1 00:00:00,540 --> 00:00:10,620 The third paper is now the one that's listed fourth in the programme, and it is the paper by Mario de Panopto of Rutgers in New Jersey, 2 00:00:10,620 --> 00:00:16,170 Rutgers University in New Jersey, USA of the title is beggars on the move. 3 00:00:16,170 --> 00:00:21,640 Hijrah journeys in 18th century Deccan. 4 00:00:21,640 --> 00:00:23,410 Thank you, Professor Firehouse, 5 00:00:23,410 --> 00:00:34,310 and thanks to all the organisers and Michael families and thanks to the audience as well for listening so patiently to all of us, 6 00:00:34,310 --> 00:00:39,110 to beggars on the move. The judges in the 18th century backed them. 7 00:00:39,110 --> 00:00:46,010 In recent years, we have experienced an explosion of new research on Hydra third gender and 8 00:00:46,010 --> 00:00:51,680 transgender practises of the subjectivities in South Asia across the disciplines. 9 00:00:51,680 --> 00:00:57,080 However, apart from a few notable exceptions in the work of Gavin Hambling, 10 00:00:57,080 --> 00:01:04,100 Lawrence Preston, while defenders and lately Jessica Hinchey and Nicholas Abbott will be, 11 00:01:04,100 --> 00:01:09,830 lot of historians have largely refrained from exploring the subject, 12 00:01:09,830 --> 00:01:16,290 thus making it studied the preserve of cultural anthropologists and literary scholars. 13 00:01:16,290 --> 00:01:26,940 One outcome of the historian's reticence in these matters has been the assumption, but how does our view today? 14 00:01:26,940 --> 00:01:34,160 That is true. An overwhelming focus on their bodily or gender difference as the nucleus of their 15 00:01:34,160 --> 00:01:41,430 subjectivity was how they were always understood full time in my presentation today, 16 00:01:41,430 --> 00:01:51,330 I hope to move away from this assumption. The 18th century hedgerows were always more than just their gendered sentence. 17 00:01:51,330 --> 00:02:01,470 In fact, they were part of a very rich and ritualised world of monastic begging, which operated until the colonial era. 18 00:02:01,470 --> 00:02:09,960 My work draws upon 18th century morality archival records in the moody script of two separate provinces, 19 00:02:09,960 --> 00:02:19,020 one that is title deeds or weapons, but that are issued by the as the party that are available at the beach for that matter, 20 00:02:19,020 --> 00:02:25,020 and to dispute resolution records be given the Border Patrol or Mother Nama, 21 00:02:25,020 --> 00:02:31,380 which are in the private collection of the contemporary descendants of the members. 22 00:02:31,380 --> 00:02:36,390 They are a group that were attendance to the hedgerows in the 18th century. 23 00:02:36,390 --> 00:02:44,760 Now, during the 18th century, hedgerows in the western section described themselves as those who survive from generation 24 00:02:44,760 --> 00:02:52,650 to generation by begging for alms option was the first Beakman Mongol court uphold. 25 00:02:52,650 --> 00:03:01,980 This understanding likens hedgerows, the members of other groups based on rituals of information such as Ghost Bees and Fox News, 26 00:03:01,980 --> 00:03:08,050 who also made similar claims of livelihood based on bedding. 27 00:03:08,050 --> 00:03:18,880 This particular form of monastic bedding, which he the salvation for kids in Boston, does not imply some economic distress. 28 00:03:18,880 --> 00:03:22,920 It was a ritualised vocation exercise, 29 00:03:22,920 --> 00:03:31,880 several monastic orders whose lifestyle involves one the act of wandering and to the chivalrous perfection of government. 30 00:03:31,880 --> 00:03:40,480 There was several such itinerant groups within the Morocco state which consider themselves to be 31 00:03:40,480 --> 00:03:47,560 beggars and which were founded on rituals of monastic investiture between teacher and disciple, 32 00:03:47,560 --> 00:03:54,730 Guru and Shishir Lead and Madrid in Madrid, a single other dignitaries. 33 00:03:54,730 --> 00:04:06,700 These monastic beggars presented themselves as supplicants glowing terms like bookshops in order to underline their status as men deacons in internal. 34 00:04:06,700 --> 00:04:12,640 They benefited from the government's providence and largesse in a variety of manners. 35 00:04:12,640 --> 00:04:20,590 On occasion, in official correspondence, authorities designated such figures as hostility that is, 36 00:04:20,590 --> 00:04:25,240 those who are sheltered or protected, and they would therefore not worthy. 37 00:04:25,240 --> 00:04:34,390 Recipients of the favour often had them up, but I think there is one who is particularly renowned for his philanthropy. 38 00:04:34,390 --> 00:04:43,420 So monastic beggars like Kids+, Gustavo's and funkiest embarked on overlapping physical and metaphysical judgements. 39 00:04:43,420 --> 00:04:54,280 They were drawn to satiric forms of power linked to the Mosola of Saints, whether in the form of some of these other guys through their journeys. 40 00:04:54,280 --> 00:05:02,860 There, they forged relationships between themselves and besides creating networks of power, 41 00:05:02,860 --> 00:05:14,710 these monastic beggars were distinguished by the quality of being uprooted from the life of samsara, which is the mundane world of family and caste. 42 00:05:14,710 --> 00:05:22,870 So their life journeys were often a path towards somebody. 43 00:05:22,870 --> 00:05:31,930 That is the state of one's ego being completely extinguished, usually through the act of being buried or drowned alive. 44 00:05:31,930 --> 00:05:40,300 So monastic beggars inhabited this intermittent space between samsara and hardy and therefore 45 00:05:40,300 --> 00:05:45,760 remains uniquely positioned to channel the power of the messenger to ordinary people. 46 00:05:45,760 --> 00:05:57,650 They just transferred the power of the most India as blessings to people who were required to pay them a government regulated fee for the privilege. 47 00:05:57,650 --> 00:06:04,530 The charter the party guaranteed this transfer of benedictions through both let them. 48 00:06:04,530 --> 00:06:07,740 Or an exclusive entitlement? 49 00:06:07,740 --> 00:06:19,260 But the generic drug lineage, which has the exclusive rights to this actual trade, it's pre-approved and pre enlisted territories. 50 00:06:19,260 --> 00:06:24,990 Hydrogen needs to be set of trees to grant benedictions and receive payments for them also 51 00:06:24,990 --> 00:06:31,410 constituted an important part of their overlapping physical and metaphysical giants. 52 00:06:31,410 --> 00:06:37,980 Now the temple above I'm was up. Hoover was one ritual site where he just sat. 53 00:06:37,980 --> 00:06:42,510 It was here that they performed in the nation of new members. 54 00:06:42,510 --> 00:06:47,760 Another site was islands where the anniversary of the same Pollyannish was 55 00:06:47,760 --> 00:06:53,220 the market in the month of Karthick attracted a number of monastic mediators, 56 00:06:53,220 --> 00:07:04,530 including. They travel to Ireland from all those risks that during the 18th century. 57 00:07:04,530 --> 00:07:13,620 In 1751, a good ol investigators assembly of arbitrators who had gathered in Ireland for the Samatta 58 00:07:13,620 --> 00:07:23,790 anniversary delivered a legal decision in a territorial dispute between two drug gurus or admirals. 59 00:07:23,790 --> 00:07:28,380 The Nevada lecturer, or legal defeat that resolve this conflict, 60 00:07:28,380 --> 00:07:36,360 notes that there were two households one of Salvatore kids recorded good and the other in charge, 61 00:07:36,360 --> 00:07:41,400 both both of whom had visited Ireland before the annual festival. 62 00:07:41,400 --> 00:07:54,120 The squabble between the two households, conceivably over a patrimony of 14 territories in Suba, eventually predated the common immigration assets. 63 00:07:54,120 --> 00:08:01,510 These areas appear to be attempts. As he does in other communities, when the festival delivered, 64 00:08:01,510 --> 00:08:10,000 Flight-Plus says the two households decided to apply for legal recourse that the investigative assembly subsequently 65 00:08:10,000 --> 00:08:18,760 constituted Scrutinise both Salvatore's and Bratton's claims and decided the suit in the former Theba, 66 00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:23,320 evocatively adding the Meraki place. What is yours? 67 00:08:23,320 --> 00:08:28,990 You should eat, some say to me, covered many of us, but also added the fun, 68 00:08:28,990 --> 00:08:38,620 unique idiom of contemporary title deeds and legal decrees that enjoined rights should be enjoyed and its fruits claimed by the 69 00:08:38,620 --> 00:08:53,270 lineage through succeeding in the actions they would put upon to put them through any new cracks in the non-power old case. 70 00:08:53,270 --> 00:08:57,140 It is right to start with this household, 71 00:08:57,140 --> 00:09:06,510 adding that any obstruction would warrant a good hegarty of fine from the D-Von other regional government offices. 72 00:09:06,510 --> 00:09:14,010 Now, part of this document did not survive the 18th century, but it is it ostensibly threatens repercussions from the bottom. 73 00:09:14,010 --> 00:09:19,140 The 12 brothers, meaning the truck community elders for non-compliance, 74 00:09:19,140 --> 00:09:29,730 is by a margin note in the record of this legal decision, marks of the document was decided glum with the pen of Bob Woodward. 75 00:09:29,730 --> 00:09:40,020 Do not let this funding. All the records and accounts, people of non-member district who also attended the festival. 76 00:09:40,020 --> 00:09:48,330 Now this new survey just does its 26 signature things by their geographical last names, 77 00:09:48,330 --> 00:09:57,990 which typically occur in Maharashtra by employing the gendered suffixes good often preceded by the village or town, 78 00:09:57,990 --> 00:10:02,730 if witnesses did not live in the village or town attached to the name. 79 00:10:02,730 --> 00:10:07,410 The document also records the advice of current exigencies, 80 00:10:07,410 --> 00:10:18,480 so these geo located monikers point that some of the Hijras and their professional associates the does made their way to Ireland 81 00:10:18,480 --> 00:10:28,680 from nearby villages and towns such as being pulled out shotgun and table all within that 20 mile radius of the regional centre. 82 00:10:28,680 --> 00:10:34,110 However, many hedgerows and one does also came from farther afield. 83 00:10:34,110 --> 00:10:41,040 The absolutely baramati vaccines will be included within 100 miles of Ireland, 84 00:10:41,040 --> 00:10:54,990 the most emphasising what was on of the fleet process that time and a blue badge journeyed from here in the Congo, 127 miles of the settling. 85 00:10:54,990 --> 00:11:00,600 Prevailing disputes at such sites remained a convenient proposition as they 86 00:11:00,600 --> 00:11:06,870 drew together a diversity of people who may act as negotiators or witnesses, 87 00:11:06,870 --> 00:11:13,320 and who otherwise may have to be transported to one place for these legal deliberations. 88 00:11:13,320 --> 00:11:20,340 No agreement will arrive that would also enjoy the backing of the same merits, 89 00:11:20,340 --> 00:11:28,230 the spaciousness of sacred time and the weight of government officials who were also travelling to these festivals. 90 00:11:28,230 --> 00:11:38,400 Some documents of this period also prefer an understanding of the circular read to make ritual meanderings that these monastic beggar 91 00:11:38,400 --> 00:11:48,450 lineages made throughout the year pilgrimages by hedgerows does and other monastic beggars to sites such as Ireland's occupied, 92 00:11:48,450 --> 00:11:53,100 after all, only a percentage of an annual calendar. 93 00:11:53,100 --> 00:11:58,970 At other times, monastic beggars often travelled. 94 00:11:58,970 --> 00:12:04,920 Factor in the manner from one village under their patrimony to another, 95 00:12:04,920 --> 00:12:13,660 transferring the accumulated power and receiving the payments that constitute a banks are entitled. 96 00:12:13,660 --> 00:12:19,180 Both forms of action item obviously remain central to their lives. 97 00:12:19,180 --> 00:12:31,480 Two quarrels that arose between mendicant lineages in 8:43 and 17:40 provide clues about how these photography's of monastic geographic, 98 00:12:31,480 --> 00:12:37,570 what constitutes the order that I draw upon the recent World Cup and drunk attitudes. 99 00:12:37,570 --> 00:12:43,210 We use the term monastic geographic city to decipher the editorialised, 100 00:12:43,210 --> 00:12:52,930 networks and relationships based on systems of exchange and ritual between monastic lineages and early followers. 101 00:12:52,930 --> 00:13:02,410 She suggests the people from all commodities and ideas move in a complex calendar over these job geographies. 102 00:13:02,410 --> 00:13:13,540 So the dispute is 17 or nine emerged between two parties of mendicant aboard the drug gurus whose primary residences were 103 00:13:13,540 --> 00:13:22,510 in neighbouring villages and who fought over a button of proprietary villages in the wider region surrounding their home. 104 00:13:22,510 --> 00:13:27,530 One party to the suit consisted of two huge gurus court adverts. 105 00:13:27,530 --> 00:13:37,060 So it the kids and the kids and one mum that was someone who lived in the town of Gympie, 106 00:13:37,060 --> 00:13:46,220 about 40 miles northeast in the village of Kaja, near I call by June 2nd party to the dispute. 107 00:13:46,220 --> 00:13:55,310 Microbiology also high investments in the village of Codigo, another 20 miles west of the contested patrimony, 108 00:13:55,310 --> 00:14:02,210 consisted of eight villages surrounding these three places spanning all four directions. 109 00:14:02,210 --> 00:14:07,160 The distances between cards from the nearest patrimonial village piles up food, 110 00:14:07,160 --> 00:14:12,800 and the floor of this patrimonial village plot comes between 20 and one hundred and twenty five 111 00:14:12,800 --> 00:14:19,490 miles overlap almost exactly over the range of distances that we just saw covered by the hedgerows, 112 00:14:19,490 --> 00:14:27,120 and one does travelling to Ireland from the surrounding region for the anniversary of damage with some much. 113 00:14:27,120 --> 00:14:28,510 In the other dispute, 114 00:14:28,510 --> 00:14:38,640 from 1740 to drug gurus accused of the things shuffle to protect their patrimony from the thieving instincts of the monastic beggars, 115 00:14:38,640 --> 00:14:46,890 Golden hits it off from the village of Didsbury and some collected from the on of Qaeda by about 15. 116 00:14:46,890 --> 00:14:50,920 I'm about 50 and 40 miles north of Stuttgart. 117 00:14:50,920 --> 00:15:00,000 Was this the patrimony of all the villages in 18 districts in the provinces of junior Marvel and around the distances 118 00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:08,370 between Vitruvian Suitable and most of the districts mentioned in this title deed was less than seventy five miles. 119 00:15:08,370 --> 00:15:17,670 This proprietorship then was far more geographically concentrated with perhaps but in aggregate and the first. 120 00:15:17,670 --> 00:15:26,580 Nevertheless, travelling across both proprietary territories would have required an investment of time and effort by these 121 00:15:26,580 --> 00:15:35,550 medical clinic agents to cover these distances and successfully collect their annual costs while on their journeys. 122 00:15:35,550 --> 00:15:44,010 Local administrators remain responsible for welcoming and serving these mendicant orders. 123 00:15:44,010 --> 00:15:52,880 So often you look at the title deeds and they say they referred to prerogatives from the label of villages. 124 00:15:52,880 --> 00:16:01,840 I mean, it's nice the person. They referred to prerogatives from the labour of religious, 125 00:16:01,840 --> 00:16:10,540 such as very heavy lifters and guards at night who are supposed to be attentive care of this travelling many distance. 126 00:16:10,540 --> 00:16:16,360 This made the wanderings a tad less cumbersome and contributed to their cycle of life. 127 00:16:16,360 --> 00:16:25,060 And there is for the majority of the. Unfortunately, in both these cases, this eternal wandering the eternal dawdling. 128 00:16:25,060 --> 00:16:32,260 Whether Nero are also allowed other men victims to keep the true proprietary lineage by claiming to 129 00:16:32,260 --> 00:16:41,500 represent and receiving cash that is eating the weapon of weapon coming in the Marathi idiom on its behalf. 130 00:16:41,500 --> 00:16:42,858 Thank.