 00:35:36,540 --> 00:35:40,680 Space exploration, verse elections and hundred of computer tongues. 313 00:35:41,310 --> 00:35:50,250 So. And this concept of thought that electron could have a world inside and it connects us back to collider and 314 00:35:50,250 --> 00:35:57,330 detectors because that is what is used in order to understand if there is indeed a world inside of a electron. 315 00:35:57,870 --> 00:36:06,839 And in fact, detectors particle detectors are arranged in a way of of of a nested dose when 316 00:36:06,840 --> 00:36:10,890 there is a system inside of a system of surrounded by another system detectors. 317 00:36:11,400 --> 00:36:21,690 So these are, by the way, pictures of sir and physicist Sergius, Italian, who is making sketches of lce detector in Leonardo da Vinci style. 318 00:36:22,770 --> 00:36:32,640 So let us discuss what some of the first detectors of particles and it will connect us again back to inventive principles. 319 00:36:33,390 --> 00:36:37,150 So some of the first detectors were bubble chambers and cloud chambers. 320 00:36:37,770 --> 00:36:47,250 So shown here. And these are devices which create in a volume create conditions when you have a particle and track ionised space. 321 00:36:47,670 --> 00:36:55,380 And you can then have either bubbles of gas or bubbles of liquid in this medium, which you can observe. 322 00:36:56,100 --> 00:37:00,780 Right. So the only difference is that it's bubbles of a liquid or gas. 323 00:37:01,830 --> 00:37:04,960 So look at this. Try to simplify this. 324 00:37:04,980 --> 00:37:13,980 What we observe from these detectors, since this revealed some Chandler invented in 1911 and this is Glazer's the bubble chamber invented in 1952. 325 00:37:14,460 --> 00:37:19,590 So indeed, it's just the bubbles of liquid in the gas or bubbles of gas and the liquid. 326 00:37:19,890 --> 00:37:27,270 And if you look at these from point of view of this invent inventive principles, this is really a system and anti system. 327 00:37:27,690 --> 00:37:34,770 And indeed, often in these three books there is a question who is the invention of the bubble can but take almost half a century. 328 00:37:35,610 --> 00:37:37,980 The principle of anti system have been used. 329 00:37:38,370 --> 00:37:46,140 So in the answer in these books, of course, yes, you would immediately invent this this one from that one without waiting 40 years. 330 00:37:46,830 --> 00:37:50,520 So we'll see how in principle powerful this method could be. 331 00:37:51,940 --> 00:37:56,370 Let's discuss it again about some look at some of the detectors again. 332 00:37:56,370 --> 00:38:04,050 And in principle, if you'd like to look into the into the world molecules and so on, you use different methods, 333 00:38:04,170 --> 00:38:11,220 different detectors, and to use microscopes, to use to for cells to to look into cells and so on. 334 00:38:11,640 --> 00:38:17,790 But if you I would like to look deeper, like the DNA nucleus and quarks. 335 00:38:18,060 --> 00:38:24,030 You, of course, already need to use particles, because as you know from this equation, a coherent way, 336 00:38:24,030 --> 00:38:31,260 4/10 of a particle is much smaller than wavelengths of light, and it's inversely proportional to energy. 337 00:38:31,590 --> 00:38:36,240 So you need to use accelerators and use a larger energy, actually the radius. 338 00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:46,020 But so let's talk about this one at first and connected to recent Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which was just recently awarded to three colleagues, 339 00:38:46,650 --> 00:38:54,330 I will describe only one of these components of this Nobel Prize and again, connected to one of these inventive principles. 340 00:38:54,900 --> 00:39:01,560 So one of the parts of this Nobel Prize was awarded for stimulated emission depletion microscopist. 341 00:39:02,070 --> 00:39:06,630 So how it works. You have object to to observe. 342 00:39:06,960 --> 00:39:12,420 You put some fluorescent dye inside which could shine when you put laser and then it will shine back. 343 00:39:13,010 --> 00:39:22,970 Fluorescence image, but the use two lasers first to use laser to excited and then use another pulse of laser 344 00:39:23,240 --> 00:39:27,650 which have different shape for their excitation at different wavelengths and so on. 345 00:39:28,130 --> 00:39:34,330 So what remains is a tiny spot, depending of course, of combination of ratio of intensity. 346 00:39:34,380 --> 00:39:40,400 For these lasers you have much smaller spot which emits light after Z ten times approximately. 347 00:39:40,850 --> 00:39:44,330 So from the point of view of zero in the range of problem solving, 348 00:39:44,690 --> 00:39:54,409 this is actually a gain use of system and i.t system and actually perhaps also a system of Russian goals on this two dose system on site of system. 349 00:39:54,410 --> 00:39:58,010 So you to kind of interpret this and provider. 350 00:39:58,550 --> 00:40:03,560 So again, you see that this connects us to this theory of inventive problem solving. 351 00:40:03,920 --> 00:40:11,630 Now let me give you another example, which is connected to particle accelerators and recent discovery of the Higgs boson. 352 00:40:12,020 --> 00:40:19,190 Here again, this code for which for what it was discovered and fix in this picture of standard model. 353 00:40:19,550 --> 00:40:24,770 But it's also interesting to read in recent science magazines that in fact, 354 00:40:25,010 --> 00:40:31,460 this theoretical proposal for Higgs mechanism was inspired by ideas from condensed matter physics. 355 00:40:31,790 --> 00:40:36,949 Even back in 1958, Anderson and other colleagues discussed appearance of coherent, 356 00:40:36,950 --> 00:40:42,170 excited state in superconducting condensate, which spontaneously broken symmetries. 357 00:40:42,500 --> 00:40:48,229 Even more interesting to read in this recent Science magazine that experimental observation 358 00:40:48,230 --> 00:40:55,220 of such state was was conducted and conducted and that its existence was confirmed. 359 00:40:55,760 --> 00:41:01,249 So this, again, assure us that the general conclusion of trees is the same problem. 360 00:41:01,250 --> 00:41:06,350 Resolution appear in again and again in different disciplines is applicable to science too. 361 00:41:07,460 --> 00:41:17,120 So let me now discuss some of this inventive principles and examples of inventions in lasers and plasma. 362 00:41:17,810 --> 00:41:29,030 So let me start from discussion of what was predicted and proposed in this novel of 1926 by Alexei Tolstoy. 363 00:41:29,030 --> 00:41:35,150 It was called here Hyperbole, Orbit of Engineer, Guardian, and in this Nobel engineer, 364 00:41:35,960 --> 00:41:40,820 inventing some mechanism which would focus the beams in a narrow, 365 00:41:40,820 --> 00:41:48,230 narrow beam, so powerful that what would, could, could, could penetrate earth or shapes and so on. 366 00:41:48,240 --> 00:41:52,520 Of course, 1926, it was a violent time and you can imagine that. 367 00:41:53,120 --> 00:41:57,980 And this book, he was using this this this device in order to conquer, conquer the world, 368 00:41:58,940 --> 00:42:02,900 penetrate to deep, to down to the earth and find gold and so on and so on. 369 00:42:03,560 --> 00:42:10,820 But but anyway, dreams like that, perhaps it inspired it works on what became laser later on. 370 00:42:10,820 --> 00:42:12,170 This laser, of course, 371 00:42:12,510 --> 00:42:21,829 looks much different than what this high bar parabola engineer of engineer and would look was in principle of work and also in in its construction. 372 00:42:21,830 --> 00:42:24,520 This is one of the first lasers shown. 373 00:42:24,950 --> 00:42:33,830 But but in principle, this lasers, again, connects us back to one of the inventive principles I wanted to give you as an example. 374 00:42:34,850 --> 00:42:44,270 So let's look at this from point of view of trees again, and let's try to consider the problem of high power lasers, in particular pulsed lasers. 375 00:42:44,630 --> 00:42:47,840 And to look at this from point of view of find the contradiction. 376 00:42:48,290 --> 00:42:56,960 So as intensity of laser light increase, the activity of of of of the laser gets to more and more time to cool down. 377 00:42:57,230 --> 00:43:01,730 So you cannot have it's working at high repetition rate. 378 00:43:02,060 --> 00:43:11,090 So the problem here is between intensity and repetition rate. So you can solve this by using this general principle of volume to surface ratio. 379 00:43:11,360 --> 00:43:15,500 You change it to other characteristics such as cooling rate, field of objects and so on. 380 00:43:16,010 --> 00:43:24,410 And you do it a similar to like this cat does because the cat intuitively really knows the invented principle of surface to value ratio. 381 00:43:24,830 --> 00:43:31,159 And you look at this and you use fibre of lasers instead of your normal laser because in fibre a laser, 382 00:43:31,160 --> 00:43:36,620 a series of huge surface in the same volume in this cooling can be done much more efficiently. 383 00:43:36,920 --> 00:43:44,270 And that's one of the reasons indeed why fibre fibre lasers can have high repetition rate is high efficiency indeed no jargon. 384 00:43:44,840 --> 00:43:48,470 So indeed you just saw that in fact, the colliding beams, 385 00:43:49,460 --> 00:43:54,560 rockets and fibre lasers are amazingly connected through some of these three inventive principles. 386 00:43:55,070 --> 00:44:04,940 But let's talk a bit more about lasers. So lasers are in principle useful for various diagnostics in in colliders, in accelerators and so on. 387 00:44:05,270 --> 00:44:11,299 But even before that, very simple mechanical devices were used for diagnostics. 388 00:44:11,300 --> 00:44:19,280 Such as such. Frames. Have you seen wires which would cross the beam, which will cross the beam in order to measure measure profiles of such bunches? 389 00:44:20,540 --> 00:44:31,040 So it's really interesting that some time such a scene wire has been made this so called romantic methods of crossbow shooting method, 390 00:44:31,040 --> 00:44:39,770 which is something which I, I learned from dissertation of my scientific advisor bacon back in 98, 85, 86. 391 00:44:40,220 --> 00:44:46,950 So I asked him, what is that romantic method of crossbow shooting, how to produce this just a wire. 392 00:44:46,970 --> 00:44:54,980 And he explained to me, well, and it was I took a crossbow arrow and put a molten silicon in the symbol and they shoot it. 393 00:44:54,980 --> 00:44:59,660 And there was still wire produced. The problem was that they couldn't find the wire. 394 00:45:00,140 --> 00:45:04,070 It's a so seeing my currency in that impossible to see and find. 395 00:45:04,580 --> 00:45:10,730 So what they have done and this is really an example of dedication and ingenuity you somehow. 396 00:45:11,210 --> 00:45:16,700 So he opens the drawer and took a velvet black dress dress of his wife, 397 00:45:17,480 --> 00:45:25,970 shot it and covered pipe with this with this dress and on this black background, they shoot it through this pipe. 398 00:45:25,980 --> 00:45:29,870 They could find this wire. He got forgiveness after that. 399 00:45:30,560 --> 00:45:38,330 But it's also example of really inventiveness in science, but also dedication, not only from scientist, but also from his family. 400 00:45:38,900 --> 00:45:43,730 Really interesting example, but yet how lasers can help us in this. 401 00:45:44,150 --> 00:45:53,330 So you can use fire, but usually when laser beam intensity gets very high and as the way would be cut immediately after a single pulse. 402 00:45:53,930 --> 00:45:59,030 So here is the contradiction between intensity and integrity of material and you can solve. 403 00:45:59,240 --> 00:45:59,930 Again, 404 00:46:00,110 --> 00:46:10,220 looking at three small tricks selecting inventive principles of using material which already damaged or cannot be damaged like a light or plasma. 405 00:46:11,360 --> 00:46:20,120 You see a bit about it and use a light. And then this is assumption which we already built and use this as a laser wire for beam diagnostics. 406 00:46:20,150 --> 00:46:23,930 You you can use laser across the beam and measure profile of the beam. 407 00:46:25,040 --> 00:46:33,320 Another example I'll come to that comes from even more powerful lasers and contemporary powerful lasers is they really spark imagination. 408 00:46:33,710 --> 00:46:43,280 So imagine that sort of give sort of jewels of energy can be focussed in three microns and can be compressed in 30 femtosecond duration. 409 00:46:43,670 --> 00:46:49,250 This is peak power of 10 to 15 watts because comparable to what a country like UK produce. 410 00:46:49,520 --> 00:46:53,239 But of course for ten to the minus 15 seconds or so. But anyways, 411 00:46:53,240 --> 00:46:59,870 the density is so huge indeed that laser of such power density ionised any media immediately and 412 00:46:59,870 --> 00:47:05,670 also the electrons which are carried by this field of such laser become relativistic immediately. 413 00:47:06,290 --> 00:47:12,050 But of course, in order to make electrons relativistic, we usually use conventional accelerators like shown here, 414 00:47:12,380 --> 00:47:17,120 just a typical resonator resonators shown which are constructed from niobium. 415 00:47:17,120 --> 00:47:24,620 So superconducting cavities or conventional resonators run from capital, from copper. 416 00:47:25,070 --> 00:47:32,270 So the problem here with this resonators is that when a rate of energy, oxidative gradient increase and change, 417 00:47:32,630 --> 00:47:38,420 you often find that this accelerator accelerator resonators will be broken, damaged, break down and so on. 418 00:47:38,810 --> 00:47:42,440 So again, let's look at this from point of view of in the range of principles. 419 00:47:42,830 --> 00:47:48,380 And again, you find the contradiction between rate of energy change and integrity of these materials. 420 00:47:49,310 --> 00:47:59,030 Take again the same principle, but in this case, take not zeolite, but plasma already damaged material and replace this accelerator with plasma. 421 00:47:59,390 --> 00:48:04,430 You excite the wave in a plasma. Plasma is already destroyed, cannot be destroyed even even even further. 422 00:48:04,730 --> 00:48:10,460 And you get huge oxidative gradient in something which cannot be cannot be destroyed shows up. 423 00:48:10,490 --> 00:48:14,270 So that's that's really a way for future situations. 424 00:48:15,350 --> 00:48:20,990 Now, I came to final, final words, but I was surprised but not really surprised. 425 00:48:21,150 --> 00:48:29,690 What's next? So what's next in terms of accelerators, of colliders, and in terms of studying of Higgs boson? 426 00:48:30,410 --> 00:48:34,160 There is quite a lot of quite a lot of studies still to be done. 427 00:48:34,550 --> 00:48:41,720 So LHC upgrade and review will happen with high energy, high luminosity and for many years to come. 428 00:48:41,720 --> 00:48:49,880 So you'll be studies of Higgs boson, but also there are discussions presently in the community about building another collider, 429 00:48:50,360 --> 00:48:53,230 which would be a linear if, let's see, minus collider. 430 00:48:53,450 --> 00:49:00,019 And here you see simple comparison between Hadron Collider and Linear Collider and the Hadron Collider. 431 00:49:00,020 --> 00:49:08,549 You collide complicated objects, protons with quarks, gluons and so on, but ground just higher ID is a bit more difficult. 432 00:49:08,550 --> 00:49:11,810 The initial energy of collision is spread. 433 00:49:12,180 --> 00:49:18,209 Spectrum well in Lepton Collider is pictures is a bit more clean you collide point 434 00:49:18,210 --> 00:49:22,710 light point like elementary particles have you initial energies well defined. 435 00:49:22,950 --> 00:49:27,330 So this collider is certainly really suitable for precision physics studies. 436 00:49:27,750 --> 00:49:35,940 So there are discussions now in the world about building a linear collider that will be the heart of the linear collider oxidative cavities, 437 00:49:36,060 --> 00:49:40,930 superconducting cavities. It will aim at 500 GV Energy. 438 00:49:40,950 --> 00:49:45,720 That gradient could be extendable to TV and that's how it would look like in the tunnel. 439 00:49:46,730 --> 00:49:54,060 I'll seen the tunnel shielded, walls removed. Power source is on the left, oxidative structures on the right and discussion. 440 00:49:55,050 --> 00:49:58,620 There are discussions that it could be indeed built in Japan. 441 00:49:58,620 --> 00:50:02,459 Decision is not taken and will be probably taken two years. 442 00:50:02,460 --> 00:50:06,930 Decision is not known. Maybe it's not going to be built or maybe it will be built. 443 00:50:07,260 --> 00:50:10,290 But anyways, this is how it will look like in Japan. 444 00:50:10,290 --> 00:50:20,130 And you see there is quite a lot of local support, a lot of postures in this local area where Collider is planned to be hoisted. 445 00:50:20,430 --> 00:50:29,670 What I would like to show is a couple of examples again of inventive principles, again connecting back to this trees methodology. 446 00:50:29,970 --> 00:50:35,790 And before I do that, I'll point out that on this schematics of linear collider, you see beams, 447 00:50:35,940 --> 00:50:40,350 positron electron beams colliding in the detector area as they collide with envelope. 448 00:50:40,770 --> 00:50:52,820 This is important. So they collide with small around 10 million agents gold and in the interaction area this looks like Zaire this is a just a cohort 449 00:50:52,840 --> 00:51:01,830 of detector showing beams comes from this site on this site this is a central that is a symmetric symmetrical image on other side. 450 00:51:02,910 --> 00:51:09,090 So here in this area, there are quite a lot of examples of trees like inventions. 451 00:51:09,090 --> 00:51:16,790 Let me show you a couple. So first of all, you know that there is an anti solenoid here and just solenoid is needed in order for beam 452 00:51:16,800 --> 00:51:22,020 dynamic citizens in order to compensate effect of this main solenoid on beam dynamics and so on. 453 00:51:22,650 --> 00:51:31,260 So the problem here is simple as it will be huge force acting on this solenoid from the main signal it will be many hundreds of tons. 454 00:51:31,830 --> 00:51:38,340 So this will be just pushed inside, pulled inside and we'll smash all these detectors and so on. 455 00:51:38,820 --> 00:51:41,910 So this is really difficult. So how to solve this problem? 456 00:51:41,940 --> 00:51:50,550 It's solved in nice trees like way. You use dual dual solenoid to use solenoid and then anti solenoid on top. 457 00:51:50,970 --> 00:51:56,820 When you have a proper ratio between currents, there is no flux outside, no field outside. 458 00:51:57,030 --> 00:51:59,219 There is zero force acting from. 459 00:51:59,220 --> 00:52:05,460 This means that in orbit on this until solenoid, this is really nice to double Russian ball and system on the system principle. 460 00:52:06,060 --> 00:52:12,570 So let me give you another example of this. The same kind is two channels of incoming and outgoing beams. 461 00:52:12,570 --> 00:52:21,090 They are zoomed out like here there is incoming beam and couple of focus and quadruples and outgoing beam and another set of quadruples. 462 00:52:21,510 --> 00:52:29,340 The scale is such that this is several metres and this distance is a few centimetres, so this angle is just 14 radians. 463 00:52:29,910 --> 00:52:34,860 So the problem is that this is quadrupole so really tiny and close to each other. 464 00:52:35,520 --> 00:52:39,690 They produce field focus in the field, not only inside but also outside. 465 00:52:40,380 --> 00:52:49,260 So this external field would deteriorate beam dynamics in this region for this outgoing beam and will be nonlinear because it's edge, field and so on. 466 00:52:49,530 --> 00:52:54,090 So this really problem, these to solve it, it's solved in the same way basically. 467 00:52:54,390 --> 00:53:01,350 So we use principle of nested dual on system, anti system, we use normal quadrupole of engine, 468 00:53:01,350 --> 00:53:06,899 but also anti arranging on top, which cancels the field outside. 469 00:53:06,900 --> 00:53:11,430 Exactly. And inside it affects the field only by 20%. 470 00:53:12,030 --> 00:53:19,080 So again, this is another example of using the same similar inventive principle in interaction region of linear collider. 471 00:53:19,650 --> 00:53:28,080 But we are thinking not only about linear colliders but also about circle localised just again and in particular about future circle. 472 00:53:28,080 --> 00:53:34,950 The collider shown here we discuss in hundred kilometre tunnel of a collider under 473 00:53:35,130 --> 00:53:41,700 CERN which would reach a hundred hundred TV energy in Hadron Hadron option. 474 00:53:42,360 --> 00:53:46,500 So indeed there are many, many challenges in this project. 475 00:53:46,800 --> 00:53:53,730 And in fact what I show on all these examples I showed already inventions for me already, and I just applied. 476 00:53:53,730 --> 00:53:56,700 I just imagined that this could be colourful in this case. 477 00:53:57,180 --> 00:54:02,670 But in this particular project there are many questions still unresolved and inventions to be made. 478 00:54:03,030 --> 00:54:08,280 And a good question is whether we can apply these like approaches to new projects like Z. 479 00:54:08,640 --> 00:54:18,290 And there are indeed many questions this. Resegregation now in this case, too, because usually in colliders, proton, proton accelerators, 480 00:54:18,290 --> 00:54:22,850 we don't care about signal radiation, but this and they just feel ready to do care. 481 00:54:23,130 --> 00:54:30,260 And another challenge is that the total energy of this beam in this accelerator is so huge. 482 00:54:30,620 --> 00:54:39,620 It's eight giga joules. It's equivalent to Airbus at almost full speed of 720 kilometres per hour. 483 00:54:39,890 --> 00:54:44,330 So it's not only you need to care about this Airbus going through the tunnel, 484 00:54:44,330 --> 00:54:50,240 not touching the walls, but you also need to care about focus in this age of energy, 485 00:54:50,270 --> 00:54:59,360 of this Airbus through a tiny eye of a needle, literally, because there's a beam in the focus area, should be really micron size. 486 00:54:59,810 --> 00:55:07,130 So these are really good challenges here. And I believe you can indeed apply our knowledge and inventiveness to this jet engine design. 487 00:55:07,730 --> 00:55:10,910 And I came to my last three slides. 488 00:55:11,900 --> 00:55:17,660 So first of all, I would like to thank all my colleagues in joint institute and colleagues. 489 00:55:17,660 --> 00:55:23,780 I was working these many years for great research as well as for materials, if I use them in presentation. 490 00:55:24,290 --> 00:55:30,859 I also would like to thank my creative family team for many, many restorations they created for this presentation. 491 00:55:30,860 --> 00:55:31,910 Some of them are shown here. 492 00:55:32,540 --> 00:55:40,970 My daughters, Sasha, she's almost professional illustrator now, just graduated my wife Yelena work in the University of Oxford. 493 00:55:41,180 --> 00:55:45,440 She did this illustration in your spare time and work in the Target Discovery Institute. 494 00:55:45,860 --> 00:55:48,860 And finally, I would like to thank everyone for your attention. 495 00:55:49,400 --> 00:55:52,760 And again, happy anniversary to Journalism Institute. 496 00:55:53,330 --> 00:55:53,660 Thank you.