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Okay. So let's let's get going.

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So yesterday we introduced these orbital angular momentum operators, the three of them,

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the three components of X, cross, P and divided by H bar to make it dimensionless.

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And we can make the total increment to operate two L squared by squaring the individual components.

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Adding We establish these results that the commentator of for example, x with y is i times z.

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So you if you.

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And similarly, if you do a computation with ally with ally with Che having written this down here, you find EI times, peak times excellence, right?

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So, so for example, times p computed with p y would be item's p z.

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Basically what we're learning here is that L computed with the component of a vector operator gives you the third vector operator in that set.

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And from that you can go on very easily to show it. The the demonstration is exactly the same as what we already did with the

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angular momentum of the total angle minimum operator that any of these angle,

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these orbital angle minimum operators commutes with scales like X squared or p

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squared or x dot p a also L squared commutes with with any of these things,

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any of the component, any of its components. So we have a situation so far which is precisely analogous.

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To the commutation relations, to J comma, to the total Anglo mentum total.

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But what we have so far called the angular momentum.

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Operators. So, for example j i comma x j commentator is i some of a k epsilon i j k x k, etc.,

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etc. So when we have that j i comma j j is equal to I some of the k epsilon i j

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k j k which mirrors one which I didn't write down up here and should have done,

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which is that l i comma l j commentator is equal to I some of the k epsilon i j k l k which is really a generalisation of this rule.

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I mean application of this rule here to the vector l j being put in here as well.

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K appears over there. She just says that L is in fact a vector operator.

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And similarly, similarly, this is a generalisation. So we have this exact analogy and the question obviously arises are they the same operator?

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Is L the operator which are the operators X, Y and Z?

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The operators that generate rotations that we inferred had to exist just by thinking in the abstract about rotations.

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At the end of last term. And so the answer to that question is, is no.

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And here is and here is the demonstration of it.

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Let's calculate j squared comma ally.

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In other words, let's work out the commentator between the total angular momentum operator and one of these components.

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Then this is going to be this is a combination of a product and I need to write this.

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This is a sum of squares. So I need to I need to make that explicit.

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So I write that as the sum of a over. I say of j I squared a comma.

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Oops, no, no, I won't do because I've got I busy j ally.

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And now each one of these is just a simple product. So we use the rule for taking a commutation of a product.

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So this is equal to the sum of a j still of a sorry.

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That's the j what we're summing over all I need to do.

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I leave one of these standing idly by whilst the L operator commutes with the other one,

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and then I have the L operator commuting with the other one, the first one, while the other one stands idly by in his position.

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Now we know what the result of this is,

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because this is a vector and we know we established a last term what the commentator of J with a component of a vector is.

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It's going to be the third member so this I can replace by an epsilon j I say k so this

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is going to be a sum over J And then there is going to be a sum over K coming up of J.

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J There will be an I from the commentator.

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So JJ that's this one here. Make sure that's clear.

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This is going to be epsilon j i k l k So, so that's the, that's the fundamental rule.

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We establish that the commentator of this with any vector gave you the third component, and then here we will have the same thing.

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Epsilon j i k times l k times j j in the back so we can clean this up into the high times the sum of both J and K going from over X,

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Y, and z of epsilon j i k times j j l.k. plus l k jj and.

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So this is the sort of thing which often vanishes because this is anti symmetric.

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If you swap those two over Jane K, you get a change of sign.

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And if this were symmetric, we would get a change.

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Oh, sorry. And if this was symmetric in J. In Canada, as if you swap them over, you've got no change of sign.

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Then you just got the same thing back then we would have.

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Then we would have. Zero.

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But this is not symmetric.

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If you interchange if you interchange the order of these, if you swap the indices.

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So under a swap, what does this go to? It goes to J k, l j plus l j j k, which is not the same as this.

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So this thing is not equal to zero. But we know that J squared does compute compute with all of its components.

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So that sort of suggests that these are not the same and not the same thing.

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So so let's try and understand what these operators,

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these these orbital incremental angular momentum operators and really understand their relationship to the things that generate rotations.

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So now we need to talk a little bit in abstract about rotation around a sorry motion around a path.

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So if we just have a translation, we've already started translations last term through, through one displacement.

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Hey that's, that's generated by. The unitary operator, which we called U of A, which is e to the minus i a dot P on each bar.

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Right. That is the operator which generates out of a state the state that we would have

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if our system was shoved along the bench by always was at the different location,

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a distance or a vector displacement away.

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So let's let's consider the following. Let's make a series of displacements.

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Here's a one, here's a two, here's a three and so on.

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Right? We're going to make a path by doing a series of displacements.

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Then we have the you total is going to be the product of the this of this displacement and this displacement, this displacement, this displacement.

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So it's going to be you a four operating on the result of using you a three operating on the result of using you a to you a one.

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These each each of these things is an exponential.

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So this is e to the minus i a for dot p over h bar is the minus ia3 dot p over h bar,

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etc. and the operate is occurring in these exponentials all compute with each

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other because all momentum approaches compute with all other momentum operators.

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They compete with themselves obviously in any and they can mix with P, y,

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etc. So when we multiply these exponentials together, we have the usual magic of exponential functions.

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We don't have to worry that those are operators. So these are operators, but we don't have to worry about that because everything commutes.

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So this can be written as e to the minus I for some of these vectors summed over I dotted into p over each ball.

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So the operator that that generates you is the state that you get as a result of all of these displacements is given by this just a single exponential

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it's just it's just one of these it's a it's an operator of exactly the original form where the displacement is simply the the sum of them.

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So the result taking it this way and this way and this way and this way we've just shown is the same as this,

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as the result of just taking it in a straight line over the sum of the I.

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So that's that's that's the general argument.

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And now we see a special case. So in particular particular for a closed path.

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So if the path comes, if the path carries you all the way around, what does that mean?

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It means the sum of the ai0.

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All the vectors add up to nothing. And that implies immediately that you total because it's e to the nothing is the identity transformation.

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Now, that might sound obvious, but you'll see in a minute that that's anything but an obvious result.

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So. So now let's, let's specialise in our paths.

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Let our path be made up of a series of of so let this be x let this angle in here be delta alpha,

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left and right and be the unit vector point out of board.

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Then this vector here, oops, this displacement vector, this is going to be a equals delta alpha and cross x, right?

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That's just ordinary classical geometry that if I go like this and is out of the board, then that's the displacement that we generate.

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So what does that do? That that means that the op,

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the unitary operator that that moves my system from here to here you Delta Alpha is

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going to be a to the minus I a which is that delta alpha and cross x dot p on bar.

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So that's just applying the standard stuff with the displacement vector of this form.

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This is Delta A or whatever. But what it what is that this scalar triple product can be reordered sort of standard

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vector algebra tells us that we can reorder this thing into n dot x cross p.

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So this is equal by vector algebra to I delta alpha and dot x cross p punch bar.

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So that's the operator. Okay. And there's the bar that's here.

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But this is what we define to be.

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L So this is equal to E To the minus I Delta Alpha and dot.

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L So that's what we've now discovered. Essentially what L does, l is the generator of of rotations, of movements around circles.

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So we conclude. That L is the generator of translations around circles.

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We can also get something interesting, very important by combining these two these two things.

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So for a complete circle so far, we can multiply these things together.

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So you for a circle is going to be the sum of all of this, for all sorts of of delta alphas.

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Okay. Uh, these are the minus I Delta Alpha and L, which is going to be e to the minus I, alpha and dot l where this is where this is the sum.

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Sorry, it's going to be the product of this, right?

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If we make a series of transformations, each one by Delta Alpha,

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then that product of these exponentials can be written as the exponential of the sum of the arguments, the sum of the arguments.

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So it always has to end. Dot l is the operator and the sum of the alphas of the Delta Alphas we're going to call alpha.

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So for a circle for circle, this is going to be two pi.

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So we're going to come to the conclusion that e to the minus two pi i n dot l is equal to the identity

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transformation because we've shown that you going all the way around and any close path has to be the identity.

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So this thing has to be has to be an identity for any vector, any unit vector.

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N and I will need that result shortly.

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And what? Yeah. What? So what do we. Come on.

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So what is the general. The general picture here that we can now understand what the distinction is between orbital angle mentum and angular momentum.

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So here we have a sort of look at this L And then there's this arrow here if we.

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So we're moving the we're moving the point at the base of the arrow around the circle.

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We're just translate translating it. Let's just go back.

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So we're we're just moving it round a circle, but we're not doing anything to its internal structure.

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We're just translating it. So if it has a little arrow, it has an orientation as, for example, the direction of its spin.

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That's that's not going to change its direction. It'll just be carried around.

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Now, ask what Jay does.

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What Jay does is it makes you the same system you would have had if you took what you've got and you rotated it on a turntable around the origin.

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If you rotated it on a turntable around the origin, this is what happens.

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The orientation of the particle changes as well as its location.

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So J is changing locations. L so l is only changing locations.

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Jay is doing a complete job by putting the particle on a turntable and rotating it at the same time is translating it.

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That's the difference. Right.

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So we've got these operators and we want to know obviously when you have operators,

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you need to know what their spectra are, what the allowed values of their eigenvalues are.

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And we can now immediately say what these are going to be.

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So we know that we can sit, we can find simultaneous a complete set of simultaneous eigen states of l squared and any one of its components z.

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That's the same as when we were dealing with the angular momentum operators and we obtained the eigenvalues of the Anglo momentum

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operators at J Squared and Jay Z by using by exploiting the commutation relationships between the different components of J.

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That was the only thing we used. Right. So we, we got that the e values of j squared Jay Z were they were j j plus one.

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This is for J Square. J squared had eigenvalues of j j plus one where J was nought a half, one three half cases, three halves, etc.

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Right. And we had that Jay Z had eigenvalues M which lay between minus J and plus J.

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And we got these results only using that j comma.

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J j equals i epsilon.

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I. J k. J k. If you look back at what we did, you'll find that that's the case, that nothing else went into this.

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But these computation relationships here for the L operators, we have the same commutation relations.

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Right. So the L satisfy identical computation relations.

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So this so the argument we had for J could be repeated line by line.

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There's no point in repeating it literally, but virtually.

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We now repeat that argument line by line with every J replaced by an L,

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and we conclude that the e values can be l squared has numbers like l l plus one where l

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could equal nought of half one level blah and ls that has m line between L and minus l.

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But then we think. But so these are the kind of no other numbers are possible than those numbers.

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Right. That's what that argument shows. Are all those numbers possible?

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No, for the following reason. But E to the to Pi, L.Z. has to be the identity operator.

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We've just shown that. That's a that's that's this statement with an put equal to the unit vector in the in the Z direction.

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Okay. So I should I need a minus sign.

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So we have that this thing has to be the identity operator.

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Consequently, if we use this operator on one of our states, which are going to be called l m right.

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This is the mutual eigen state of l squared and l.z. with eigenvalue l l plus one for l squared and m l said precisely by analogy with the.

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With what we did with Jay. Then this has to be simply Elm, because this is the identity operator.

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But what actually is this? If we have. So we're doing an exponential of this operator.

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This operator looks at this and says, that's my eigen function and therefore it replaces itself with the eigenvalue.

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So this is e to the minus two m pi i times l m comparing this side with this

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side we have the e to the two pi and is equal to or is equal to the number one.

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And that implies that m is an integer because if it were a half integer, this will be e to a certain number of I PI's, which should be minus one.

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But we've shown it cannot be minus one, so it's an integer.

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So this is the, this is where there is a difference between what happens, between what L does and what J does and why we have to keep track.

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So L is looking very like J, but it is not J because it is.

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Well, we've seen physically that it's not because what it what it merely translates you around a circle.

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It doesn't rotate you round a circle. And that has the consequence that m has to be an integer and therefore L has to be integer.

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So the eigenvalues of l squared are l l plus one where l equals nought one,

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two, three, four, etc. and therefore M is also going to be stuck on integers.

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So what's happening here? Is that what we what we what we learn from this in some sense is that.

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Let's just do this again. So. It's when we have translated our system all the way around the circle.

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It's come back to where it was, same orientation, everything the same right.

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And and the result is that an identity operator is applied as described by applying an identity operator to our state.

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If, on the other hand, we do we translate Jill way around the system.

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You would think it came back to where? Well, it comes back to the same place, undoubtedly.

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And the little arrow comes back to the same orientation.

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And you think you were back in the same place. But quantum mechanics is telling us something.

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Well, it's really experimental. Physics tells us that it's not. How do we know?

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So that arrow I'm I'm having to describe the orientation of the spin of a particle using an arrow.

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And I've already said this is a hazardous enterprise, because because quantum mechanics in quantum mechanics particles are gyros,

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and they in some sense have a spin that point in a direction. But you do get into trouble.

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Is the Einstein Podolsky Rosen experiment shows if you take this idea of pointing in a direction too seriously.

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And here we have another example of the risks of taking too seriously the idea

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that you can describe the spin of a particle by pointing in a direction,

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because when it is gone all the way around the the state vector has changed sine in the event that

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this is a half integer and four and and the and the Stern Gerlach experiment and other experiments,

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zillions of experiments show that electrons and protons and so on do have half integer values.

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Their angular momentum comes in half integer amounts. So when you take when you when you take a real electron on one of these terms around the origin,

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its state is somehow different from the state it started from.

196
00:27:09,780 --> 00:27:16,860
It's difficult for us to understand that. But but that's what that's what the mathematics combined with the experimental physics tells us.

197
00:27:20,300 --> 00:27:39,730
Okay. So the next item on the agenda is, is the eigen functions of El Squared and El CID.

198
00:27:40,810 --> 00:27:42,760
So we already know what the eigenvalues are.

199
00:27:42,760 --> 00:27:51,340
What we now would like to know is what do the what do these states look like, these elm states look like in the position representation.

200
00:27:51,350 --> 00:27:52,840
So what we're trying to find.

201
00:27:53,170 --> 00:28:13,360
So what we want is our thetr phi l m we'd like to find expressions for we'd like wave functions which describe these things here and our strategy.

202
00:28:16,860 --> 00:28:19,020
Is basically that we're going to.

203
00:28:19,060 --> 00:28:31,260
So so the strategy is this the detail is rather is rather tedious, but the strategy is this we are going to apply l plus to l l and get nothing.

204
00:28:32,190 --> 00:28:36,120
We're going to express this abstract. So these l x plus.

205
00:28:36,120 --> 00:28:41,310
This is all right. I think we talked about this yesterday, but I want to see sun l x plus i l y.

206
00:28:41,910 --> 00:28:48,150
So this is the operator which will try and raise the m entry here to one larger.

207
00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:52,170
But that's not possible because it already is largest, largest value. So it'll kill it.

208
00:28:53,580 --> 00:28:56,850
So this is this is an operator equation.

209
00:28:57,090 --> 00:29:03,419
We will look at this operator equation in the position representation and then it will become a first order differential equation.

210
00:29:03,420 --> 00:29:06,570
We will solve it. It'll turn out to be dead simple to solve.

211
00:29:07,800 --> 00:29:13,590
So that will that will lead us to let me leave off the R because I'm not really interested enough at the moment.

212
00:29:13,590 --> 00:29:32,630
It will lead us to this l l and then we will be able to say that Theta Phi l l minus one is equal to a seat of Phi.

213
00:29:33,630 --> 00:29:46,290
So there's a horrible square root now l l plus one minus m m minus one times l minus two.

214
00:29:46,540 --> 00:29:51,060
Sorry, this needs to the minus one times l minus.

215
00:29:52,030 --> 00:30:01,979
Uh, so we will.

216
00:30:01,980 --> 00:30:06,360
Having obtained this by this wave function,

217
00:30:06,570 --> 00:30:12,590
we will apply l minus to it in the position representation that will give us essentially the next one down.

218
00:30:12,700 --> 00:30:13,620
Lower this by one.

219
00:30:13,620 --> 00:30:21,329
And by repeatedly doing this, we'll be able to generate all of the wave functions associated with a particular total incremental quantum number.

220
00:30:21,330 --> 00:30:25,049
L That's the strategy to carry this out.

221
00:30:25,050 --> 00:30:31,410
What we need is expressions. We need expressions in the position representation for these operators.

222
00:30:33,330 --> 00:30:39,910
So this. Let's start by writing down what else that is.

223
00:30:40,060 --> 00:30:50,920
What is L.Z.? It's one over a bar of s p y minus y x in the position representation.

224
00:30:51,190 --> 00:30:59,050
What is that? P y and the position representation is minus h, bar d by d y.

225
00:30:59,260 --> 00:31:07,630
So this becomes minus i x d by d y, minus y d by the x.

226
00:31:09,310 --> 00:31:16,260
Now, to find out what that is, we could just we would we would like to express everything in terms of three,

227
00:31:16,300 --> 00:31:19,959
four and five, because we know we know an element is to do with rotations.

228
00:31:19,960 --> 00:31:22,900
That's why we want to use these revised spherical polar coordinates.

229
00:31:25,840 --> 00:31:29,499
And we could just use the chain rule to turn this into derivatives in theatre or five,

230
00:31:29,500 --> 00:31:35,739
but it's much easier to go to use the chain rule not going from this to to D by DC to

231
00:31:35,740 --> 00:31:41,830
DVD five but to go to write to find out what is DVD PHI According to the chain rule,

232
00:31:42,250 --> 00:31:55,360
it's the X by defy D by the x plus d, y by Defy D by d, y plus d z by defy divide you z.

233
00:31:55,360 --> 00:32:03,040
Right. So that's just a chain rule from calculus. Now we put in what these X, Y, and Z are.

234
00:32:03,040 --> 00:32:19,240
We know that x in polar coordinates is r sine theta cos phi we know that y is our sine theta sine phi and we know that Z is of course theta.

235
00:32:19,960 --> 00:32:24,520
So this implies that. So take a derivative of this.

236
00:32:25,660 --> 00:32:34,180
With respect to Phi we have the de x by de phi is going to be minus r sine theta

237
00:32:34,180 --> 00:32:42,550
sine phi which is the same as minus y minus is going to be simply minus y.

238
00:32:43,660 --> 00:32:57,370
We have that similarly d y by 85 that becomes a cosine and therefore this becomes x and we have the desired by defy is nothing at all.

239
00:32:58,810 --> 00:33:11,709
So we take these results and stuff them back in here and that tells me that divided phi is equal to that's a y sorry.

240
00:33:11,710 --> 00:33:19,030
That's a minus y. So let's write down minus y d by the x plus x divided y.

241
00:33:19,060 --> 00:33:25,150
What is the relationship to what we have up there? That is okay.

242
00:33:25,420 --> 00:33:34,870
So this is precisely what's in that bracket for L.Z. So this implies that L.Z. is minus I d by define.

243
00:33:37,150 --> 00:33:45,940
Of course, this is no surprise because L.Z. is the thing that rotates you around the Z axis and everybody

244
00:33:45,940 --> 00:33:52,030
knows that the spherical polar coordinate is defined as the angle around the z-axis.

245
00:33:52,450 --> 00:33:57,730
So it's kind of obvious that this has got to be the case, but it's nice to see that the chain rule delivers the goods.

246
00:33:58,870 --> 00:34:02,529
Now, the next bit is distinctly more tiresome.

247
00:34:02,530 --> 00:34:13,330
What we now have to do is what we want to do is, as I said, is express L plus an L minus X plus l, you know, plus I l y.

248
00:34:13,720 --> 00:34:19,000
In terms of DVD features and DVD phys, you could go with this just by brute force,

249
00:34:20,320 --> 00:34:24,639
but the algebra would be heavy, so the result would be that wonderful.

250
00:34:24,640 --> 00:34:30,010
Now here is I think this is the way to do it, right?

251
00:34:30,010 --> 00:34:33,550
So let's just calculate what DVD theatre is using the chain rule.

252
00:34:41,170 --> 00:34:53,649
It's obviously the x body theatre DBA X plus d y by d theatre d d y plus d z by d c to debate.

253
00:34:53,650 --> 00:34:56,890
Is that okay? We have expressions up there.

254
00:34:57,280 --> 00:35:05,770
So the X Body Theatre is going to produce this in our costs, theatre, cost fi, etc. this is going to produce this an r cost theatre.

255
00:35:07,030 --> 00:35:15,610
Sine fi. So I got a common factor of our cost to open a bracket and then we will be able to write down sine.

256
00:35:17,680 --> 00:35:22,690
Sorry. Cos fi d by the x.

257
00:35:26,380 --> 00:35:35,050
Cost plus cost fi. Sorry, plus sign five dvt y.

258
00:35:37,090 --> 00:35:48,700
And then finally we have d z by d thingy, which is going to be minus R because we are differentiating cosine theta d by d z.

259
00:35:55,570 --> 00:35:59,110
Now let's take our expression. Full court.

260
00:35:59,170 --> 00:36:03,660
Sorry. Four D by defy and multiply it by court theatre.

261
00:36:04,090 --> 00:36:09,340
So we're going to write down Court Theatre Deep 85 just for the fun of it.

262
00:36:11,440 --> 00:36:14,860
So. Right. So.

263
00:36:18,070 --> 00:36:23,049
This has to be we're going to be doing it. We're going to replace well, let's take this one first.

264
00:36:23,050 --> 00:36:35,410
It's going to be oh that is all sine theta cos phi when we multiply it by cost which is cause it was sine the, the sine is going to go into a cause,

265
00:36:35,950 --> 00:36:50,260
so this is going to be o cause theta brackets sine phi excuse me cos phi dy by d y so this,

266
00:36:50,980 --> 00:36:59,140
this is this here is our sine theta cos phi which is x times calls over sine which is not.

267
00:37:03,440 --> 00:37:11,299
And then that why is going to be our sine theta sine phi and the Scott multiplication

268
00:37:11,300 --> 00:37:17,090
will turn the sine teacher into a cost that I take out and we will have a sign phi here.

269
00:37:17,690 --> 00:37:23,780
TBD, TBD. How much X? That's it.

270
00:37:24,080 --> 00:37:32,870
Right. So what we now do is just again, for the fun of it, we take DVD theatre and add on it times this.

271
00:37:33,320 --> 00:37:40,790
So we look at DVD theatre plus eight times court theatre, DVD Phi.

272
00:37:43,640 --> 00:37:48,860
What happens then? We have our cost theatre as common as common factors.

273
00:37:54,200 --> 00:38:04,880
Oops. Quick. I should have.

274
00:38:05,360 --> 00:38:09,260
Yeah. Excuse me. Yes, that's right. That's fine. I'm looking at the wrong coefficients.

275
00:38:09,470 --> 00:38:12,770
So what am I going to be doing? I'm going to be adding this and this.

276
00:38:13,670 --> 00:38:16,880
So we're going to add eight times this to that.

277
00:38:16,890 --> 00:38:21,200
So with a common factor of X, we're going to have cost Phi minus.

278
00:38:21,200 --> 00:38:30,079
I signed Phi, which is well known to be written as E to the minus I fi that's how much of db x we're going

279
00:38:30,080 --> 00:38:45,050
to have and then we're going to have sine fi plus ICOs Phi and that is going to be plus,

280
00:38:45,470 --> 00:38:50,910
uh, high times each of the minus sci fi debate.

281
00:38:51,050 --> 00:38:54,410
You y we haven't quite finished have we.

282
00:39:02,580 --> 00:39:07,590
All right. So if you expand this out, it's going to give you an AI cost fi, which we want.

283
00:39:08,580 --> 00:39:15,810
That's this one here times I and it will contain a minus I sign five times an I which makes it a plus,

284
00:39:16,050 --> 00:39:23,730
just plain sign five, which is what we want there. Then finally we've got this in the back, so we will from here.

285
00:39:23,970 --> 00:39:30,170
So we have minus sign three to debate.

286
00:39:30,180 --> 00:39:34,280
You said. Yeah.

287
00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:43,720
So supposing we. Oh, and this thing could be written.

288
00:39:43,730 --> 00:39:48,710
Our sine theta is this.

289
00:39:54,410 --> 00:40:05,600
No, no, no, no. Leave it alone. So what we do now is we multiply this by each of the five, so we have each of the if I brackets divided feature.

290
00:40:06,200 --> 00:40:13,970
Plus I cut thetr d by 85, which will turn out to be our bottom line is equal to the.

291
00:40:14,180 --> 00:40:19,640
This this is going to be cancelled because I'm multiplying through by each of the I fi this will be cancelled.

292
00:40:20,090 --> 00:40:32,060
So we will have our costs theta brackets d by the x plus i d by d y,

293
00:40:32,600 --> 00:40:46,820
and then we will have minus o oh sine theta times e to the i phi which I choose now to write is cost phi plus I

294
00:40:48,350 --> 00:41:02,060
signed Phi and now our sine theta cos phi is x and this in the back is going to be y our sine theta sine phi.

295
00:41:02,360 --> 00:41:14,450
So we'll be able to write the right hand side as our cost theta d by the x plus i d b d y minus.

296
00:41:15,920 --> 00:41:25,579
So this is going to be x plus i y. Excuse me, this was times dpd z two which was where did that get lost.

297
00:41:25,580 --> 00:41:28,940
It was minus R sine theta D by de z. Yes.

298
00:41:28,940 --> 00:41:33,680
It just got lost in this line. In this line. Okay.

299
00:41:33,770 --> 00:41:38,780
Phew. So I want to now establish that that is actually l plus.

300
00:41:38,930 --> 00:41:52,850
So in order to do this, I write down so what is l plus l plus is l x plus i l y don't need those brackets, which is one upon h bar.

301
00:41:55,100 --> 00:42:13,400
Okay, once x it's y, p, z minus z, p y plus i times l y is z, p x minus x, p z.

302
00:42:16,640 --> 00:42:22,260
So now I want to turn this into x's. So this will be, uh.

303
00:42:23,160 --> 00:42:28,130
So this is minus i h bar bag, he said.

304
00:42:28,370 --> 00:42:31,519
So we're going to have know. It's just the sorry.

305
00:42:31,520 --> 00:42:35,480
Before we do that, let's gather things together because we've got a p z and a p z.

306
00:42:35,840 --> 00:42:41,330
So let's just for the moment, right. This is one over h bar we're going to have.

307
00:42:46,330 --> 00:42:59,110
We're going to have a common factor of Z. We're going to have a i z, p x plus i, p y.

308
00:42:59,110 --> 00:43:03,820
I think, right, this I and that's how I make the minus sign that we have there.

309
00:43:04,090 --> 00:43:08,410
Z is the common factor. All right.

310
00:43:08,680 --> 00:43:12,069
And then what about the Z factors? The P Z factors?

311
00:43:12,070 --> 00:43:19,960
Well, we have we have a plus Y minus I, x, p, z.

312
00:43:22,300 --> 00:43:27,550
Now we replace the P's by minus H, by D, by D, x, etcetera.

313
00:43:28,750 --> 00:43:37,150
So you will get a minus H because we're going to go through out from here, we'll have a minus I times and I which will give us a plus.

314
00:43:37,450 --> 00:43:42,519
So we'll have a z d by the X here.

315
00:43:42,520 --> 00:43:46,630
We will have, we have two A's making a minus sign.

316
00:43:47,170 --> 00:43:50,290
We have another minus sign coming in from the minus II.

317
00:43:51,130 --> 00:44:00,860
So we end up with a minus i d by d y and the of by the sign there choice mean minus nine.

318
00:44:01,840 --> 00:44:06,160
Now the two, the two made a minus and I soaked up. Sorry, these two i's made a minus.

319
00:44:06,520 --> 00:44:12,670
I brought in another minus from minus h body by D the minus is cancelled, leaving me only with the I.

320
00:44:14,620 --> 00:44:20,890
And this is going to bring in a minus I.

321
00:44:21,370 --> 00:44:32,439
A minus I. Well, so we have a few propagate this minus sign side here.

322
00:44:32,440 --> 00:44:43,450
We get a minus sign there. So we get a minus x and this is going to be plus i y because there's a minus I here and

323
00:44:43,450 --> 00:44:52,210
there's the minus sign and here's the I by Z and that I hope agrees with what we have written.

324
00:44:52,330 --> 00:44:55,990
It does because all costs theta is also known as Z.

325
00:44:56,170 --> 00:45:02,110
So we have said X plus I did y and here we have a minus x, plus y, y, z.

326
00:45:02,290 --> 00:45:12,550
So we have established a very important result, but l plus in the position representation is the differential operator in each of the EFI

327
00:45:13,840 --> 00:45:25,450
brackets deep ADC to its pluses and it plus i cotangent vector d by fi close brackets.

328
00:45:28,900 --> 00:45:32,680
There is an analogous calculation which I'm not going to do,

329
00:45:32,830 --> 00:45:49,120
which tells us that L minus is equal to minus E to the minus sci fi d by dc to is it minus yeah it is minus i v to deep 85.

330
00:45:50,920 --> 00:45:56,530
And if you try and do the two calculations together with plus and minus signs, good luck to you.

331
00:45:57,970 --> 00:46:02,530
It's fantastically confusing, right? So. So at least I got one of them.

332
00:46:02,530 --> 00:46:06,969
Right. So those will be us. Well, we let, let us know.

333
00:46:06,970 --> 00:46:14,379
Well, now let's leave it at that that those are going to be our starting points for tomorrow,

334
00:46:14,380 --> 00:46:17,980
deriving the eigen functions of these very important operations.