Matara dumbly to make her presentation.
Thank you, professor of law, I may be prescribed symbiotic ones mapping ideas of opportunity in colonial master police is often
described as the festival of close to throwing clothes at each other during Holi celebrations,
both literally and figuratively.
It's a widely used trope in literature and popular culture, including films and advertisements to signify frolic, harmony and coming together.
Historically, however, woolly celebrations will simply not close in harmony.
Rather, they were associated with grotesque and obscene behaviour.
Since the 19th century, so-called obscure costumes associated with pointy came under attack,
and there were attempts to reform the festival by examining police reforms in Maharashtra as a case in point.
In this article, I'm trying to map the circulation of ideas of obscenity in colonial period in India.
Holiness, also known as Shimon Going Maharashtra and several other names such as Hollywood,
National Bodyguard, Benjamin, etc. that used to refer to the same but related festivities in this book.
But I'm going to refer to all these festivities at Chicago,
which was the most well-known otome used in the literature that I was looking at most newspapers,
periodicals, reports of social religious associations and educational institutions.
This paper is not an outcome of extensive archival or research work.
It is rather an exploring exploratory one based on the real available resources.
Let me begin with the brief description of the costumes which were traditionally associated the chim garbage bill Cohen.
The obscenity. Many of the costumes for these costumes might have discontinued today,
but they do remain in public memory and formal approval looks like she eco only order slang such as she must.
Celebrations traditionally included billowing weeping mouth at the back of the hand, playing drums,
shouting steward a slang, abusive words or chopping names or private parts of a board.
Thoughtless our boasted language and gestures, unquote imprinting obscene words on each of us bodies,
singing all and obscene songs, including language, singing and dancing in streets, cross-dressing,
wild dancing, inappropriate dressing, smearing each other with ashes, sludge or slush and cowbell,
sprinkling the drainage water on each other, throwing dirt and switch, visiting prostitutes and watching pleats.
And this has been back together by the author who was describing it, then stealing of rules and wood and burning those property,
etc., etc. The celebrations that also characterised by an outpouring sprawling appeasing the respected men of the villages.
The issue using licence shows sexual behaviour and consumption of legal and Anthony.
Playing with colours or colour is rare for doing this, but our different sources in 19th and 20th century in very,
very rare cases except gulab wooden boards used often.
Hollywood references also indicate that Hula had some inauspicious connotations,
which were supported during Chicago by mimicking funeral rites to street processions.
Mimicking funeral processions or wedding processions was a very common practise during shooting.
So there is a poem which describes the sham wedding procession in which I caught a man clad in a blanket.
We could chat later. No one at all. And garlands of shoes, audience and carrots.
What seated on a donkey?
Someone was holding a stuffing basket or something on his head as if it was an umbrella, and many accompanied that procession.
There was a band, the donkey. Finally, it all was over on the ground, etc., etc. So apart from the wedding kind of locations,
we also find descriptions of funeral processions of persons who were alive on those of effigies,
accompanied by people without caregivers or inauspicious time chanting Romulo Biram and priests murdered Gulen, a goat like a dead body and goat.
So all these customs laughed off our speed street processions of boredom of norms, social norms, grotesque realism.
The material would be open. They all point out to the carnival spirit of the festival.
So vital for the working class, for example, there is description of what the local and of, for them, it was the jolly, first of all, Festivus.
On the other hand, the Christian missionaries and brethren also, if I if I means this story for a moderator,
they're extremely uncomfortable with these festive with these festivities.
Now, right down to the pretty costumed festivities by Christian missionaries and local union stick the missionaries,
you watch him at the festival encouraging and justifying immoral behaviour.
They were particularly concerned about children,
how Shingo would be a bad influence on them and how it would teach them bad manners and important if the public
celebration that its celebration in spring was another aspect that missionaries built especially critical.
And so they advised Hindus to have sweet to me, then just enjoy it at home.
They also disapproved of unclean clothes and dirty words because they do not suit the festive occasion.
This ensured some festivities because the Lord was pleased, unquote.
On the other hand, admonished or lonely was worship. Oh, that makes them really uncomfortable.
And the Christian missionary detested a number of Hindu dietitians, customs and institutions for their obscenity.
For example, the sensuous figures being viewed and called on the castle during another attack at all.
That's economic shorthand for that mental status. Mostly, they see tradition forces both on on the streets, nudity of children.
So the fact that Hindus keep their children even when they build building or nine or 10 years of age.
So all these things become problematic for them on similar grounds.
The Labour team got festivities as boorish and sinful.
Now that the Journal of American Mission Science, The Folklore, which was originally published in The Times of India,
it seems that Hollywood celebrated too can be expressed hatred towards a woman or holy god
who was a dog who was daughter of a Hindu king and visited a molavi to learn the Koran.
And due to laws regarding Labarga, burqa kills all.
So this married to add one more aspect to how Shingo ops and making its bow defined a whole how obscenity
is better defined because it relates to deviation of from gender norms prescribed by religion.
Do the missionaries get very well aware of this colonial state policy of non-intervention in religious morals?
They appeal to the state to stop these harmful, troublesome and frightful practises, as they said Oh,
during Shenkar, the colonial state disapproved of obscenity, especially unruliness,
but wasn't substantially promoted with obscenity and also argued by other scholars like albino children to the lords in British and beyond,
which defined and criminalised obscenity but point indistinguishable from their counterparts in Britain.
Oh, and act to prevent the sale and or exposure of obscene books and book pictures was
costing the 1856 banning obscene speech and songs in the streets a few weeks later.
This becomes applauds. This clause becomes section 294 of Indian Penal Code.
This that this provision or section was more than Dr English Non-police Act of 1847,
which also meant sending profane songs or ballads and using profane or obscene language in strange tribal spelling bee and in particular.
So what is going on in missionary could be the end of colonial law is obscenity in public is seen
as problematic and punishable A. The very act of obscenity despite the existence of these laws,
we find that news report in 1880, over40s,
when someone was sued for celebrating Single Street and the case was dismissed by the district magistrate magistrate saying that it was not a crime.
Now, let me turn to indigenous intellectuals critique and reforms to labour Tim Festivity, says Graham Macarena will go to schools.
They urge the people to shun uncivilised and immoral costumes and aim to institute new practises.
So some sighted script jobs to escort that the obscenities were not a quintessential part of Chicago celebrations
and there was no religious justification or reason to celebrate Chicago or some other sort of discord,
and explained the rationale behind the apparently obscene costumes.
So it was argued that the ancestors of Hindus instituted Chicago with some noble or scientific objectives,
and those objectives ranged from destroying mosquitoes to reducing fatigue.
It was followed all of that over a period of time. People overlooked the real intentions, leading to be generation of customs.
One of the things that it was all right to have such celebrations by working glass in the dark ages for pharmacy you,
but did not seem more than the age of knowledge. Other arguments include Chicago was not prescribed by smoothies.
The scriptures like food are not talk about it. And they also pointed out that one of word on the ocean God that will not be told are not Sanskrit.
References in customs. Inspectors were in the Coalition's Bible study, etc., etc.
The materialistic and contingent rather than spiritual nature of this festival, it sports also looked down upon the festival,
provided a cheap amusement and people could afford it or would see serious performance of rights and rituals, which was too expensive.
And that also became a point of critique by the elite.
A newspaper features describes an urban lifestyle that he believes that with all split, it describes urban lifestyle, adds daily celebration of shame,
not because of the availability of cheap or easily accessible forms of entertainment, such as booze and piano in urban areas like missionaries.
The but also appealed to people not to let their children overstep bombs and follow an immoral.
But the nationalists must be able to compose non-op symposiums on Shivangi instead of
obscene songs they suggested to use Gallows rather than more of the same guided forms.
Very sensual, according to one academicians,
because of historical circumstances that necessitated nourishment of a serious attitude toward what people and says beautiful people.
But pushed.
The Beatles Organised Wrestling Competition Sports Event, cultural programmes on the day of some kind or to divert people from obscenities,
but no wonder he organised a whole a million and one talk.
Oh, and they were also organised a non obscene procession, which apparently was unsuccessful.
The princely state of old regularly arranged for sports races and programmes like Lake Charles Dialogue Speeches,
forces in-demand Magic Lantern shorts, which were also attended by the members of the royal family.
The contract company organised wrestling competitions, the educational institutions run by an education society such as New English School
in South that are made attendance for students at school on the latter day,
compulsory until sports events and also friendly matches with other schools for matches and football wrestling at the park during the Gulf War.
Similarly, the schools run by the depressed classes Mission Society of ahead of sports and competitions
or school children or students from other schools were also brought under control in this way.
The Shamika Sports were discontinued when it was found that disabled children were no more indulging in deeds.
So one can call for the Chingari forms were actually a successful endeavour.
Now, let me turn to the ideal Victorian morality, and in that line.
Let me look at ideals of some deep in Shimla, Voronin Benny explains the conception of morality in obsidian Victorian each.
So firstly, the body of an individual what's considered to be the embodiment of its moral beliefs.
Secondly, individual bodies were considered as the embodiment of the social body.
So in this retreat, the notion of cleanliness was central.
I quote senator reports always on board some sort of moral impulse which rested upon
theories of besides conflating physical and moral cleanliness and health in this regard.
It is also interesting to note that the chapter of Indian Penal Code, which deals with obscenity or also like it,
is the same chapter which also meets with laws pertaining to epidemic, contagious disease and quarantine.
Many further argues that there is there is clear evidence of sanitary and moral enterprise in the Bombay presidency at about the same period,
and that the emphasis on cleanliness associated with morality was part and parcel of the imperial design.
We can see some gloating about missionaries of the board,
the missionary and writings competition gold obstinate but festivals next spring festivals in Boston,
Jewish, Greek, Roman, Swedish, German and Italian traditions.
However, the backdrop also recommended that these festivals better not celebrated anymore, thanks to Christianity.
So it is certain that the Christian notions had a great impact on Chingari forms ideal obstinately.
And then she got it from the speaker, that's just the future of pictorial morality in India through Colonial Missionary Alliance,
notwithstanding the impact of Victorian ideals.
I would like to suggest that the ideal opportunity in connexion between reforms must have circulated in Maharashtra in much more complicated manner.
In earlier writings by people doing so, for example,
Charles Grant criticising tenants and institutions of Hinduism, an Indian body is one sort of thing.
One source of the information and it is deemed as a very authentic source.
I wonder, therefore, whether Islamic, including Persian traditions, had any impact on ideas of obscenity in colonial India.
So I don't know how well-meaning, although the evidence evidences to prove this.
But this is, as I said, just a direction in which we can explore.
You have five minutes left. Yes, the point that an article on got published in the book,
but the report was reprinted in the form of a booklet and thousand copies, was but she played by the Bombay Plastic Association.
Now this association was founded, the really important source, but top general Muslim who was a missionary of them was a much better,
but who was he was meant to to someone so he was there for six months.
Also, we do not understand they are prominent non-REM and also have close relations that granted us so much and brummel so much.
And this may explain why the Depressed Transmission Society of India bashing organised holy men inside
their schools organised Chim Gospels to take on this lesson that in since his practise during Shimla.
So a second source, we can see that pasting societies seem to have played some role in defining shingles, and indeed we do not find him got ambition,
got all the emerging from the mediaeval notions of European pollution in terms of solar railway,
probably because these were the set practises to be followed inside the private spaces.
What we find, however, is condemnation, option books and indeed school.
They were not appropriate for a good audience of Maharashtrian.
So in this instance, the notion of racial superiority, which comes with audience theory, is becoming the source of ideal of opportunity.
Similarly, I mentioned previously the argument that Chicago was not worthy of continuing because it was put out.
So in this hierarchy of all these little people dance. But Arnold's occupied the bottom most position, and they were meant for blue and white minutes.
And this becomes the reason for reforming and opposing QIPCO,
a common narrative emerging from the nationalist camp and case rates prominence, and there are several series of pieces published.
The narrative is that the English education and prosperity people did not need community born Sydney anymore,
and it was in this context that Chicago reforms were advocated by them,
and therefore they can be interpreted as the attempt by the nationalists to reinstate modern and purer versions of enduring people at the door.
So to conclude, we can say that there was no reform, not emerge from a variety of concerns.
And what I do have sources and not just the imposition of Victorian morality on Indian masses.
This, I believe, throws some light on how ideas might also be delivered in colonial India and ideal of obscenity in particular.
So thank you.