Thanks very much, Eileen. Thanks to both you and Polly for organising this conference.
I really wish we could all be together in person, but it's so nice to see some familiar faces and gather in any way we can.
So I'll just share mine. All right.
All right. Yes. OK. So I'll begin with an anecdote which I think may help illustrate some of the themes that I'm attempting to explore in this paper.
So in early December 1785, Mother G.
Mostly frail and battle Warren Morato, ruler of Mockingbird,
visited the burial shrine of the warrior saint of Dewdrop Mondal Harshaw on the banks of the South Bend River,
just northeast of the city of Elegy for today's A or in central India.
Mother Jeanne knew the shrine well,
for he had financed the construction of its outer walls after the death of his friend Ismail Khan underneath the Nawab of alleged war in 1775.
Before returning to his camp, he then visited the Nabob successor, Salibi Khan, at his home, and they sat together and chatted for a few hours.
The news writer who reported this account said that Justice Nabob was about to make a gift of a set of robes with those you declared.
You're my son. Jet engine. I do not wish to take your robes.
Having dispensed with the usual formalities, they instead enjoyed some fun before you departed.
He lingered on for a few more days to finalise the negotiations with the Nevada and his brother.
But in the next couple of years, his health deteriorated until he contracted about fever and died.
Celibate and Pelo Khan visited not in the following month to offer their condolences to his son drug.
But when they tried to present him with the shore and a vessel of holy water, he echoed his father's words.
You and I are brothers, Bundu. There is no need for this. They pressed him to accept.
He refused. And together, the two families grieved another week or so before taking their.
Let's pause to consider the social,
political and religious affiliations of these two lineages who came to rule the former immobile province of fit our mother to both live,
not where it was a Hindu Morocco Raja who paid obeisance to the charter, but the etc. lifestyle,
all of a kind of Eleggua poor was the Muslim kind of job serving at the pleasure of the design of tetrapod.
Historians have long presumed that the Morat has been dissolved,
nursed and inexorable antagonism fuelled by their conflicting ambitions within the late Movil political order.
Indeed, they clashed in several major battles and countless minor scuffles over the course of the 18th century.
At the same time, we know that they ratified several peace treaties and implemented practical measures for the
execution of a mode of joint rule over the mobile provinces of the decade known as the Emily.
In this essay, I want to explore how, from the vantage point of the province,
a bit of diplomatic negotiation about survival or job thought and morality.
Through the exchange of written correspondence treaties, Oath's and sentiments and acts of kindness was indispensable to this project in current rule.
But the fruits of diplomacy also exceeded practical governance amidst a very complex web of competing rights,
obligations and jurisdictions and intimately felt friendship blossomed between the Morato Rajas of knockwurst and the Afghan about which for.
Friendship is a useful category for analysing 18th century diplomacy.
But it's also one that contemporary writers in book Morocco and Prison used to characterise the relations of these upfront and morale tests.
Walter Adventurer's, who became Little Kings in the decade and the flat out Ali and other scholars have recently shown that friendship has been an
important organising concept in South Asian politics and ethics and an intellectual network spanning the permanent world.
Barring some observations from earlier studies by Alan Bray and others,
they have emphasised that early modern friends understood their most intimate correspondence to be acts of political self fashioning and
want to build on this insight by exploring the ways in which the language of friendship and its proximity to the language of kinship,
structure and interstate diplomacy at different levels of authority.
Neither absolute feel teen or absolute antagonism friendship articulated the multiple potentialities of relationship in flux.
By the time of the G.
Moseley's visit, the shrine of Mondal Shah, the Rajah's of Nonpoor and then of OB's of Elitch board consider themselves to be almost brothers.
But this fictive kinship was neither natural nor premeditated.
Rather, it was the outcome of recurring diplomatic processes of conflict resolution and reconciliation.
The debate, the events discussing this paper, it transpired in the far north eastern corner of the Decken in the lands that became known
as that are in Persian as hard in the maraca empire and as the Delbar in modern Moratti,
founded in the north by the set foot hills in the east. By the way, the river bed is agrarian.
Kaura was the fertile valley that stops at the edge of the mountain range bisecting the province from east to west.
Under the Hamani Sultanate, Betar was a frontier outpost defended by the Hill for its goggled girls and another.
And towards the end of the 15th century, the bar Marni's began to cede control over the over the province to their general.
But the model Molk, the founder of the breakaway Imai Sharkey's sultanate,
as Roy touched on it was briefly absorbed by the Nizam Shazad, a modern God,
only to be conquered by the mobile Ember's son Wood Rod in 1896 and then remained one
of the six Lavelle's tuba's decking until it was acquired by Muzammil Muk and 1724.
Well, the levels of it are a bit I had his headquarters in alleged port vestiges of the
movil past have endured in ruins and inscriptions scattered across the province.
Most notably, Prince Merat himself built a residence that shop boy that survives today.
As far as famous biographer Feisal mentioned the structure and his entry on guitar in the idea buddy borrowing.
Many of its details from the Iron the Savona Decken, composed in 1783 by William Hamdania or The Body, includes a more detailed description of guitar.
And I just want to highlight one part of that description in which he states theme of the governor a bit.
Is the city of poor in the centre? Are two rivers doing so fine on the beach in and both of these rivers during the Prema.
The Derica amongst shocked with a lot north of the eminent city of Elegy for the open river is venerable.
The worst lamp's of that elder are famous because the Morato mostly is in recent years became co conquerors of the province.
It's a ferret's failing to just murder. So by the time would this have on his composition, I mean, amid the politics of the late 18th century,
dark in the capital at the shrine and the problem of joint rule, I come to define that recent history of our private.
Take a step back.
Morato raids in Tibet are began in the late 70s, century after the mobile conquest of the Decken and the torch to put these flight to Ginji.
But diplomatic negotiation was also critical to advancing ROCKHEAD claims to the revenues Jachin and due to the recognition of Morocco's sovereignty.
Both the exiled printshop, who is part of a mostly petition Delhi directly, as well as the governor of the sackings of the car,
Chron hoping that you'd act as an intermediary in acquiring an imperial mine.
At the same time, the Moroccans came to a separate agreement for the forfeiture of the chop with his second deputy, Darkon funded.
Historian Koffi Kyle in the month of Caba Labov noted that doubt.
Khan's right hand man was on such friendly terms with the Moroccans that they, quote, foiled together like milk and sugar and worked by subterfuge.
Lizama Look, Secretary Lalai months Montserrat was even more critical of this pact,
commenting that Darkon was always, quote, always losing himself in friendship with the chiefs of the Martez.
Finally, as far as we know, in the first quarter of the 18th century, patia our biology.
Vishwa not securit imperial grants for the rights to the. So Deshmukh and Speranza.
So do not proposals amongst the leading soldiers who joined the resurgent Mirotic campaigns was First Lady Possley,
who eventually received the title of Senator. I have Suba and orders to collect tribute in Betar and Gondwana.
His son, John Hagee, was one of many.
Merab had generals whose loyalties were tested by the emergence of an alternate source of patronage in the person of Jim Coolidge, Condesa or more.
The mobile statesman and founder of the successors of Hyderabad by 1730 come when she had received a Jaguar from the design in court,
but did not, though a very frequent occurrence throughout them are often in some conflict.
This kind of defection was considered to be an act of insubordination, an agreed grade breach of trust in diplomatic relations.
Hence, articles of agreement commonly include the condition that neither party should offer refuge to the other's followers.
Regarding Convergys case in particular, the pace was agent unbudgeted put up today in a letter to an envoy with the Meson explained.
There is an agreement that Nevada should not take on our people and we should not take on of people.
Now that Conrad Murray has been taken on after he absconded. How will this provision to implement?
Remedy the situation, Congress, you sent a negotiator just Saturday to, quote,
make promises on Shubat of loyalty at the feet of the Maharajah and himself made a personal visit sometime between 1733 and 34.
But before their relationship could be mended, he hastened back to bed,
prompting the other party to order his nephew regulative, mostly to detain him.
Refugee then received his uncle's extensive revenue rights and get out in Grand Guana and swiftly establishes a firm capital not for.
So now the competing successors to move a real in bed were frequently at odds.
This I've only records that rug which imposed they killed a Jaguar DA in the district of Kerala and seised whose villages.
And before that, somebody more outrageously. And 1737, he besieged alleged poor when child payments had not been paid.
And this to Meadow Shujaat. Tom lost his life in the ensuing battle.
This incident was reported in several tanks and in one from the 18 20 is not for minister Yashwant threw out around Chondra and son of
the Postals on Ramchand to 2.0 relaid an intriguing story about the killing of Srdja Icon to the assistant of the British resident.
He stated languaging possibly maintained a friendship with the governor of alleged poor Shaddad Khan as if he was his kin applied to Ludmilla,
one of those detainees. Twenty point words, pressure drag con as a revenue collector based on the landlord's complaints that Con sat him on a donkey,
shaped his head and sent him out of the city,
a budget plan went to equity, mostly realising that the dishonour of promenades would occur in his Hindu kingdom,
refugee, Muslim mustard, his cavalry and travelled to alleged war.
He fought to die. Khan, about to close from the village of Hugo and cut off his head, taking possession of his kettledrums.
He stayed with his cavalry, surrounded a poor with the intention of looting the city.
There was no ruler there. This imperial city and dwelling place come to ruin a ton.
And I should say this may be. I'm not sure who this individual is.
This might be a collapsing of different temporality.
Is referring to the later nabobs a the consent from time to DRDO to conduct negotiations to Bobzilla and settle the amount of.
So this testimony of betrays the tensions produced by and his arm joint revenue collection in better and
their intersection with the ways in which mostly Rajiv's may have enacted a certain modality of your future.
It may well have equally been shaped by the creative distortions of memory.
And while we have no evidence to corroborate the particulars, I just want to highlight its initial assertion,
which is that a friendship akin to family subsisted between the is a marker before and ISM's governor for the friendship was a strategic one,
and so far it was rooted in shared financial incentives and diplomatic norms at the same time.
It was not strategic to appear to be a false friend, though unsentimental friendship was not devoid of sentiment.
Rather, preserving friendships required the constant exchange of convincing expressions of trust and affection by means of job.
And so to look more closely at how these ideas of friendship and concrete issues of governance coexisted and jobs about diplomacy.
Let us look at a series of letters sent by massive Junge, second eldest son of Nizam, look to the future Muslim.
Several of these letters concerned everyday matters of local administration, for example.
And a 1748 letter.
Nasser Jiang requested cooperation with an official who had been dispatched to put Anjar to enquire with the village headman about affairs of state.
The same official also notified him that, quote,
Some people of the strong and powerful one that is ravaging post-flight were demanding excessive amounts of talk from the Fergana,
Maher and others since last year. They were becoming the source of the cultivators, confusion and damage.
So it should be written to them that they should refrain from countless molestations and they should be warned not to engage in extortion of any kind.
So such complaints of improper dunning and stern orders to address them.
These were endemic to revenue administration generally, but their fifth resolution was especially important in negotiating across the larger.
At the same time, Nasser Jong's correspondence expounds on very abstract ideas of friendship.
For example, he writes, In the exemplars of ethics,
it has been written that the test of a friend into UNendorsed is that whenever a rough and arduous event occurs, full and complete trust is available.
Indeed, the rule for gold is that it emerges unsullied out of the test of the crucible.
Such confidence in refugee sincerity uneasily coexisted with suspicions of infidelity.
Another letter intimates, We have trusted the refuge of courage. Refugees mostly in these matters.
But as it has been scrupulously written and should in any accident occurred,
you should take care in these matters and chastise those who show signs of audacity.
It is inevitable that the arrival of such news to the ears of the sworn allies of that refuge, Akridge, will be the cause of crimes.
In keeping with these admonitions, Refugee was enjoying to cooperate with the news of the alleged war to resolve the complications produced
by the situation in which two separate coteries of tax collectors were canvassing the province.
And so because of this rivalry over revenue over the course of the 1750 is the friendship between not for an alleged war really emerged through
conflict and reconciliation and eventually assumed a more stable character through the so-called soft Charly's revenue agreement of 1757.
This refers to the proverbial 60-40 distribution of revenues of the province between the Nizam and the whole slaves.
But the most important thing to note is that the agreement replaced a much more haphazard pattern of Chuck collection.
So it represented a determination of the delegation of mobile sovereignty at the provincial level
and offered a potential respite from an almost 30 year contest between the Nizam and the Morato.
It was the outcome of the efforts of diplomatic representatives from both sides.
And these included to plenty of ground officers, Time Khan and his cousin and son in less than a month.
They met on several occasions over the course of February, 1757, swapped gifts of car, horses and robes.
And even on one occasion, it's reported.
That said, Mr Khan invited the Moroccan general's refugee Koran Day to his home in Elitch's poor and gifted him with several lengths of cloth.
So the terms and conditions of this agreement were written in the form of 15 separate
articles based on the Exxon copies that we have in the overall lexicon of the text.
It's possible that they were first committed to paper and Meraki and then transcribed and partially translated into prison in June 1757,
the first eight articles concerning issues of revenue incertain named organise and in territories designated jaggery so far,
or the territories assigned to examine more guests.
Without the decking mechanisms, government would be entitled to a fifty five percent of the yield and the most ley's to forty five percent.
But the second category of terms concerned the basic shared provisions of joint rule, encouraging cultivation, protecting officials,
punishing rebels and refraining from intervening in internal politics or giving shelter to disaffected individuals.
Crucially, to damage damaging mostly son somebody Possley was to be introduced into the Imperial Service Brutalism Helicon.
In a final clause, the two governments committed to not deviating from the agreement of mutual fidelity to this promise,
committed to paper and witnessed by God operate to transform conflict and division into compromise and reciprocity.
But the success of the agreement, of course, depended upon those who entered into it.
So is Sarkhan, the son of the soldier diplomat Sultan Khan, who I just mentioned became the summit,
are a bit are as well as the founder of a Nevada ruling household at alleged war compared to the regular Afghan chieftains.
Is the North or even the fundi in many states of the Carnatic?
There is relatively sparse documentation of the early history of this family.
The first memory is about time earned only a brief entry in the mountains of Omaha cryptically.
This entry remarked that, quote, because Energy Postlethwait,
who is at the time the proprietor of the aforementioned province but are on the part of the mountains, knew him from long back.
He smiled. Htun put off correcting the design of the administration and then concludes by commenting that the
Novartis's addiction to intoxicants and general a sense of pride distracted him from his duties.
So it's this entry which may be a source for the stab on his criticism of Maraca Uptown friendship, specifically that it encouraged misgovernment.
However, if we turn to different sources,
we find that it was also the basis for embellishing a built landscape of Islamic piety honoured by Hindus and Muslims alike.
For a fuller account of its Maritime's lineage, we turn to a colonial period.
Text tweaky amjed idea of. I'm John Hussein,
composed in 1869 by the Cathedral of the Jumma Must of alleged for the party
sketches the early history of the family's migration from Afghanistan to Delhi,
then to the Rajput states and finally southwards to guitar.
It notes that their growing status and prestige in the 18th century actually spurred the development of large city.
Those that must can obtain to Jaguar West Village, for which then became the neighbourhood of Santa,
must put a while the area of Sultan Khan's Jaguar towards the south.
That's what's so fun.
The family also built a new residents there, eligible reports and established a presence in W4 and other rural districts that are.
Mostly, his bond with this family materialised in frequent visits and gestures of criticise, hospitality and generosity and side.
Saddam Hussein offers an interesting story about one such occasion.
And you can be along if you'd like.
At the time when the longstanding familiarity and friendship between Raja with Without You Plus lay in Mohammed Khan was perfect.
Mother G. Out of unhappiness with his brothers, Tabajdi came to Alex with a pure heart and full faith.
He paid a visit to husbands Chope Abdul Rahman Cawsey and asked assistance from the spirit of victory to obtain the throne, if not for it.
And this is the time when he was competing with his brother for the succession.
For several days, he was happily occupied in writing and hunting. Then one day, sitting side by side on a horse drawn Colin Quinn in full regalia.
They set out from the dead of shot from my closet in the middle of an intersection.
Two armed individuals sent by Sivaji approached the palanquins stabbed mythology with their swords and took flight.
Being wounded, Mother G was conveyed to the court.
Inside the small for it as befitted a respectable man in a fearful state, every doctor was too afraid to dress his wounds.
And so Mohamed Rustum, the attending physician of his smile, Khan, on the order of his master,
gravely applied 16 stitches to his limbs, and one sits to his left, earning a reward of 17 Goldkorn.
Other accounts actually indicate that the would be assassins were followers of Sivaji at all,
but rather AFCON mercenaries in villages own employees who are fed up with not receiving their wages.
But these other accounts do corroborate that. Ismail Khan saw to it that his wounds received swift medical attention.
So by providing this safe refuge from the hazards of politics, Ismail Khan treated methode you like an honoured guest,
a friend and even a fellow seeker of the blessings of those Armondo Usha.
And he didn't really know that this figure was a local imagination of the broader legend of the warrior Saint Cosima,
you know, and said to be a nephew of the 11th century conqueror Marilyn Bresnik,
who abandoned his nuptials to worry and martyrdom on the battlefield of the sun as he means historical memory has been extensively studied in China.
Means recent book, Conquests in Community,
where he discusses in English summary of this text Pataudi Jedi's colourful account of the battle between a king called Bill and Abdul-Rahman.
We had some fragmentary evidence from central provinces because the tears that the
legend and worship of Abdul Rahman found links with another narrative that of the
Fortune 100 saints who accompanied the Dalai Sultana aloud and kill due to the
Deccan and whose burial shrines can be found at places and buried out like that.
You, Hunda, my legault and Mongul pure. But hundreds of years after the time of these events,
Mukerji possibly have not rejoined the community of publishing model Hotshots Telebrands by aiding in the reconstruction of his Thoroughgood College.
And the occasion for his sponsorship of these renovations to the dugout was a smart card, duck and battle.
As I mentioned earlier, this was against his rival in running the US dollar.
Moto G mostly ordered the construction of a sandstone wall, creating an enormous outer courtyard,
which today features winding pathways, trees and additional gravesites.
Its construction took place between 1776 and seventy nine under the supervision of one.
Sheik is Aldeen and the superintendent of Elitch performed Jom Singh.
Three new arched gateways were built on the western, southern and eastern sides,
and these were topped by small rectangular pavilions with six smaller arches and four rectangular minarets.
They also billed as a second smaller western gate that currently serves as the main entrance to the shrine.
The fact that Mother G. Initiated this project in the years immediately after its Malcolm's death suggests
that it may have been a memorial to his friend with whom he shared battle scars.
Regarding the causes, power and the responsibilities of ruling a province.
Let's just have a closer look at the inscriptions above the gateways.
Many of them credit the not for Rajab, but those are joining the southern and eastern gates.
Elaborate on his regard for the miracle working power of the month.
The first hemisphere of the Southern Gates inscription reads through the favourite of Shot from
on the Pearl in the Crown of Kings theme with a G achieved his propitious desires in the world.
Another included on this slide reads in the name of God the Merciful,
the benefits it ensures and certainty higher than heaven been the peak of this court of the ruler of the faith, Schavan man, a martyr and also a hero.
At whose door? King's their therefore heads in as much as by the order of Raja Gorgie.
It was constructed by Sheikh on the ground in heavenly voice said to me look and say.
This is the gate of the highest paradise. So here, the figure of Abdulwahab man is inscribed not just as a Cawsey in a shot hit,
but as a powerful and compassionate overlarge whom Kings' willingly submitted.
Might we read Matthijs fortification of the shrine with an outer court as an active, willing submission?
At the very least,
he'd hoped that it would lead to the fulfilment of his political desires and the endurance of a friendship with us from core rulers that are.
Just some concluding reflections.
I think that we need to think about how 18th century diplomacy and the Decken might tell us something more about the making of the maraca empire.
In his classic essay, The Slow Conquest,
Stuart Gordon offers an account of rule and mulbah through the gradual penetration of the patient as revenue collectors.
Gordon's conquest, the administration model may only be partially applicable.
There are actually more research needs to be done on the revenue returns and the
Emily provinces Dalkin especially Opta these diplomatic agreements for Stablish.
But even the earlier work of I mean, our team has shown that virata yields vary greatly in the late 18th century.
At the same time, the situation we've been describing does not quite align with maraca expansion into a risk of being caught in parts of Pakistan,
where diplomacy seems to have been more of a cover for the coercive extraction of tributed.
So we have to think about a shifting gradient of imperial sovereignty and local control across time and space.
What the our case might help show is the way in which intercultural and interstate diplomatic negotiation, letter writing, treaty making,
oath taking and of course, making friends was critical across the fragmented and interwoven jurisdictions of Marotta empire.
And with that, I will end things. I am very much looking forward to your question.
Thanks, Tony. That was excellent, particularly involving the two traditional sort of rivals and their interaction.
I just wanted to confirm it's OK. I did not see any of the slides moving.
I hope everybody else has something to do with the way that the team has been set up.
But I would like to see if there are any questions now in the checkbox.
Any of the organisers which are in the room, please shut up, Rahul.
Angelie, anyone who'd like to ask a life question while people type their questions in the in the in the in the box.
And can I just cheque Dominic? When I when I was listening to you, the slides didn't move, so I couldn't see them.
I wonder or some else out of the audience to let us know.
Did you lose? Was it just the organisers that were stuck on a slide that we couldn't see?
Could cuts at anybody out there in the audience? Let us know. Could you also see the slides to.
No one's taped anything. I couldn't see them moving it.
Nobody seems to have a Frank Quinlan says. We did not see the slides either.
So, Dominic, did you actually moved in while you were talking? I did.
I did. All right. Look at that. There is something. Something has gone astray because we did not see the slides moving.
I'm being told that you were not moving them, but obviously you were. But the slides were lost.
Unfortunately, Charlie just put up one flight for the Q&A or something.
I mean that we only saw the first slide. I need to the presentation just did not move ahead.
So that was a bit odd. Never mind. We'll see for the next presentations.
We will will see what exactly needs to be done. I believe Claire will help us with this.
If this is the this is the problem. Dominic,
would you just pick up whatever slides you think is most interesting and
important that wish you would want us to see and see if you can show it to us?
Just so that so that we haven't now.
Now, wait. Now I can see them moving, but I can see them moving earlier on.
Can you just can you just flip through the slides. Yeah. Why not.
So I'll just I'll just do two minutes. So this was the title slide.
We are a bit. Ah. I have seen slides of these stories.
I think we can skip over those. This is the version and Meraki agreement struck.
You know, again, it is not moving. It is only the first leg that you put on.
Oh that's so everything. Novik move. All right.
Sort of stick to this view. Right. So, as I said, get out.
Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Radar probably must be something with the view slide.
So here we have the province of the agreement, which I discussed.
And then I think the most important slides really to look at are here we have the data guide.
This is the main entrance. Create our present day photo.
And then here we have the detail of the what?
Of the inscription. So I can just leave it on this, huh?
So, yeah. All right. Fair enough. That's mine. There are no questions in the in the in the chat box.
Hang on. I mean, there are lots of questions. Sorry. Beg your pardon. It's everybody saying slighted moving Prachi has a question.
She says, wonderful. As usual, Dominique, your depth of research, what a single diplomatic relationship is great,
keeping in mind Roys argument a little about space and regionality.
I wonder how much your argument would generalise to Morocco diplomacy across other regions to.
Yes. Thanks so much for that question, Prachi. I think that is a question which relates to sort of the concluding reflection, which is that we.
This seems to have been some kind of relationship which was encouraged by the problem of joint war,
of the inability of the Moroccans to establish the kind of local control that they did in Mullewa and other regions.
At the same time, the intensity of the relationship seems to have been higher or different than that.
What we see in the kinds of negotiations, say, between the Rajputs states and Morocco has where you do have agreements written agreements struck,
but not these other gestures like the patronage of delegates.
So I think it'd be interesting to think about whether this is more generalisable in jointly ruled provinces or tributary
provinces where there are major lineages that the Moroccans seek to deal with and are incentivised to form bonds with.
But I think that just remains a question to support it further. And we certainly see these kinds of relationships between them.
Iraq has in the gone rulers where they are also they receive a kind of annual tribute.
But at the same time reinforce the local sovereignty of those rulers.
So sorry. But that's an important question that I have to look into more.
Thanks. Thanks, Dominic. Thanks, Prachi as well. There is a question from someone who has logged in as anonymous.
So I don't know who this person is.
But the question is, please, would you reflect more on the difference between friendship and kinship into records of brotherhood?
Or is one an idiom for the other? And where my idiomatic priorities lie?
And how would a notion of friendship include or exclude notions of hostility?
And how do I how does your interpretation confirm a counter?
Andre links notions of Fitna as essential to non territorial form of sovereignty in the Western Decken.
So plenty of questions here. And we have we have time.
That's all right. Right.
Well, I think that the in terms of the question of kinship and friendship, that kinship terms were used quite often to indicate affection,
intimacy between individuals who did not have a kind of blood kinship relationship.
You even see this between, say, the not for Rajiv's and the Patia just.
And I think that really what we see is that they indicate also relations of hierarchy.
Who is junior, who is senior and so on. And what kinds of debt obligations would follow.
Whereas with friendship, though, those kinship terms are used, it also, I think,
often connotes tension and some history of conflict that's been overcome and managed to be another case where we have
the language of friendship being quite predominant is in relations between the East India Company in the mirror.
And there's a lot of talk of what it means to be a true friend or a false friend who is speaking truly or falsely.
So there's a kind of uneasiness,
our attention to friendship that I think shows that the way in which this gets to the question of being thinking fitna of how conflict,
defection, splintering of alliances, though that is part of the sort of generative for these kinds of friendships.
And so I it's not that that Fitna didn't exist or was not important.
It's that I think the other side of this process of political formation is reconciliation,
conflict resolution management, which which has to be looked at together with with better things.
The next question is from the moeny Chatterji. Were there any barriers of spoken language at all between the verbs and the Boesel?
Is did they speak in Marathi or in Hindi? Do. That's an excellent question for which I don't have I I'm in need of sources to help pass this.
I mean, we know that the Merat Rogers of Dachau had on boys who were posted to alleged war.
I mentioned one drowned trying to DRDO and that they employed one cheese to kind their correspondence with the news arm with the Bengal of OB's.
But we also know that they that there was some greater familiarity with with India in that region because of their relations with the Kondrat guys.
Unfortunately,
I think my my answer is going to be insufficient in the sense that I'm I'm really not sure what those kinds of interactions that I was discussing,
whether they would be conducted in some kind of Hindi in Persian and whether they're then reported out into Muraki by the newswriters.
Some of these terms, though, of course, Karbo between these languages like those.
And so I think that we can think about, you know, shared meanings, if not necessarily shared language.
But it's something which I am curious to know more about myself.
Thanks so much. Next question is one last question at the moment is by Rachel Sturman and she compliments you were saying that.
Thanks for this fascinating talk, Dominique.
I'm wondering if you have any thoughts on the audience or for the into brackets representation of friendship.
Yeah. That's very. Thank you very much. That's important because part of the I think one of the counter arguments against a kind of
modernist notion of friendship is that these are not necessarily private or if they are intimate,
they're they're not they are are meant to be communicated to some public audience.
And I think that. I think that if we can imagine the correspondence in which discussions of friendship are happening,
being read out to a kind of courtly milieu where you have ministers on VOIS scribes, people who are followers of these rulers, you know,
being where it's being indicated what kind of relationship is desired and how, you know, issues of conflict over state revenue,
other kind of concrete issues might come up that these are public statements of
intention to some extent that nonetheless are reaffirmed through intimate language.
So and then, of course,
we have a broader audience when this friendship becomes part of the way in which the history of the province is written in the Chronicle.
So, yeah, I think that this this is beyond just the interactions between these rulers and is part of how
kind of governing structure set up and then how a kind of historiography of region is written on.
Thank you. Are there any more questions or can I sneak a quick one in?
Rather than typing it, otherwise, we'll run out of time. How far?
I mean, I think you're absolutely right that, you know, it's almost you know,
it's when people start talking about friendship that you have to start worrying about the state of relations kind of thing.
That seems to me really, really fine inside.
How far does this language of friendship as a way of constructing interstate into a clan, into lineage relations?
How far is it? Does it. Is it common outside the decken?
Is it a kind of techni? It, dear.
I mean, thinking, you know, very, very clumsy terms about, you know,
the relations of the Moross with the movie, you know, with a with the musical court.
There's not a language of friendship. Friendship doesn't figure there as as an idealisation of how relations should be.
So. So is it the case that this this idiom for ideal relations is actually most applicable,
you know, within this sort of decken state system rather than very much outside it?
Right.
Yeah, I think as you you know, that the this kind of language doesn't find much life in correspondence between the Mauboussin and the Moroccans,
which adheres to a much more kind of hierarchical idiom.
And and and we see friendship language used in political relations outside of the deck and out of these work,
for example, talks about this in a very different period.
But again, his position seems to be that that the language which there was clearly hierarchical.
And so I think what is interesting about the Morocco case is that the difficulty of establishing kind of permanent local control,
I think in some ways drove and then having kind of constant rivalry in in this sort of fragmented 18th century politics,
I think gave rise to a more concerted use of this language.
But some of the idioms that are used in like the prison writings are, I think could be easily connected to idioms in broader Persian discourse,
ethics or discourse in the kinds of writing that say monarchies are about.
So I think that, you know, you you perhaps might have broader usage outside of the political political relationships than you do.
Yeah. Thank you. Thank. Thanks, Dominic.
That was that was fascinating. And we should move on.
I'm going to hand over my chair to Angela in L.A. on Richer's. So welcome, Angelie, and hope you you'll be able to take us to the next two papers.
I would also request the next presenters just every time you log on.
Just cheque on this slide business because it would be a good idea.
I just do you know, before you start talking to see the slides are moving and not moving or whatever.
Anyway, over to you. I'm Julie. And thanks very much.