1
00:00:00,120 --> 00:00:07,080
Big welcome. Thank you all very much for coming. I think I've just heard that this is actually the first lecture.

2
00:00:07,110 --> 00:00:11,640
First talk has been given in this brand new theatre, which was opened yesterday by the Duchess of Kent.

3
00:00:11,970 --> 00:00:15,660
So, Eve, you are an honoured first timer, which is great.

4
00:00:16,500 --> 00:00:22,110
It gives me, I should say, I'm Hugo Slim from the Centre of Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict at Oxford.

5
00:00:22,590 --> 00:00:30,600
It gives me really great pleasure to welcome the ICRC to Oxford and particularly the Director General Eve D'accord to Oxford.

6
00:00:32,280 --> 00:00:36,899
Oxford has a long relationship with war and a long relationship with studying

7
00:00:36,900 --> 00:00:43,170
war and a long relationship with engaging with the humanitarian aspects of war.

8
00:00:43,470 --> 00:00:47,820
Going right back to the Middle Ages with the early professor of law, Albert Ecco Gentil,

9
00:00:48,540 --> 00:00:52,070
and coming up to date, more recently with someone sitting in the front row here,

10
00:00:52,080 --> 00:01:02,780
Sir Adam Roberts, who has worked so much over his career alongside the ICRC and in producing important works on the laws of war and other things.

11
00:01:02,790 --> 00:01:06,580
So it's a great pleasure to be continuing that tradition by having you here today.

12
00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:11,880
Eve, thank you very much. And thinking of current things we're doing here at Oxford as well.

13
00:01:12,840 --> 00:01:18,210
Obviously, the ICRC agenda of the laws of war, humanitarian action in war,

14
00:01:18,720 --> 00:01:27,390
state and individual responsibility in war is a huge part of our agenda at Elac in terms of ethics, law and armed conflict.

15
00:01:28,200 --> 00:01:36,930
But increasingly, as we think of ourselves, not Pembroke College and in the home of the New Centre for Human Rights for future generations,

16
00:01:37,350 --> 00:01:41,880
there is also no doubt that violence, whether it be.

17
00:01:43,340 --> 00:01:50,810
So of endemic violence that we're seeing on the rise in large parts of the world, in Mexico, where Eve has just returned from, in Central America,

18
00:01:51,020 --> 00:01:55,040
or whether it be non-international armed conflict or international armed conflict,

19
00:01:55,550 --> 00:02:01,970
the rights of people in future generations will determine on how that violence is played out.

20
00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:10,730
So I think violence and war of all kinds will continue to be a very important agenda for the Martin Program on Human Rights and future generations.

21
00:02:11,090 --> 00:02:19,940
So even more important that you're here to help us launch that that centre's new role here at Pembroke and Eve himself.

22
00:02:19,970 --> 00:02:22,370
Just a couple of things for you to know about Eve.

23
00:02:22,730 --> 00:02:33,590
I was invited to a dinner in the old town of Geneva in about the year 2000 by a lovely, very distinguished member of ICRC who said to me, Hugo,

24
00:02:33,590 --> 00:02:37,249
I want you to come to Geneva and me to come and have dinner with someone who I

25
00:02:37,250 --> 00:02:41,810
think is going to be rather important in the ICRC and in the future of the ICRC.

26
00:02:42,140 --> 00:02:48,440
So I turned up at the famous little restaurant in the old town of Geneva called the Carnivore Vegetarianism for ICRC.

27
00:02:48,950 --> 00:02:52,160
And we met and I met for the first time, Eve.

28
00:02:52,520 --> 00:02:56,660
And quite correctly, this lady Marian was right.

29
00:02:57,110 --> 00:03:05,660
Eve has been an extremely important part of the ICRC in the last ten years and is now leading it with President Peter Maher and the new president.

30
00:03:06,080 --> 00:03:13,940
And I think if I was to describe Eve's contributions, they find that in a general term he is a moderniser in the best sense,

31
00:03:13,940 --> 00:03:23,570
and he's been part of the determination and the real delivery of producing a modern ICRC for today's world.

32
00:03:23,990 --> 00:03:26,149
And that means, as I understand it,

33
00:03:26,150 --> 00:03:31,850
as I listen to Eve and as I watched the ICRC today and as I watch them treat or I'm going to because Eve says I've got to tweet now.

34
00:03:32,690 --> 00:03:41,840
That really means adapting. ICRC sees core values, its core concerns around the changes in the modern world.

35
00:03:42,200 --> 00:03:47,540
And that's how I understand what Eve's great contribution is being to the ICRC to make it

36
00:03:47,810 --> 00:03:52,820
as relevant in the modern world and to make it represent the realities of the modern world.

37
00:03:52,820 --> 00:03:58,940
And the huge changes you've made in staffing and organising organisational culture is a part of that.

38
00:03:59,330 --> 00:04:08,479
So Eve, it's a great pleasure to have you here. And also you should usefully know that in the audience we have a new Oxford University Society,

39
00:04:08,480 --> 00:04:13,460
which is the Oxford University Red Cross Society, which we have formed over the last year or so.

40
00:04:13,730 --> 00:04:17,370
So the university also now has its own Red Cross society.

41
00:04:17,810 --> 00:04:27,170
One of their immediate aims apart to be kept informed on humanitarian matters internationally is to train as many students as possible in first aid,

42
00:04:27,800 --> 00:04:32,990
so that actually the Oxford University Red Cross Society can be the primary provider of first aid

43
00:04:32,990 --> 00:04:38,990
services to Oxford University events ranging from conferences to balls to sports events or whatever.

44
00:04:39,350 --> 00:04:44,180
So that's another thing that people like Daniel and others here are trying to achieve at the moment.

45
00:04:44,600 --> 00:04:49,280
But it's a great pleasure to have you with us. Eve is going to talk for about 30 minutes, maybe 35 minutes.

46
00:04:49,580 --> 00:04:52,580
And then he wants to, in his words, engage.

47
00:04:52,850 --> 00:04:58,880
So I suggest we then have a very good session for about 45 minutes, maybe more, where you ask questions.

48
00:04:59,030 --> 00:05:02,390
He's going to lead off with his thoughts on the implications of the Arab Spring.

49
00:05:02,720 --> 00:05:06,709
And then he's very keen to talk to you all about what ICRC is doing in Syria,

50
00:05:06,710 --> 00:05:10,010
what the challenges are, and really what's happening operationally for them.

51
00:05:10,460 --> 00:05:22,330
So, Eve, big welcome to Oxford. Thank you. Good afternoon to all of you.

52
00:05:22,660 --> 00:05:26,680
Do you hear me? Well, that's fine. I just wanted to know if you need to make it.

53
00:05:27,120 --> 00:05:30,970
He's, um. The first speaker of the. The room is used to have anybody speaking ethics.

54
00:05:31,450 --> 00:05:35,950
I'm very. It's okay. Now this is your time to decide, because otherwise I can take my.

55
00:05:38,110 --> 00:05:41,810
Okay. Let's just 5 minutes, and then if you don't hear me, make me a signal.

56
00:05:42,100 --> 00:05:45,220
I'll try to find a mate. I think it's important that we we have the chance to.

57
00:05:45,280 --> 00:05:48,429
To hear each other. Ugo, thanks very much for your call.

58
00:05:48,430 --> 00:05:48,850
You're welcome.

59
00:05:48,850 --> 00:05:56,260
I'm very pleased to be here and I think I really see this moment also not only of giving maybe some of the thinking of the ICAC right now,

60
00:05:57,430 --> 00:06:00,790
but also having your your point, your view, I think.

61
00:06:00,940 --> 00:06:04,660
Why? Because we are in a time where we have a had a lot of questions.

62
00:06:05,650 --> 00:06:13,900
We don't have all the answer really. It's a time where as an organisation we know exactly where we want to go, one to be the way to go.

63
00:06:13,900 --> 00:06:19,630
We need to be adaptable. Unpredictability is extremely high for us to a lot of issues.

64
00:06:20,380 --> 00:06:24,300
Syria is a good example, but I can talk a lot about a lot of other country where it is right.

65
00:06:24,310 --> 00:06:28,270
Not very difficult to be able to act, to understand and to be.

66
00:06:28,270 --> 00:06:34,509
I think you use the key word relevant and what has changed over the last ten years at least that's

67
00:06:34,510 --> 00:06:41,410
our perception is we measure us would tell us that we are relevant or not and who has an influence.

68
00:06:41,620 --> 00:06:45,460
I would say ten years ago, if you would design our our stakeholders,

69
00:06:45,790 --> 00:06:52,719
you would say clearly governance would be absolutely central and possibly armed forces.

70
00:06:52,720 --> 00:06:59,590
Not said non-state armed groups would be central to their perceptions of our relevance or not.

71
00:06:59,590 --> 00:07:06,640
They are still central today. But what has changed over the last few years is that people affected,

72
00:07:07,240 --> 00:07:13,900
the famous people affected have become much more important to our own relevance that they were ten years ago,

73
00:07:14,320 --> 00:07:17,620
and they are much more challenging for us than they were ten years ago.

74
00:07:18,340 --> 00:07:24,130
You would say as a humanitarian, you should always say, or for the people that you serve, they should be at the centre of the response.

75
00:07:24,670 --> 00:07:29,170
But the reality is that yes, they are the centre, but in fact they don't influence that much.

76
00:07:29,170 --> 00:07:32,829
Our response but it has changed over the last few years and I would like to come

77
00:07:32,830 --> 00:07:37,060
back to that because that's one of the big change we have been confronted with.

78
00:07:38,170 --> 00:07:44,590
I was proposed by you to talk a little bit about the Arab Spring and the humanitarian challenge linked with it.

79
00:07:44,860 --> 00:07:49,830
Why? Because I think it's critical to understand what are we talking about, the Arab Spring.

80
00:07:49,840 --> 00:07:54,670
Is there this common notion? I will tell you, I don't like so much emotion, but it's fine.

81
00:07:55,210 --> 00:08:04,750
I would like to unpack it a little bit and try then to understand one or two or three trends that we can see in the linked with the Arab Spring.

82
00:08:05,230 --> 00:08:09,160
I will tell you that it won't stop at the Middle East. It's going further.

83
00:08:10,150 --> 00:08:14,980
And I would also leave you then maybe tell you what it means then for you meant an organisation like the ICRC.

84
00:08:15,460 --> 00:08:18,400
I won't speak specifically about context.

85
00:08:18,400 --> 00:08:26,260
I will of course name context, but then afterwards I'm very happy to take questions specifically on Syria or Mali or Afghanistan or anything else.

86
00:08:26,260 --> 00:08:32,919
I'll be happy to discuss that with you. So if we start with thinking about the the Arab Spring,

87
00:08:32,920 --> 00:08:36,579
maybe the first thing I need to tell you and you know that the perspective of the

88
00:08:36,580 --> 00:08:40,000
ICRC of the International Committee of the Red Cross is only one perspective.

89
00:08:41,110 --> 00:08:42,879
You might have a lot of different perspectives.

90
00:08:42,880 --> 00:08:50,110
So take it as one might not have the perfect just perspective, and our perspective is linked with one another.

91
00:08:50,710 --> 00:08:57,100
We are an organisation who continue to be willing to be close to what is happening.

92
00:08:58,300 --> 00:09:02,950
So we are not outsource our resolve to our response to local partner.

93
00:09:03,760 --> 00:09:10,630
It's important I am saying that because this is a big trend and you make an international arena I don't think is right or wrong,

94
00:09:10,990 --> 00:09:17,170
but our view is we want to be able to maintain what I would call a direct access in the direct action.

95
00:09:17,470 --> 00:09:22,480
We do that, of course, sometimes in partnership with it's practical for us to be close to where it's happening.

96
00:09:22,660 --> 00:09:31,630
So it needs news today in Syria. We have people in Damascus, property in Homs, in Aleppo, and it's complicated.

97
00:09:31,990 --> 00:09:37,420
We don't access every place, but we have the right and I think I know us, of course,

98
00:09:37,870 --> 00:09:43,360
to be able to understand sometimes a little bit more the dynamic not only of the people affected,

99
00:09:43,990 --> 00:09:49,120
but also of the people who are trying to controlling them. Right. And all the parts of the conflict, I really resist that.

100
00:09:49,120 --> 00:09:57,220
So when I'm reading some of the channel and some other perception and view is really based on what we understand from what is happening at the ground.

101
00:09:57,720 --> 00:10:02,950
Not sure we are very good at sending what may be the big picture, but at the ground is what we are providing you.

102
00:10:03,160 --> 00:10:09,310
And I'll come back about the notion of direct actions and being able to be close to people, because I think it's a very important element.

103
00:10:09,730 --> 00:10:13,060
So if we talk about the Arab Spring so far, just two things.

104
00:10:13,780 --> 00:10:17,980
I am happy about this notion as we know it. This notion now, by the way, is taking away.

105
00:10:18,330 --> 00:10:25,200
But they just try to linger on two things. One, the notion of stream I think there was no discussion about and then the week or whatever.

106
00:10:25,500 --> 00:10:29,490
I think that's not the point. I think the point for me is and I think we should agree with that.

107
00:10:29,640 --> 00:10:34,650
Most likely, we're confronted with a series of events.

108
00:10:35,700 --> 00:10:44,700
You know, can we put together that will last? I think we should agree that most likely we are confronted with a kind of a revolution,

109
00:10:45,720 --> 00:10:53,070
and that major revolution takes years, if not decades, and will take a lot of different form depending on the context.

110
00:10:53,490 --> 00:11:00,810
That's why I'm not going back on that. But we need to be ready for a long term change, turmoil, tensions.

111
00:11:02,250 --> 00:11:06,000
And then again, with the Arab world, it will be this happening in the Arab world first.

112
00:11:06,570 --> 00:11:11,190
But I'm of the opinion that it will be wrong just to look at the Arab world.

113
00:11:11,700 --> 00:11:13,529
It has already affected more than the Arab world.

114
00:11:13,530 --> 00:11:21,420
I don't know where you put Iran, but we can discuss if an Iranian 2009 was not already a signal of some of the change.

115
00:11:21,690 --> 00:11:27,480
You have to look at Central Asia, no doubt. You have to look already in Africa, Mali and other places.

116
00:11:28,050 --> 00:11:31,620
And some of the elements might affect one day Europe.

117
00:11:31,740 --> 00:11:36,150
Not for us, even at the same time, but they are issues. I'll come back on that, which I think.

118
00:11:36,240 --> 00:11:40,979
So it is lasting. It will continue with us for a long time.

119
00:11:40,980 --> 00:11:46,680
And we as a collective, not only ICC, we need to really understand what is at stake.

120
00:11:46,680 --> 00:11:50,760
And what I am talking about when we talk about the Arab Spring in December, it's important.

121
00:11:50,850 --> 00:11:57,030
And too, it's not just Middle East. Middle East is at the centre of the of this question, but you cannot just be that.

122
00:11:57,300 --> 00:12:04,410
So if we if we just slightly unpacked it, if you allow me and then I'll try to to see what are some of the common trends.

123
00:12:05,040 --> 00:12:10,740
The first element which which strikes me is, of course, it's important to have a contextual understanding.

124
00:12:11,010 --> 00:12:16,580
So what's happening right now in Tunisia has little to do with what is happening in man.

125
00:12:17,460 --> 00:12:23,340
We have different dynamic at stake without mentioning Libya, Egypt, Syria.

126
00:12:23,520 --> 00:12:28,319
I mean, we see different element and it's extremely important and we understand that there are different element.

127
00:12:28,320 --> 00:12:31,740
And I think one of the element is also the context.

128
00:12:31,770 --> 00:12:36,060
If I look at Libya, for example, today, the dynamic of Libya,

129
00:12:37,200 --> 00:12:45,690
the clamp down on the hallmarks of Libya is shaping the outcome, as you would have imagined, for a different type of dynamic.

130
00:12:45,700 --> 00:12:48,330
So in one hand, you would have some country like Egypt or Tunisia,

131
00:12:48,690 --> 00:12:59,489
which are fighting in a way to building or rebuilding political institution, finding the balance between army, justice,

132
00:12:59,490 --> 00:13:03,899
democracy just ended with economic development, whereas the other country,

133
00:13:03,900 --> 00:13:11,280
which I'm just in a way going through or then trying to recover from almost a billion internal armed conflict, almost a civil war.

134
00:13:11,310 --> 00:13:14,760
So, I mean, you have different situation. Just frame it like that.

135
00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:20,760
I think it's useful. But now, of course, what is interesting is to look at what are the trends and they are some similarities and some trends.

136
00:13:21,030 --> 00:13:29,009
And I would like to to come back on that because I think it will help us also to try to understand what are we facing and of course,

137
00:13:29,010 --> 00:13:31,739
maybe to apply some of the trends and to other countries of the world.

138
00:13:31,740 --> 00:13:38,400
And see, I don't know if we can make some link, but see, maybe, maybe other places, maybe other Arab will be affected by that.

139
00:13:38,730 --> 00:13:42,570
The first one, which strike us, if you look at some of the country,

140
00:13:42,570 --> 00:13:50,190
is how much and in all the country, the regime was or is removed from it from its own people.

141
00:13:50,280 --> 00:13:56,550
So we are in a situation when in a way for different reasons, you have a regime far perceived so far from the people,

142
00:13:56,670 --> 00:14:01,530
from the people, and at a time also where the regime was also perceived as a period of transition,

143
00:14:02,430 --> 00:14:10,290
very strong, regime removed, and then challenge in terms of legitimacy because the onset of transition wanted

144
00:14:10,290 --> 00:14:14,010
to transfer the transfer of power to the son or to the daughters or whatever.

145
00:14:14,160 --> 00:14:16,020
Interesting. Just as a first reflections,

146
00:14:16,020 --> 00:14:23,400
we have a power in this country which is removed from from the people who perceive so and in a situation of slight weakness.

147
00:14:23,430 --> 00:14:29,610
Okay. That's one let's put it aside. I think more interestingly for us is a kind of a different dynamic.

148
00:14:29,610 --> 00:14:39,300
One is you have clearly a situation where young people and I'm careful what we mean by young people, let's say under 50.

149
00:14:41,190 --> 00:14:48,300
So young people really be educated but also be in a situation where suddenly and it's not new,

150
00:14:48,870 --> 00:14:56,640
having clearly in their area no real future in terms of job being able at the same time

151
00:14:56,910 --> 00:15:00,840
to compare what's happening in other part of the world to finance all the places.

152
00:15:00,840 --> 00:15:04,530
So there is something about that really. And you have, of course,

153
00:15:04,530 --> 00:15:12,120
a population and I will link it that when that's where they have the ability that there is no real options and future in their country.

154
00:15:12,300 --> 00:15:16,860
Right. You can even link it. You can Tunisia and Egypt possibly.

155
00:15:16,860 --> 00:15:19,599
Also the fact that. Immigration is thought to be even more difficult.

156
00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:26,640
So the options for young people in that country or in the region are narrow, very thin.

157
00:15:26,650 --> 00:15:31,660
And of course, at the same time, there is not really any response from the government for good reason.

158
00:15:31,720 --> 00:15:38,530
So I think you can really see a constraint on that. But I will link it immediately with the famous notions of of new media.

159
00:15:38,800 --> 00:15:42,370
And, you know, what I find interesting is not so much that we have new media, tweeters, whatever.

160
00:15:42,380 --> 00:15:45,640
I think that's interesting. That's one much more interesting.

161
00:15:46,030 --> 00:15:52,700
And if there's one thing I would learn from what happened in Tunisia, in Egypt slightly differently in Libya,

162
00:15:53,680 --> 00:16:01,450
is we are confronted with an uprising in Syria without Egypt, without a leader.

163
00:16:02,080 --> 00:16:07,630
You don't have this. And then some Mandela, Egyptian or Tunisian, says, you know, this is the moment now.

164
00:16:07,810 --> 00:16:11,260
We've fought together for 30 years. Let's do it now, you know.

165
00:16:12,730 --> 00:16:15,969
So don't you really have a no leader? Of course.

166
00:16:15,970 --> 00:16:22,360
Then after some forces are then taking over in a way at the beginning of the uprising is really about people,

167
00:16:22,360 --> 00:16:25,030
young people connecting, using a new media.

168
00:16:25,180 --> 00:16:30,370
I'm not of the opinion of the new media where the decisive factors that are an important factor of another assignment.

169
00:16:31,630 --> 00:16:38,810
But clearly what is interesting is you have individual willing in a way to play their role, connecting them among themselves.

170
00:16:38,830 --> 00:16:49,719
And last but not least, I think the fear factors to change means that young people will feel that in their balance it's useful,

171
00:16:49,720 --> 00:17:01,000
it's okay to connect, to go, to say for, you know, more space, more freedom, more job versus being afraid of the government and the repression.

172
00:17:01,210 --> 00:17:08,110
So I think there is something around that which is interesting. So we need to capture that because just interesting, you know,

173
00:17:08,140 --> 00:17:13,150
if I look at around I was recently in to country and I don't want to not specifically look at the country

174
00:17:13,420 --> 00:17:19,930
but you can see clearly some of these elements which clearly camouflage if you go in Central Asia,

175
00:17:20,260 --> 00:17:21,370
you can have a different opinion,

176
00:17:21,370 --> 00:17:29,169
but you can look at some countries you with absolutely see young people rather educated a bit of distance with the governments, you know,

177
00:17:29,170 --> 00:17:38,049
where it's got to be more difficult in terms of how much you share the youth space in the economy, the ability to connect, also Internet.

178
00:17:38,050 --> 00:17:41,379
I mean, you can look into that. You can look totally different in India.

179
00:17:41,380 --> 00:17:47,910
And I'm not saying India will have an Arab Spring, but India, what happens, for example, in Delhi link with the Gangrape.

180
00:17:48,550 --> 00:17:52,090
The issue was not things that wasn't just about the rape and the gang rape.

181
00:17:52,180 --> 00:18:00,340
It sure that people took before, went on in the streets, demonstrated absolutely without even thinking.

182
00:18:01,210 --> 00:18:05,380
And I think this is also at a country that has an enormous impact.

183
00:18:05,380 --> 00:18:08,470
How would you look at that, by the way, if I look at Europe,

184
00:18:09,790 --> 00:18:16,900
if I if I look at some of the of the things which happened in 2005 in France or in 2011 in this country,

185
00:18:17,470 --> 00:18:24,970
you can see that the fact that still so young people connect to be able to take the street to go on without, you know, chain of command and we know.

186
00:18:24,970 --> 00:18:30,700
So I think there is something around that which is changing a bit, the dynamic in which governments are looking at their people.

187
00:18:32,290 --> 00:18:37,749
So let's agree, we have a complex dynamic which is in a way different country by country,

188
00:18:37,750 --> 00:18:40,270
and then maybe the difference by country will shape the outcome.

189
00:18:41,170 --> 00:18:45,460
But also, let's agree that they are, I think, some trends which I think are important to to look into that.

190
00:18:45,730 --> 00:18:55,150
Now, if I if I try to focus on the United Challenge for the people first and then I will look at what are the challenge for us as an organisation.

191
00:18:56,500 --> 00:19:02,260
I think what's what is very worrying right now and much more worrying today than two years ago.

192
00:19:02,860 --> 00:19:05,870
I think two years ago a lot of people weren't aware.

193
00:19:05,870 --> 00:19:09,459
In fact, they were very enthusiastic about, wow, it's something positive.

194
00:19:09,460 --> 00:19:19,120
It's about freedom because we want to look like our own grids of we don't really think, oh, this is great, these people are now fighting for freedom.

195
00:19:19,540 --> 00:19:30,430
I think we totally underestimated the fact that a lot of issues where economically really not everything but there was an issue about the economy,

196
00:19:30,490 --> 00:19:42,790
about jobs, about important. I mean, in Egypt, one of the key factors to be underestimated was the price of the bread going up in Tunisia.

197
00:19:42,940 --> 00:19:48,999
Very much the same basic commodity is going up and it is suddenly maybe the drop, which is too much.

198
00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:54,010
You know, it's not the only one, but it's an important fact. What is worrying is two years dangerous.

199
00:19:54,550 --> 00:20:02,080
To date, nothing has been solved in pure economic terms for the people in all this country Egypt, Tunisia, Libya.

200
00:20:03,260 --> 00:20:12,580
I think now without even mentioning Syria, the economy, the situation, not only even the violence, the economic situation has got much more worst.

201
00:20:13,150 --> 00:20:17,410
And so the very same people in, we thought, went to the streets.

202
00:20:18,280 --> 00:20:23,320
They found themselves with a situation which had become worse and typically a good example.

203
00:20:23,980 --> 00:20:29,590
You have a lot of discussions about the Constitution, and rightly so, about the role and responsibility of each other.

204
00:20:29,950 --> 00:20:36,220
Still, I mean, you have today much more people who have just get under the level of poverty.

205
00:20:36,460 --> 00:20:39,710
So it won't just go away, I think.

206
00:20:39,730 --> 00:20:48,040
And so first, 11 to 9 times what you met and challenge today you have a much larger part of the population which found today the situation is worst,

207
00:20:48,130 --> 00:20:55,990
especially in economic terms. So if there is one element I would like to emphasise is really the economic factors, which is a critical one.

208
00:20:55,990 --> 00:20:56,710
Pretty good for them.

209
00:20:57,100 --> 00:21:05,090
And please, I think you know that if you suddenly see that the price of the food and for the really basic commodities have gone up in 2008.

210
00:21:06,070 --> 00:21:17,500
Not all and most of them. And what is new is that they never want to see inflation where the price of food have gone up really very high.

211
00:21:17,710 --> 00:21:24,210
And at the same times in most of this country, you have also the price of electricity and of face was all have gone up.

212
00:21:24,220 --> 00:21:29,140
So I think when when now? So I think the situation, just the economic situation for people is complex.

213
00:21:29,680 --> 00:21:31,990
You can just add to make it more difficult.

214
00:21:32,260 --> 00:21:39,139
As you mentioned, challenge is, of course, that the financial crisis and the economic crisis in general, I should say crisis with A.

215
00:21:39,140 --> 00:21:42,610
S, because I think there are several and impacting in other means.

216
00:21:42,610 --> 00:21:49,360
Also, the states, most of them have less money and let's just to be able to deploy social distance.

217
00:21:49,780 --> 00:21:57,459
So the gap between the reality of the of the people, the fact that they are more poor, more under pressure,

218
00:21:57,460 --> 00:22:03,610
and the ability for states or, you know, even charity services to help them has grown.

219
00:22:03,610 --> 00:22:08,170
So I think I think we have a real issue around that. Can I just make also a link?

220
00:22:08,440 --> 00:22:12,340
And the thing the one and one of the point also is, of course, not only Middle East,

221
00:22:13,090 --> 00:22:20,890
you can see Europe this morning and you saw that Spain is 27.4%, obviously, of unemployment,

222
00:22:21,550 --> 00:22:29,200
54% of young men and women under 27, no job, don't believe,

223
00:22:29,440 --> 00:22:35,710
don't think will go through easily and people would just wait for the next ten years when there is no option.

224
00:22:35,740 --> 00:22:43,030
I think we would also see pressure on governments, on society, on the Red Cross, by the way, to be able to respond to that.

225
00:22:43,150 --> 00:22:50,500
I'm really convinced about it. And so I think when you are in Egypt or in Tunisia and one of your option was also to be able to go what,

226
00:22:50,500 --> 00:22:52,899
maybe Europe and try to make your chance in all these days,

227
00:22:52,900 --> 00:22:58,540
you you find difficult in your country and you know that migrating to Europe is even more difficult than it was before.

228
00:22:58,720 --> 00:23:05,799
I think it also puts pressure on all of us. So first factor is really the economic crisis in which we are and the impact it has on the

229
00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:09,850
food price and the fact that nothing can be solved in all of the country regarding that.

230
00:23:10,420 --> 00:23:16,600
The second you mentioned challenge is the level, the increase of the level of violence.

231
00:23:17,500 --> 00:23:20,260
And I was happy to go that you mentioned that before in general.

232
00:23:20,530 --> 00:23:28,860
But I think it's very clear for today in most of this country, I mean, the level of violence perceived by the people or real has increased.

233
00:23:28,870 --> 00:23:34,759
It's more difficult, maybe not of all of them. But if you look at Libya these days, nobody speak about Libya anymore.

234
00:23:34,760 --> 00:23:38,590
It has disappeared almost from our radar for Libyan people.

235
00:23:39,610 --> 00:23:44,670
There is enormous tensions between, in fact, the region to control the resources.

236
00:23:44,680 --> 00:23:50,370
It's very complicated for, you know, average people. I'm not saying before, but paradise, that's what I'm saying.

237
00:23:50,380 --> 00:23:55,690
But before the rules of the game were that say we're not going to be here today, it's very, very tense.

238
00:23:55,690 --> 00:23:59,010
It's very complicated. So the level of violence is a big issue.

239
00:23:59,030 --> 00:24:05,800
And of course, in the midst of all that, you have Syria and see how we're not talking about tensions,

240
00:24:06,130 --> 00:24:12,190
we're talking about a war war with absolutely a level of violence.

241
00:24:12,190 --> 00:24:15,250
I must say, if I'm speaking about ISIS and my colleagues, what I'm hearing,

242
00:24:15,290 --> 00:24:23,529
what I've seen is we have really we've gone through such a level of violence and it's extremely problematic.

243
00:24:23,530 --> 00:24:29,140
But in Syria right now, you have a country which is completely affected, not by the war in every part of the country.

244
00:24:29,730 --> 00:24:35,190
I would say every Syrian after two years, it's normal for every to feel the world.

245
00:24:36,370 --> 00:24:46,140
There's very little options. That's a good point of view. And we are back to a situation where it's the revenge dynamic kicks in, right?

246
00:24:46,240 --> 00:24:51,399
Where in fact, through communities, through enormous tensions, which makes it extremely difficult.

247
00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:57,340
So the level of violence and people are aware of that because of course, we are in a time where it's extremely easy for you.

248
00:24:58,060 --> 00:25:04,090
So imagine for any Jordanian, Lebanese and people from the region, we all mentioned Syrians very easy to download.

249
00:25:04,090 --> 00:25:08,739
And you when you see there have been of people on a daily basis in Syria.

250
00:25:08,740 --> 00:25:12,520
So you have also this psychological impact on the level of violence.

251
00:25:12,520 --> 00:25:17,590
So you have a level of violence which extremely high it will continue to impact on.

252
00:25:17,620 --> 00:25:27,309
The region. The third you might then challenge is that in all of this country, almost all of the country, you had system, health system,

253
00:25:27,310 --> 00:25:37,240
economic system, education system, which where they fled, or at least the state then, let's say is the largest centralised.

254
00:25:37,780 --> 00:25:48,580
Most of them with the exception of Mali, I would say. And of course, when you have a collapse of the economy, a lot of tensions or war.

255
00:25:49,090 --> 00:25:52,960
One big challenge we see is that systems are collapsing.

256
00:25:53,770 --> 00:26:02,290
And if I just give you two examples, one is, of course, Syria. If I just look at the health system, I rather good and song have a system for war.

257
00:26:02,830 --> 00:26:09,790
Now today what we see and I would like to be careful with the figures of the figures because trend is

258
00:26:09,790 --> 00:26:19,959
extremely difficult to have a sense that compared to comparison why our experience in Iraq was that in 2006,

259
00:26:19,960 --> 00:26:25,620
during the war, doctors were targeted really specifically.

260
00:26:25,630 --> 00:26:30,850
There was a moment where quite a lot of doctors were coming and some of that was due to

261
00:26:30,850 --> 00:26:34,720
the fact that they wanted the wrong place or because of ethnic or religious questions,

262
00:26:34,900 --> 00:26:38,200
but also because they were talking the figures.

263
00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:43,420
And we think the figures are serious. The figures on Iraq was the euro one year.

264
00:26:43,870 --> 00:26:49,960
Iraq lost 50% of their doctor, 17,000 doctor left in the country.

265
00:26:50,260 --> 00:26:56,440
One of the reasons is because they are because they are. They still have the money to be able to, you know, leave the country.

266
00:26:56,710 --> 00:27:03,010
And you find yourself a situation where truly you don't have to get in a country like that.

267
00:27:03,280 --> 00:27:07,300
People would be able to help in Syria. We don't we don't have to use.

268
00:27:07,810 --> 00:27:12,910
But what we see today in hospitals offshore, we see very junior doctors,

269
00:27:13,090 --> 00:27:21,729
everyone very well what trying to do that is not so much a lack of medicine in this case,

270
00:27:21,730 --> 00:27:27,730
a lack of competencies under very difficult situation because often not long because

271
00:27:27,830 --> 00:27:31,570
a patient is the last place where you go because you are arrested in hospital.

272
00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:36,170
So I think in the face of even all the public in terms of competence,

273
00:27:36,170 --> 00:27:45,010
is you suddenly have an entire system which is not only affecting the economy, but also in terms of social incompetence and to the living.

274
00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:50,860
So I would really not underestimate what's happening in terms of health in some of the country and the impact it has.

275
00:27:50,860 --> 00:27:56,919
Then, of course, on the entire society. You can say the same about education very clearly and it is more difficult for us.

276
00:27:56,920 --> 00:27:59,440
We have less experience at the International Committee of the Red Cross,

277
00:27:59,740 --> 00:28:07,420
but we can see clearly again in some of these countries that face less money, less ability and also to repay.

278
00:28:07,810 --> 00:28:11,710
And therefore, some might argue that we just have no education system working.

279
00:28:11,950 --> 00:28:23,019
So we are in a time just think quickly about Syria, even if the war would stop tomorrow, which I hope we are there for a long,

280
00:28:23,020 --> 00:28:30,880
long time in terms of just reconstructing this country, just I mean, this country will need enormous effort and we will pay for it.

281
00:28:31,720 --> 00:28:35,140
We'll be ready to help Syria for the next ten years.

282
00:28:35,140 --> 00:28:39,640
Just to reconstruct this, if you look at how much more difficult it is for Iraq and Europe is a rich country.

283
00:28:40,630 --> 00:28:46,930
Syria has not reached itself. Look at Egypt, how difficult it is to rebuild if you want some of the institution.

284
00:28:47,020 --> 00:28:50,740
So it takes a lot of time and it makes it extremely difficult.

285
00:28:51,820 --> 00:28:56,500
I have two more challenges and they are more linked with a psychological dimension.

286
00:28:57,220 --> 00:29:00,220
I think it's interesting because you were talking about modernisation.

287
00:29:00,430 --> 00:29:03,100
One thing we have learnt, Afghanistan is nothing to do with me.

288
00:29:03,400 --> 00:29:14,100
I think our relationship with with people on the ground, we've really seen over time that the physical impact is critical.

289
00:29:14,120 --> 00:29:17,290
So when you do you have actions you absolutely need to take care of.

290
00:29:17,290 --> 00:29:25,490
Health is of economic security, but we understand more and more reporting needs to be able to talk about mental health care.

291
00:29:25,510 --> 00:29:31,630
Also, in some people, this is what we need to be able to reintegrate that in our thinking.

292
00:29:31,990 --> 00:29:38,770
Typically when we work inside prisons, for example, most of the detainees, what they're telling us is it's not about food.

293
00:29:38,770 --> 00:29:46,479
It's not always not about space, but sometimes it's about, you know, just having an understanding.

294
00:29:46,480 --> 00:29:52,420
Why have you since 12 years without and judgements and requests.

295
00:29:52,690 --> 00:30:00,790
I don't know why. So the psychological dimension, you know, we know that all sexual violence has an enormous impact on the psychology as an example.

296
00:30:00,850 --> 00:30:04,440
So for us, our bill to understand that is absolutely critical.

297
00:30:04,450 --> 00:30:12,549
So what I would say is we see that across the Arab Spring country, but the psychological element is an important one.

298
00:30:12,550 --> 00:30:16,180
There is pressure on people and it's linked with also unpredictability.

299
00:30:17,170 --> 00:30:23,090
We. In a time I think a lot of people were used maybe to unpredictability, but definitely has increased.

300
00:30:23,270 --> 00:30:29,510
You look at all the how we find difficult. Things are changing quickly, the pharmacology changing.

301
00:30:29,840 --> 00:30:32,780
It's difficult for people to grasp while the rules of the game.

302
00:30:33,140 --> 00:30:41,930
Imagine when you are writing a man or in Syria how difficult it is to understand what will happen tomorrow and what is even more striking in,

303
00:30:42,140 --> 00:30:48,740
you know, country. I mentioned there's a clear understanding of what would happen in six months.

304
00:30:49,520 --> 00:30:54,470
Nobody and nobody knows. Nobody has a clue. You going to make scenarios?

305
00:30:54,690 --> 00:30:55,490
It's very difficult.

306
00:30:56,210 --> 00:31:03,320
So that has an impact also for all of us and of course, especially on people and their difficulties to project themself in the future.

307
00:31:03,650 --> 00:31:08,840
And I think we should really not underestimate that. And I would like to make the link with I mentioned Spain.

308
00:31:09,170 --> 00:31:09,910
I mentioned Europe.

309
00:31:09,920 --> 00:31:20,170
For me, one of the elements in Europe that is changing is that for the first time we have people we have us having in front of us five,

310
00:31:20,180 --> 00:31:27,069
ten years we don't know. Within a way, a message that it will be tough and nobody knows what will be forthcoming.

311
00:31:27,070 --> 00:31:29,570
It will be with a very gloomy picture.

312
00:31:30,680 --> 00:31:39,140
You have any kind of feedback on country like Portugal, Spain, but it could have an impact also everywhere in Europe in terms of what you mean.

313
00:31:39,260 --> 00:31:44,149
Imagine when on top of that, your lower your level is lower and you have violence.

314
00:31:44,150 --> 00:31:46,190
So it makes it makes it extremely difficult.

315
00:31:46,820 --> 00:31:54,500
So if I, if I come back to to the ICAC and maybe to to you might organisation like what are the challenges.

316
00:31:55,010 --> 00:31:59,420
And I will finish with that is the first challenge for us as an organisation.

317
00:32:00,800 --> 00:32:06,590
Frankly, with the Arab Spring started measured in Tunisia, we didn't we didn't see it happening.

318
00:32:08,670 --> 00:32:15,330
We were taken by surprise and that was a shock for us because we are no relation on no WhatsApp.

319
00:32:15,720 --> 00:32:23,790
We had to understand perfectly if we grasp. This is the big difference between working and focusing on natural disaster and natural disaster.

320
00:32:23,860 --> 00:32:28,380
You do not preparedness, but of course when it happens you're always forward.

321
00:32:28,860 --> 00:32:33,360
And that's why the local response was important, because that's what happens when you work with war and conflict.

322
00:32:34,440 --> 00:32:37,259
If you look at that, you might have some surprises in terms of time,

323
00:32:37,260 --> 00:32:42,510
but normally you're away close, you understand things and have a good sense of what.

324
00:32:43,830 --> 00:32:52,980
We didn't get it right. We were very surprised by the level of violence, the dynamic we find very we learn very quickly.

325
00:32:53,010 --> 00:32:58,110
So let's be honest. Afterwards, we catch up and I'm not proud of it.

326
00:32:58,110 --> 00:33:03,770
But just to take it from here is always coming very quickly because we are in Libya,

327
00:33:03,790 --> 00:33:09,689
we've only got day one and we saw very quickly a lot of weapons moving out of Libya and going to money

328
00:33:09,690 --> 00:33:14,740
that was very tight in a well-planned and a very complex dynamic that you have a lot of weapons.

329
00:33:14,790 --> 00:33:21,869
Suddenly that budget very quickly will have some consequences in the general dynamic in Mali, but still very difficult.

330
00:33:21,870 --> 00:33:30,210
So I think one element for an organisation like us was, okay, we need to challenge our own assumption the way you understand what's happening.

331
00:33:31,110 --> 00:33:34,620
We need to be careful and understand what are the coping mechanisms.

332
00:33:34,620 --> 00:33:39,120
Maybe we didn't get it. The economic elements we have the sort of twist.

333
00:33:40,170 --> 00:33:44,190
So I think first challenge really, how do we grasp what's happening?

334
00:33:44,280 --> 00:33:52,439
How do we make it? How do we don't just, you know, classical put our own reading, you know, of you know, this is that it is the way it is in Egypt.

335
00:33:52,440 --> 00:33:54,209
No, it's not. So how do you do that?

336
00:33:54,210 --> 00:34:01,140
I think it's a critical element and be much more careful and an extension of the standing, really the diversity of needs.

337
00:34:01,140 --> 00:34:05,640
And it's a very and diversity of issues and it's complex for an organisation like us because

338
00:34:05,640 --> 00:34:09,900
I think of course at the end we need to have a response and the way to respond to that,

339
00:34:09,900 --> 00:34:11,400
but we need to be able to have that.

340
00:34:12,510 --> 00:34:22,800
The single minimum link with that is of course it has also changed slightly our own perspective in terms of how we respond to the needs.

341
00:34:22,920 --> 00:34:30,450
And I think this is a big challenge for international you met an organisation is today we are moving and

342
00:34:30,450 --> 00:34:37,410
surprisingly often these are tensions we have to move outside of a standard response when we do humanitarian.

343
00:34:37,740 --> 00:34:43,629
And it's strange because when you are only working in emergencies you have a very standardised response to be fast,

344
00:34:43,630 --> 00:34:50,580
to be quick, to be able to do that. And it's very clear that you have you have a diversity of needs and issues.

345
00:34:50,580 --> 00:34:59,220
You need yourself to be able to deploy a diversity of response or find partner will help to do that, but you need to be able to do that.

346
00:34:59,580 --> 00:35:07,290
It's critical if you just look at the needs of the people through the prism of health or water or children.

347
00:35:08,070 --> 00:35:11,910
That's one way to look into that think have a real risk to miss what's happening.

348
00:35:12,360 --> 00:35:19,180
So you need as an organisation and it's a big challenge. It doesn't matter how things are in terms of resources and competencies,

349
00:35:19,470 --> 00:35:27,630
you need to have a large finance offering, you might need services and you can deploy depending on the issues,

350
00:35:27,840 --> 00:35:34,880
which means in my organisation for example today we will have from I hope so that's where we

351
00:35:34,950 --> 00:35:40,950
and have some very strong international experts that I've seen based on forensic persons,

352
00:35:40,950 --> 00:35:52,440
some psychologists, some diplomats, 152 different competencies today, very different to Mark just to be able to understand and it's not perfect,

353
00:35:52,860 --> 00:35:57,090
but it's absolutely critical to be able to do that because the challenge is much bigger.

354
00:35:57,210 --> 00:36:04,830
And we've seen that the Arab Spring is was at the moment where suddenly we discovered that, but it has put us much more aware of that, if possible.

355
00:36:05,430 --> 00:36:08,940
The other element linked with humanitarian needs is, let's say,

356
00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:16,770
understanding the needs is the ability to manage at the same times acute needs when there's a crisis.

357
00:36:17,010 --> 00:36:22,290
Give us a good example. And when you intervene in Libya, you have to understand it is actually foreign students.

358
00:36:22,290 --> 00:36:25,919
Good example too. You have to be able to work on acute issues,

359
00:36:25,920 --> 00:36:32,520
but at the same time to understand what are the chronicle and more systemic issues and you need to be able to work around that.

360
00:36:33,360 --> 00:36:38,729
And one of the issue is, even if the dynamic is new in most of these country,

361
00:36:38,730 --> 00:36:43,530
you have really chronically issues and you cannot just intervene on small action.

362
00:36:43,530 --> 00:36:48,839
So when you intervene in a hospital or when you when you really want to tackle the dimensions of setbacks,

363
00:36:48,840 --> 00:36:53,000
understand some of the social that some of this is need to be able to tackle.

364
00:36:53,340 --> 00:36:56,370
And I think it's a big issue for us in our ability to manage it.

365
00:36:56,380 --> 00:37:00,690
So first challenge as an organisation is how do you really understand the needs,

366
00:37:01,170 --> 00:37:07,320
how you're close enough, and how are you able then to move out of a very classical standardised?

367
00:37:07,370 --> 00:37:15,650
Response. It's complicated. In a world where donors but also all the people want us to have standardise, and rightly so.

368
00:37:15,760 --> 00:37:20,870
I mean, you know, so the level of response, the second challenge,

369
00:37:20,870 --> 00:37:26,030
which is I think maybe the biggest challenge we have right now, it's access to people affected.

370
00:37:28,190 --> 00:37:31,550
And here I would like to be clear with you. Is that it?

371
00:37:34,940 --> 00:37:48,260
If I make myself ISIS, I think they're close to death and not only one and you off repeated repetition.

372
00:37:48,680 --> 00:37:56,989
So we have the nomination we want and I think it's critical that we can grasp that we want to be an organisation which is not it was only to

373
00:37:56,990 --> 00:38:08,570
have six people but also try to protect and repetition is absolutely create in there and understanding the coming back again is fundamental.

374
00:38:09,860 --> 00:38:19,400
And right now we are in a time where access by international you make an organisation is not welcome, although very key.

375
00:38:21,340 --> 00:38:28,480
And they said, what we want is no obligation. We are very, very rational and healthy.

376
00:38:28,930 --> 00:38:31,960
They represent about 5% of the vote today.

377
00:38:32,470 --> 00:38:41,240
The vast majority of conflict are internal. So there is no real obligation from all on, from the authorities to.

378
00:38:41,360 --> 00:38:45,880
Well, be.

379
00:38:46,210 --> 00:38:48,310
It's not new. But the pressure is big.

380
00:38:48,820 --> 00:39:00,590
There is clearly a gain or let's say, more assertiveness for states to express that sovereignty, even a failed state.

381
00:39:00,650 --> 00:39:02,610
I'm careful about this notion, but it's a weakness.

382
00:39:03,670 --> 00:39:12,010
I've seen that sort of, you know, I'm amazed by Kenya 2007 when it was post-election, obviously very high.

383
00:39:12,310 --> 00:39:19,750
I had the feeling that the only thing the two party agreed was make sure that there is no international dimension.

384
00:39:20,800 --> 00:39:28,720
They disagree on everything else, but they didn't want to have an international intervene in their space.

385
00:39:28,780 --> 00:39:32,350
Look at Myanmar and there was a typhoon three or four years ago.

386
00:39:33,250 --> 00:39:40,120
I mean, they manage now. They know it's not the Myanmar flag. For years of almost once a year by the international community as the Gulf country,

387
00:39:40,510 --> 00:39:49,780
they manage to make sure that there was not an international intervention or only led by them in the region or starting to look at Sri Lanka.

388
00:39:50,800 --> 00:39:56,380
Look at the we can we can look at a lot of country. And even today you can look at Syria.

389
00:39:57,820 --> 00:40:05,860
You can clearly, if you would look at the U.N. humanitarian actions program, it's called U.N. United Actions led by the Syrian government.

390
00:40:07,780 --> 00:40:11,049
You know, this is the way news and I think it's interesting.

391
00:40:11,050 --> 00:40:17,740
So we have something which makes it very clear that today international organisation find it difficult to join in.

392
00:40:18,160 --> 00:40:22,540
And last but not least, of course, you have security issues. Make it complex.

393
00:40:23,020 --> 00:40:30,250
We have not to exaggerate. It's difficult, but it's our job also and address not stupid.

394
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:32,980
And I don't want to put security as a first issue.

395
00:40:33,430 --> 00:40:41,470
I think we find more difficult sometimes to get access and acceptance in a world where today a lot of international organisation and

396
00:40:41,650 --> 00:40:53,980
to finish that in their own system they have outsource the risk and they have local partnership as a main source of of the summit.

397
00:40:54,460 --> 00:41:00,370
So of course it makes it difficult when another organisation really to really be on the spot in close happening.

398
00:41:00,400 --> 00:41:05,469
I think this is one of them. So that affects us making sure that governments,

399
00:41:05,470 --> 00:41:11,350
but also non-state armed groups understand that that population one stop is absolutely of critical essence.

400
00:41:11,350 --> 00:41:20,740
And I must say, as a working at the ICRC is if my organisation will be not able to have direct access in Afghanistan,

401
00:41:20,980 --> 00:41:24,520
in Yemen, in Sudan, in Goma, with all the problems,

402
00:41:25,060 --> 00:41:33,850
I think we would clearly quickly lose our edge in our understanding of what's happening in our ability to influence also all stakeholders,

403
00:41:34,210 --> 00:41:40,520
because direct access means also we are able to speak to everybody. And how do you give the example of obviously the, you know,

404
00:41:40,520 --> 00:41:47,530
how difficult in Syria and I must be clear review is 71 of the most frustrating operation for I

405
00:41:47,530 --> 00:41:54,130
think all of us a crisis and is an operation where what we can do is so far from what we should do.

406
00:41:55,880 --> 00:42:03,320
But I just wanted to tell you also that, in fact, surprisingly enough, we are able to get access, we are able to cross lines, we are able to discuss.

407
00:42:03,320 --> 00:42:07,100
It's very painful and I think it's great together with our colleagues of the Red Crescent.

408
00:42:07,850 --> 00:42:15,380
But why are we able to let a bit do a bit more now of the way that was six months ago, and I hope even more tomorrow?

409
00:42:15,860 --> 00:42:20,569
Actually, the sequences are there because we talk directly to the governor of Homs,

410
00:42:20,570 --> 00:42:25,520
of Aleppo, because we understand why the non-state actors and they are very difficult.

411
00:42:25,580 --> 00:42:29,840
It's very fragmented. But because we are there, why are we able to talk?

412
00:42:29,840 --> 00:42:37,040
And how to get a meaningful response in Afghanistan with all the violence is because we have not discovered the having of it.

413
00:42:38,730 --> 00:42:50,340
We have talk with them at the same time as the government, the international forces since years and not just once engaged on the spot.

414
00:42:50,790 --> 00:42:51,960
And this is absolutely critical.

415
00:42:52,110 --> 00:42:59,820
If the humanitarian start to lose, except to lose that, that would be a major impact, especially on the on the protection.

416
00:42:59,970 --> 00:43:04,410
So direct access is absolutely critical for us. Last but not least,

417
00:43:04,410 --> 00:43:11,460
it's and I was related to that and I think we are struggling with that is how do we engage

418
00:43:12,060 --> 00:43:20,310
with multiple stakeholders as an organisation we are using this is the way to do it.

419
00:43:20,320 --> 00:43:27,480
We have used to work with government, with arm, with non-state armed group where the chain of command is relevant.

420
00:43:28,260 --> 00:43:36,860
You know what else? How do we work in the world of today and tomorrow where in fact, people,

421
00:43:37,320 --> 00:43:46,020
a group of people without leaders are challenging you are asking you to do things are comparing are rating you almost life.

422
00:43:46,380 --> 00:43:53,370
And just to give you one or two example which are strikes it strikes me always I think some of you are aware of that,

423
00:43:53,370 --> 00:44:02,880
but it's the example which really makes me think about the first day when we announced that we were able to visit the Damascus Central Prison.

424
00:44:03,660 --> 00:44:15,690
18 months ago, the very same day, some of us got a SMS on our phone saying, Hey, it's the wrong prison, not the right to go there.

425
00:44:17,310 --> 00:44:22,620
And so you have people connecting with you, writers of the network, you know,

426
00:44:22,620 --> 00:44:33,489
bringing you have a direct impact on you that somebody is is much more complex this way on behalf of people who are sending you

427
00:44:33,490 --> 00:44:43,390
over the whole picture or allegation of extreme violence or where you are actually challenged on YouTube by people saying not,

428
00:44:43,410 --> 00:44:46,860
there is no how can you even not talk?

429
00:44:47,460 --> 00:44:54,630
Let me move out of the country for a minute. My colleagues at the American Red Cross, we're very trying to do something recently in New York.

430
00:44:55,290 --> 00:45:02,610
They did a good job. That's what really was about was there was a fairness thing, although it wasn't the only group with Walter.

431
00:45:03,090 --> 00:45:06,680
And he was shouting, Where is the Red Cross? I don't see them.

432
00:45:06,690 --> 00:45:11,999
Nobody here to help. And it came into mainstream media and it's very complex and it has to reflect.

433
00:45:12,000 --> 00:45:23,850
You have to move on. I think it's an interesting matter. It is a good example to where it strikes me an idea when when that has happened.

434
00:45:25,290 --> 00:45:31,890
A lot of resources were flown in related to Port au Prince in the neighbourhoods and there was,

435
00:45:32,580 --> 00:45:36,240
there was a family which was something like 30 kilometres out of course, and also Prince.

436
00:45:37,860 --> 00:45:44,730
Sadly, the building collapsed and one of the young workers one block and there was nobody felt that there was not enough people.

437
00:45:45,930 --> 00:45:54,479
What is interesting is they managed to have phone numbers of Americans to send to the Americans.

438
00:45:54,480 --> 00:46:04,690
And after the photo of the. What is amazing is the American senators didn't destroy that.

439
00:46:04,940 --> 00:46:13,280
But look, he told us, he called us. I said so the good news is my colleagues in Washington realise as an American senator, let's take it seriously.

440
00:46:14,620 --> 00:46:23,030
Well, you never know. You know, we called CENTCOM, which is in fact was the central command of the US forces managing in fact,

441
00:46:23,040 --> 00:46:28,670
how they understood ICRC plus the banking sector must be serious.

442
00:46:29,600 --> 00:46:34,550
And they gave instructions to that. And Nike changed their plan.

443
00:46:34,580 --> 00:46:38,450
And to go back to the disco.

444
00:46:38,510 --> 00:46:42,130
The sad news is it was too late. She died.

445
00:46:42,140 --> 00:46:47,930
But what I found interesting, just as a learning is today people affected can change your can,

446
00:46:48,700 --> 00:46:55,950
you can put pressure, they can directly engage, which is absolutely was not the case for how they get rich.

447
00:46:56,890 --> 00:47:01,370
Going to compare for us we have a lot of experience in Darfur.

448
00:47:01,370 --> 00:47:07,040
All the places where communities were complaining. You know, people who saying, you know, you are coming in microgravity,

449
00:47:07,850 --> 00:47:15,320
but you don't have you just you don't have enough oxygen and you're going to get more and all this kind of questions to use that today.

450
00:47:15,350 --> 00:47:19,130
What is amazing is people are comparing from a country to another.

451
00:47:20,150 --> 00:47:23,660
They are challenging directly. They are engaging much more.

452
00:47:23,660 --> 00:47:31,430
And I think what I'm saying just here is it's challenge because challenging our almost to majority rule,

453
00:47:31,790 --> 00:47:36,950
you know, the rule which we you you hear and the people are affected.

454
00:47:37,550 --> 00:47:42,800
We will tell you what are their needs. That was the position of humanitarian.

455
00:47:44,240 --> 00:47:48,080
Most likely, people are now directly telling you what are the deaths?

456
00:47:48,590 --> 00:47:51,610
So we have to think about ways of how do we engage?

457
00:47:51,650 --> 00:47:59,570
What does that mean? How we validate that. And by the way, this challenge will be felt by these tell the deep time by video or even written.

458
00:47:59,900 --> 00:48:02,960
You can look at media today if you want to be informed about Syria.

459
00:48:03,530 --> 00:48:11,090
I mean, you have all the information you want. But now, of course, we need to have an in place to be able to put that together, to give a sense of it.

460
00:48:11,100 --> 00:48:15,259
But in a way, this is a big challenge for us. How do we capture that?

461
00:48:15,260 --> 00:48:24,860
And especially looking at, again, the Arab Spring, how do we make sure that we understand now, again, the Arab Spring in Libya, in Egypt and Tunisia,

462
00:48:24,870 --> 00:48:33,740
we are back to what we know, which is meeting with the army, with our group, because the people have in a way, come back again to their position.

463
00:48:34,470 --> 00:48:38,870
Yes. So how are we able to make sure that we engage?

464
00:48:38,870 --> 00:48:41,750
Well, understand we see that that that's a critical element.

465
00:48:43,100 --> 00:48:52,460
So I think to finish and the glue that I think we need to be prepared for a long spring to be that way or for a very long time.

466
00:48:53,030 --> 00:48:58,940
I think we are clearly of the opinion that what has happened now in Middle East will continue.

467
00:48:59,780 --> 00:49:07,709
I must say Syria will be a pivotal element of what's happening.

468
00:49:07,710 --> 00:49:17,210
My hope and really I think they're aware of that, that today Lebanon, Jordan are very,

469
00:49:17,210 --> 00:49:21,910
very close to collapse, that to be not able to help the people, the refugees.

470
00:49:21,950 --> 00:49:28,050
It's extremely difficult divided. Just give you a sense it's 25% of the population, just the right wing party.

471
00:49:28,760 --> 00:49:35,290
You know, you are aware that part of already very important force and even enough fighting already in Syria.

472
00:49:35,300 --> 00:49:38,810
So if you look at, of course, what might happen in Syria, it will have an impact.

473
00:49:39,020 --> 00:49:44,009
It has an impact in the region. You will have an impact on Iraq, on Turkey.

474
00:49:44,010 --> 00:49:48,049
It has already it has an impact. You will have an impact in Palestine-Israel.

475
00:49:48,050 --> 00:49:53,480
So you can see that depending on what can happen, how the impact of Syria will go on.

476
00:49:53,750 --> 00:49:57,290
But we can see also that the wave of what we've gone through is not finished.

477
00:49:57,590 --> 00:50:08,780
And I think a day means for us being able to to be there, to be able to have access, to understand, to be able to to deal with these issues.

478
00:50:08,780 --> 00:50:15,830
And and I think also maybe in a sense, that's one of the reason I'm interested that you go I'm so glad that you went back to talk to you today.

479
00:50:16,100 --> 00:50:24,979
Yes. I also have the opinion that in the years to come, we won't be in a position and Syria has shown it to have an international convergence.

480
00:50:24,980 --> 00:50:30,440
And then what seems to be able to deal with global issue like conflict?

481
00:50:31,750 --> 00:50:38,900
I don't think I think we are in a time where governments might be able to deal with terrorist and possible.

482
00:50:40,270 --> 00:50:43,790
I don't think governments globally will be a position to deal with conflict.

483
00:50:43,850 --> 00:50:46,070
I don't think that is an international convergence.

484
00:50:46,610 --> 00:50:51,500
So the key word most likely for us, especially when you talk about armed conflict, will be containment.

485
00:50:53,450 --> 00:50:58,480
And that's not new, but it's even more clear now what needs to.

486
00:50:58,890 --> 00:51:06,480
It would be better, let's say, than us the next ten years in times of conflict, in terms of pensions, in terms of connections.

487
00:51:07,320 --> 00:51:10,590
We've seen how much money influences, what influence.

488
00:51:10,590 --> 00:51:15,330
And you know, much about what is happening in Mali would have an influence on Nigeria and possibly Nigeria.

489
00:51:15,640 --> 00:51:18,750
Just look at the region from Mali to Somalia.

490
00:51:19,140 --> 00:51:25,560
It's amazing to think that the only country is very stable is Chad for one role in the region.

491
00:51:25,590 --> 00:51:30,850
Tells you a little bit about the problems and the issues. So let's be aware of that.

492
00:51:30,870 --> 00:51:36,240
Is no international convergence at least allowing to deal with conflict?

493
00:51:36,330 --> 00:51:37,920
So containment will be the big issue.

494
00:51:38,130 --> 00:51:46,350
So for us, humanitarian, the ability to make sure that people don't forget that also that we are able to get access there,

495
00:51:46,740 --> 00:51:50,790
that we get also the support will be absolutely critical.

496
00:51:51,000 --> 00:51:54,210
I'm sorry to give you a bit of a gloomy picture. I want you to do something positive.

497
00:51:54,450 --> 00:52:01,509
It's a revolution we've got to deal with. Let's remember in history, the revolution more so than and well.

498
00:52:01,510 --> 00:52:04,880
But it took so long time before. Thank you.

499
00:52:05,120 --> 00:52:05,360
Thank.