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The first presenter is Goba Sabarwal, and her paper is titled So Near, yet so far,

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Marathi speakers in Bengal, Karnataka, Gopuff well, hi everybody can hear me.

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Yes. So good evening and good morning, depending on which part of the world there is pleasure to be here.

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And I'm a little bit stunned that I've been doing this work a to answer this is my first exposure to this school,

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so I hope to be able to stay in touch as this round of work progresses.

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So without much ado, I go straight into my bedroom. Because of what I see have a long tradition or mobility within and outside the country,

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as many people in this conference would testify today, I will draw on my finger in what was then that have gone.

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You want to? I'm not to describe some dimensions of the social and political life of one such group of speakers who are located

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outside the territories on own master as it came to be part of this also linguistic reorganisation of India in 1956,

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the result of widespread public education in many parts of the country.

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My initial fieldwork in Bengal was designed to redress an imbalance in the study of social life in India,

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namely Indian sociology lack of an all encompassing analytical framework that would enable

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scholars to take into account the multiplicity of social divisions that exist in the city.

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I chose to make the case that the collective identity is based on language, religion,

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sex and mantras are best described using the framework of ethnic groups and ethnicity links or enables and even handed discussing

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all components of Indian social life and liberate sociology of India overdependence on caste as the primary category of analysis,

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thus relegating all other groups also reconstituted into the background.

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Different Disney's various attributes may be as markers of identity or as the basis

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of social cohesion the groups that gave rise who tend to be of the same order.

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The inclusion of all forms of collective identity on the same scale gives a more comprehensive coverage of the complexities of life.

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My focus in my initial work was to map out these various ethnic groups and this definition, and also that interactions across various fields.

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So this mix, I was later compelled to add the category of class defined by education,

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income and occupation in order to explain the dynamics of everyday life,

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more especially the manner in which the complex ethnic divisions implement fiscal changes.

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But the present discussion I will avoid going into the next year, adopted by the States Reorganisation Commission when determining state boundaries,

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which resulted in Verizon and surrounding areas finding themselves on the other side of the border.

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Thus, when these linguistic minority in a state want to do this, book another language.

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For those unfamiliar with the drawing of boundaries,

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I would say that the reverse was also the case with Canada speaking population in southern Mudassar,

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who found themselves on the Maraxus side of the border. The first point that needs to be established is that life, the group that I'm talking about,

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which is the speakers in Belgium, are not immigrant population,

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but rather this sizeable population is the result of a natural historical spat over language with substantial speakers,

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which is a common enough concern of science class, linguistic and political or administrative boundaries.

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Did not overlap in the consolidation of linguistic and administrative boundaries is the fact of modern history of independent India and has had,

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as we shall see, many ramifications. The organisation of Indian states on linguistic basis dares to overlook a basic truth about Indian society,

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which is that it has been multilingual at both the societal and individual level.

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What a very long time. The regional students on linguistic lines, one allowing for regional languages to be grouped together,

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also created a model of dominant, monolingual ism.

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This goes against the reality of my reading wilcox's.

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This idea is probably the result of Western nationalism, which is, I think, in monolingual one of us.

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However, it is worth noting that Marathi speakers in Belgium,

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where the focus of this discussion have continued to reside in the state following the reorganisation as they had forced the change in administrative

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status from the Bombay Presidency in Mysore and then from Mexico State has not resulted in any outmigration or graft towards the sector.

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The continuous link with the geographical region as remains irrespective of administratively orderly.

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There's been a slight change in the relative size of the monarchy with this kind of population or do well into the 90s or even early 2000s,

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there are more modern speakers in there with you then senator speakers that I no longer.

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2011 census that Canada speaker speaker would give them the markets this year anyway.

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The continual residence should not, however, be that as a sign of acceptance and then as an embracing of the culture of defensiveness.

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The then go city and the Marathi speaking areas have witnessed much political and social unrest over the years.

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And what follows somewhat inspired by the local papers for this contest with its focus on the Marathi speaking diaspora,

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I'm attempting a slightly different reading of the situation in Bengal from what was the focus of my initial work.

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I will today analyse with the benefit of hindsight,

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both the positives and the negatives of the antagonistic and confrontational approach that the local, the nation and build on the district set down.

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The biggest city in most another got adopted and was encouraged to adopt by others.

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He's looking at us, reconsider its policies and also this reflects what has been the result of this sustained focus.

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Who has benefits benefited from it? And is it time to adopt a different strategy?

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These are some of the issues that I would like to point out today.

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On the political front, leading the opposition to the allocation of battlegrounds events or Benghazi, as it is now called the knockout,

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there is a movement seeking to merge all border areas with office because outnumber Canadians this monastery.

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This demand has been spearheaded by the monarchs in this local political organisation.

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Connected also to the leading acting was different in that area. Another have been joined by politicians in the monastic side,

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but not to do well out of power and looking to give themselves millions over the years to associate with the formal process.

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Who doesn't like this and the disruption of bus services?

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The periodic submitting memoranda to each new Prime Minister on Chief Minister Omar Usher and the contents

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of the representation and the barbs exchanged across borders by politicians has remained largely unchanged.

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The newest coinage by the current minister, Mudassar in January 2021 describes disputed areas economic woes,

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leaving them on astronomical, my restaurant or in much more explosive devices made.

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At a more formal level, the main political demands for the decision of the reorganisation committee was

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actually just absolutely examined by another commission appointed in 1966.

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This was the Manhattan commission was a board allowed the communes and the country and no answer.

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It rejected the demands of the structure of the award was not allowed to be implemented.

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The matter has also been taken to the Supreme Court. In 2006,

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the government announced it is now demanding why some parties for all disputed areas

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are not to publicly declared a union parity in the resolution of this dispute.

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Or less national level political parties have no interest at the local level politics in Vietnam.

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And for the first time in September 2021, the city corporation elections were held on party lines and in a sign of some change

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coming in the I'm sorry the the the election was swept by the National Party,

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with the MERS almost giving way.

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So this has of course been interpreted by politicians as the acceptance of the developmental agenda by people as opposed to language issues.

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Politics aside, the real area of contention and unrest has been education and its subsequent impact on occupation and social life.

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What I feel is going to belong to two distinct language groups,

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and the other one would argue speakers have been constantly exposed to Canada and many are bilingual or have at least a working knowledge of Canada.

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It is the imposition of the state language,

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especially in schools and on all inhabitants who encounter governance that has caused the greatest resentment.

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The decline of Canada as a compulsory language in schools has not been smooth sailing.

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The state government left the language policy in 1994, mandating Canada for all students in primary education.

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This was struck down by the Supreme Court in 2014,

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which ruled that the government order was unconstitutional because it violated the right to receive information in the manner of one's choice.

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The Canadian government retaliated by passing the Canada Language Learning review and got gratitude by a

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voice for making it mandatory for all students studying in classes one percent in all schools in the state.

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The Resource Canada language as one of the compulsory languages and this would happen in a phased manner,

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starting with the academic year 2015 16, irrespective of whether the Canada wants to take the place of first or second language.

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Address the language used is the implementation of language excuses, electricity and utility bills and licence forms and bus boards in Canada.

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We have to recognise that this use of state language is a dominant monoculture and is a means of disabling.

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Civic participation is not unique to economic growth,

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which often cites the imposition of I see in the neighbouring state as justification for its policies.

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The commonest complaint of local people is harassment in government offices and the unhelpful attitude of those who ran the public interface,

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and especially the local police who insist on speaking with senator.

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Despite the seeming animosity, relations of the ground level between speakers of both languages,

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people have friendships across language schools and solid work.

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And for those who work in any kind of business or in the market,

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the fact is that if one lives in an atmosphere with a heightened sense of linguistic identity and distribution or victimhood,

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you will have three incidents of miscommunication which could be overlooked in another conflict can be constructed as deliberate discrimination.

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Yes, complicit public functionaries easily have been accused by officials across the country

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will have to deal with New Yorkers irrespective of the language of interaction.

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And administrative policy in the delivery of service would use the tensions and calm things down.

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Then the defendant is going to against grain. This regard any relaxation with respect, the ones that dispute.

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Some items on music control exercised by the states have actually been rendered beyond their control due to the growth of technology.

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One big issue was is television,

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the introduction of cable television and the subsequent proliferation of private news and entertainment venues in all of this.

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I've described the speed we were consuming or imposing programming in the state language on all inhabitants, irrespective of their mother tongue.

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Each person can watch entertainment or be educated in their own or other languages, and there's no cause for complaint about loss of control.

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My focus is more on the idea that I want to put forth my long term process that threatens to redraw the boundaries of the states.

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I'm bound to invoke that examination.

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Connecticut government did just that in 2014, when the names of 12 cities were changed in consonance pronunciation, things done.

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Senator Arms then suddenly became redevelopment.

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The proposal has been moved to mark the 50th anniversary of state, with the other major decisions taken to mark the golden jubilee.

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Performance of the state was the construction of an alternate state legislative means that the government has done so.

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It was conceived and built. Decongest will be done so that Bangalore and was inaugurated in 2012 by the president.

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You Legislature sessions have been held there so far.

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What's the best part of the year because those bills that is still up now officially live the second capital of Karnataka,

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which would ensure that it would never be done? Thus, as things stand, Marathi speakers in Belgium or those living as close to home as possible,

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while they have no restrictions on travel or crossing over to the state or in or intermarried or other social

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and cultural exchanges continue to be far away and the gone by the dawn of this one is over inter-state border.

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The fact is that we should have been continually criticised as not have the situation there for the longest time,

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the political acceptance that we got five minutes left.

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I just never gave you the excuse that was given for not finding a political

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solution was that we need a situation where the same party is in flower in Russia,

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Canada and centre. As we know in India, secularists of the same political party are sometimes open at variance with each other.

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And so even when this condition finally was met, no politically, no, no solution whatsoever.

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The result has been a situation that is unsettled for 60 years because health

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people from accepting the reality of linguistic space with all of their problems,

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children are brainwashed into thinking Canada even before they gain confidence in the classroom.

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Looking at us because we observe the all families of those who seek this with their state and the cycle of mutual distress.

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At one level with. And yet we know that despite this from some creative dissent in what has been written

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in my writers living on the negative side of the border by some audiences this year,

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it is now very clear that one large state will not seek to retreat to another, you know, in the manner, and it is one thing to.

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See, also, this issue is not and never has been, and almost certainly should be done best in this area.

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Is this only in the regions in southern Modesto?

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And so it's not likely to result in a loss of life, so it is an occupation nonetheless.

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Go on despite innocence, if only the message from the beginning would have been one of coexistence in a multilingual statement.

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Given this nature and the acceptance that marketing is not a barrier to communication.

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The story may have been different. Each Indian state has been reached by the presence of outsiders with this land.

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The real problems are based on not withstanding Marathi speakers or the diaspora in and out of India

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could help articulate a message of accommodation while continuing to fight for the rights of citizens.

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Maybe what India needs now a new model of governance which account for multiple identities,

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especially in the words of the designated important constitutional body to make this happen?

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The Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities has been largely ineffectual in making life easier for linguistic minorities in the state,

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so I'm just going to end with saying it is time to rethink this time for whether you think

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whether such a long focus movement is achieving anything or it is also trying to force.

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The question is justice is done with regards to grammatical state that have reached a level of irrelevance of linguistic nationalism.

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I thank you.