1 00:00:00,060 --> 00:00:06,040 Matara dumbly to make her presentation. 2 00:00:06,040 --> 00:00:15,220 Thank you, professor of law, I may be prescribed symbiotic ones mapping ideas of opportunity in colonial master police is often 3 00:00:15,220 --> 00:00:20,650 described as the festival of close to throwing clothes at each other during Holi celebrations, 4 00:00:20,650 --> 00:00:22,750 both literally and figuratively. 5 00:00:22,750 --> 00:00:32,680 It's a widely used trope in literature and popular culture, including films and advertisements to signify frolic, harmony and coming together. 6 00:00:32,680 --> 00:00:38,380 Historically, however, woolly celebrations will simply not close in harmony. 7 00:00:38,380 --> 00:00:43,030 Rather, they were associated with grotesque and obscene behaviour. 8 00:00:43,030 --> 00:00:48,880 Since the 19th century, so-called obscure costumes associated with pointy came under attack, 9 00:00:48,880 --> 00:00:56,080 and there were attempts to reform the festival by examining police reforms in Maharashtra as a case in point. 10 00:00:56,080 --> 00:01:03,450 In this article, I'm trying to map the circulation of ideas of obscenity in colonial period in India. 11 00:01:03,450 --> 00:01:08,340 Holiness, also known as Shimon Going Maharashtra and several other names such as Hollywood, 12 00:01:08,340 --> 00:01:16,140 National Bodyguard, Benjamin, etc. that used to refer to the same but related festivities in this book. 13 00:01:16,140 --> 00:01:19,290 But I'm going to refer to all these festivities at Chicago, 14 00:01:19,290 --> 00:01:25,830 which was the most well-known otome used in the literature that I was looking at most newspapers, 15 00:01:25,830 --> 00:01:32,340 periodicals, reports of social religious associations and educational institutions. 16 00:01:32,340 --> 00:01:36,150 This paper is not an outcome of extensive archival or research work. 17 00:01:36,150 --> 00:01:43,740 It is rather an exploring exploratory one based on the real available resources. 18 00:01:43,740 --> 00:01:51,080 Let me begin with the brief description of the costumes which were traditionally associated the chim garbage bill Cohen. 19 00:01:51,080 --> 00:01:57,390 The obscenity. Many of the costumes for these costumes might have discontinued today, 20 00:01:57,390 --> 00:02:07,530 but they do remain in public memory and formal approval looks like she eco only order slang such as she must. 21 00:02:07,530 --> 00:02:13,170 Celebrations traditionally included billowing weeping mouth at the back of the hand, playing drums, 22 00:02:13,170 --> 00:02:19,770 shouting steward a slang, abusive words or chopping names or private parts of a board. 23 00:02:19,770 --> 00:02:27,270 Thoughtless our boasted language and gestures, unquote imprinting obscene words on each of us bodies, 24 00:02:27,270 --> 00:02:34,950 singing all and obscene songs, including language, singing and dancing in streets, cross-dressing, 25 00:02:34,950 --> 00:02:42,090 wild dancing, inappropriate dressing, smearing each other with ashes, sludge or slush and cowbell, 26 00:02:42,090 --> 00:02:48,990 sprinkling the drainage water on each other, throwing dirt and switch, visiting prostitutes and watching pleats. 27 00:02:48,990 --> 00:02:57,210 And this has been back together by the author who was describing it, then stealing of rules and wood and burning those property, 28 00:02:57,210 --> 00:03:06,390 etc., etc. The celebrations that also characterised by an outpouring sprawling appeasing the respected men of the villages. 29 00:03:06,390 --> 00:03:14,170 The issue using licence shows sexual behaviour and consumption of legal and Anthony. 30 00:03:14,170 --> 00:03:22,450 Playing with colours or colour is rare for doing this, but our different sources in 19th and 20th century in very, 31 00:03:22,450 --> 00:03:27,430 very rare cases except gulab wooden boards used often. 32 00:03:27,430 --> 00:03:33,370 Hollywood references also indicate that Hula had some inauspicious connotations, 33 00:03:33,370 --> 00:03:39,460 which were supported during Chicago by mimicking funeral rites to street processions. 34 00:03:39,460 --> 00:03:45,880 Mimicking funeral processions or wedding processions was a very common practise during shooting. 35 00:03:45,880 --> 00:03:52,600 So there is a poem which describes the sham wedding procession in which I caught a man clad in a blanket. 36 00:03:52,600 --> 00:03:58,810 We could chat later. No one at all. And garlands of shoes, audience and carrots. 37 00:03:58,810 --> 00:04:00,770 What seated on a donkey? 38 00:04:00,770 --> 00:04:10,210 Someone was holding a stuffing basket or something on his head as if it was an umbrella, and many accompanied that procession. 39 00:04:10,210 --> 00:04:19,330 There was a band, the donkey. Finally, it all was over on the ground, etc., etc. So apart from the wedding kind of locations, 40 00:04:19,330 --> 00:04:27,160 we also find descriptions of funeral processions of persons who were alive on those of effigies, 41 00:04:27,160 --> 00:04:39,130 accompanied by people without caregivers or inauspicious time chanting Romulo Biram and priests murdered Gulen, a goat like a dead body and goat. 42 00:04:39,130 --> 00:04:47,290 So all these customs laughed off our speed street processions of boredom of norms, social norms, grotesque realism. 43 00:04:47,290 --> 00:04:54,330 The material would be open. They all point out to the carnival spirit of the festival. 44 00:04:54,330 --> 00:05:03,600 So vital for the working class, for example, there is description of what the local and of, for them, it was the jolly, first of all, Festivus. 45 00:05:03,600 --> 00:05:11,670 On the other hand, the Christian missionaries and brethren also, if I if I means this story for a moderator, 46 00:05:11,670 --> 00:05:18,030 they're extremely uncomfortable with these festive with these festivities. 47 00:05:18,030 --> 00:05:24,420 Now, right down to the pretty costumed festivities by Christian missionaries and local union stick the missionaries, 48 00:05:24,420 --> 00:05:29,580 you watch him at the festival encouraging and justifying immoral behaviour. 49 00:05:29,580 --> 00:05:31,980 They were particularly concerned about children, 50 00:05:31,980 --> 00:05:40,170 how Shingo would be a bad influence on them and how it would teach them bad manners and important if the public 51 00:05:40,170 --> 00:05:47,070 celebration that its celebration in spring was another aspect that missionaries built especially critical. 52 00:05:47,070 --> 00:05:52,860 And so they advised Hindus to have sweet to me, then just enjoy it at home. 53 00:05:52,860 --> 00:05:59,640 They also disapproved of unclean clothes and dirty words because they do not suit the festive occasion. 54 00:05:59,640 --> 00:06:05,310 This ensured some festivities because the Lord was pleased, unquote. 55 00:06:05,310 --> 00:06:13,180 On the other hand, admonished or lonely was worship. Oh, that makes them really uncomfortable. 56 00:06:13,180 --> 00:06:19,530 And the Christian missionary detested a number of Hindu dietitians, customs and institutions for their obscenity. 57 00:06:19,530 --> 00:06:26,940 For example, the sensuous figures being viewed and called on the castle during another attack at all. 58 00:06:26,940 --> 00:06:35,010 That's economic shorthand for that mental status. Mostly, they see tradition forces both on on the streets, nudity of children. 59 00:06:35,010 --> 00:06:42,020 So the fact that Hindus keep their children even when they build building or nine or 10 years of age. 60 00:06:42,020 --> 00:06:47,520 So all these things become problematic for them on similar grounds. 61 00:06:47,520 --> 00:06:51,990 The Labour team got festivities as boorish and sinful. 62 00:06:51,990 --> 00:06:59,320 Now that the Journal of American Mission Science, The Folklore, which was originally published in The Times of India, 63 00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:05,550 it seems that Hollywood celebrated too can be expressed hatred towards a woman or holy god 64 00:07:05,550 --> 00:07:11,580 who was a dog who was daughter of a Hindu king and visited a molavi to learn the Koran. 65 00:07:11,580 --> 00:07:15,870 And due to laws regarding Labarga, burqa kills all. 66 00:07:15,870 --> 00:07:25,050 So this married to add one more aspect to how Shingo ops and making its bow defined a whole how obscenity 67 00:07:25,050 --> 00:07:33,250 is better defined because it relates to deviation of from gender norms prescribed by religion. 68 00:07:33,250 --> 00:07:41,470 Do the missionaries get very well aware of this colonial state policy of non-intervention in religious morals? 69 00:07:41,470 --> 00:07:50,050 They appeal to the state to stop these harmful, troublesome and frightful practises, as they said Oh, 70 00:07:50,050 --> 00:07:55,960 during Shenkar, the colonial state disapproved of obscenity, especially unruliness, 71 00:07:55,960 --> 00:08:06,490 but wasn't substantially promoted with obscenity and also argued by other scholars like albino children to the lords in British and beyond, 72 00:08:06,490 --> 00:08:13,540 which defined and criminalised obscenity but point indistinguishable from their counterparts in Britain. 73 00:08:13,540 --> 00:08:19,300 Oh, and act to prevent the sale and or exposure of obscene books and book pictures was 74 00:08:19,300 --> 00:08:25,750 costing the 1856 banning obscene speech and songs in the streets a few weeks later. 75 00:08:25,750 --> 00:08:32,440 This becomes applauds. This clause becomes section 294 of Indian Penal Code. 76 00:08:32,440 --> 00:08:38,830 This that this provision or section was more than Dr English Non-police Act of 1847, 77 00:08:38,830 --> 00:08:47,680 which also meant sending profane songs or ballads and using profane or obscene language in strange tribal spelling bee and in particular. 78 00:08:47,680 --> 00:08:54,010 So what is going on in missionary could be the end of colonial law is obscenity in public is seen 79 00:08:54,010 --> 00:09:01,810 as problematic and punishable A. The very act of obscenity despite the existence of these laws, 80 00:09:01,810 --> 00:09:05,200 we find that news report in 1880, over40s, 81 00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:16,040 when someone was sued for celebrating Single Street and the case was dismissed by the district magistrate magistrate saying that it was not a crime. 82 00:09:16,040 --> 00:09:27,320 Now, let me turn to indigenous intellectuals critique and reforms to labour Tim Festivity, says Graham Macarena will go to schools. 83 00:09:27,320 --> 00:09:33,950 They urge the people to shun uncivilised and immoral costumes and aim to institute new practises. 84 00:09:33,950 --> 00:09:40,250 So some sighted script jobs to escort that the obscenities were not a quintessential part of Chicago celebrations 85 00:09:40,250 --> 00:09:47,690 and there was no religious justification or reason to celebrate Chicago or some other sort of discord, 86 00:09:47,690 --> 00:09:51,590 and explained the rationale behind the apparently obscene costumes. 87 00:09:51,590 --> 00:09:59,030 So it was argued that the ancestors of Hindus instituted Chicago with some noble or scientific objectives, 88 00:09:59,030 --> 00:10:04,790 and those objectives ranged from destroying mosquitoes to reducing fatigue. 89 00:10:04,790 --> 00:10:12,590 It was followed all of that over a period of time. People overlooked the real intentions, leading to be generation of customs. 90 00:10:12,590 --> 00:10:18,990 One of the things that it was all right to have such celebrations by working glass in the dark ages for pharmacy you, 91 00:10:18,990 --> 00:10:26,060 but did not seem more than the age of knowledge. Other arguments include Chicago was not prescribed by smoothies. 92 00:10:26,060 --> 00:10:36,140 The scriptures like food are not talk about it. And they also pointed out that one of word on the ocean God that will not be told are not Sanskrit. 93 00:10:36,140 --> 00:10:42,790 References in customs. Inspectors were in the Coalition's Bible study, etc., etc. 94 00:10:42,790 --> 00:10:50,800 The materialistic and contingent rather than spiritual nature of this festival, it sports also looked down upon the festival, 95 00:10:50,800 --> 00:10:59,380 provided a cheap amusement and people could afford it or would see serious performance of rights and rituals, which was too expensive. 96 00:10:59,380 --> 00:11:03,190 And that also became a point of critique by the elite. 97 00:11:03,190 --> 00:11:14,470 A newspaper features describes an urban lifestyle that he believes that with all split, it describes urban lifestyle, adds daily celebration of shame, 98 00:11:14,470 --> 00:11:26,340 not because of the availability of cheap or easily accessible forms of entertainment, such as booze and piano in urban areas like missionaries. 99 00:11:26,340 --> 00:11:32,980 The but also appealed to people not to let their children overstep bombs and follow an immoral. 100 00:11:32,980 --> 00:11:38,880 But the nationalists must be able to compose non-op symposiums on Shivangi instead of 101 00:11:38,880 --> 00:11:44,890 obscene songs they suggested to use Gallows rather than more of the same guided forms. 102 00:11:44,890 --> 00:11:47,950 Very sensual, according to one academicians, 103 00:11:47,950 --> 00:11:57,250 because of historical circumstances that necessitated nourishment of a serious attitude toward what people and says beautiful people. 104 00:11:57,250 --> 00:11:59,650 But pushed. 105 00:11:59,650 --> 00:12:08,950 The Beatles Organised Wrestling Competition Sports Event, cultural programmes on the day of some kind or to divert people from obscenities, 106 00:12:08,950 --> 00:12:13,720 but no wonder he organised a whole a million and one talk. 107 00:12:13,720 --> 00:12:20,470 Oh, and they were also organised a non obscene procession, which apparently was unsuccessful. 108 00:12:20,470 --> 00:12:28,000 The princely state of old regularly arranged for sports races and programmes like Lake Charles Dialogue Speeches, 109 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:34,390 forces in-demand Magic Lantern shorts, which were also attended by the members of the royal family. 110 00:12:34,390 --> 00:12:42,520 The contract company organised wrestling competitions, the educational institutions run by an education society such as New English School 111 00:12:42,520 --> 00:12:47,620 in South that are made attendance for students at school on the latter day, 112 00:12:47,620 --> 00:12:57,700 compulsory until sports events and also friendly matches with other schools for matches and football wrestling at the park during the Gulf War. 113 00:12:57,700 --> 00:13:05,080 Similarly, the schools run by the depressed classes Mission Society of ahead of sports and competitions 114 00:13:05,080 --> 00:13:13,210 or school children or students from other schools were also brought under control in this way. 115 00:13:13,210 --> 00:13:22,270 The Shamika Sports were discontinued when it was found that disabled children were no more indulging in deeds. 116 00:13:22,270 --> 00:13:30,090 So one can call for the Chingari forms were actually a successful endeavour. 117 00:13:30,090 --> 00:13:34,800 Now, let me turn to the ideal Victorian morality, and in that line. 118 00:13:34,800 --> 00:13:44,550 Let me look at ideals of some deep in Shimla, Voronin Benny explains the conception of morality in obsidian Victorian each. 119 00:13:44,550 --> 00:13:52,020 So firstly, the body of an individual what's considered to be the embodiment of its moral beliefs. 120 00:13:52,020 --> 00:13:57,750 Secondly, individual bodies were considered as the embodiment of the social body. 121 00:13:57,750 --> 00:14:02,940 So in this retreat, the notion of cleanliness was central. 122 00:14:02,940 --> 00:14:09,630 I quote senator reports always on board some sort of moral impulse which rested upon 123 00:14:09,630 --> 00:14:17,040 theories of besides conflating physical and moral cleanliness and health in this regard. 124 00:14:17,040 --> 00:14:24,780 It is also interesting to note that the chapter of Indian Penal Code, which deals with obscenity or also like it, 125 00:14:24,780 --> 00:14:32,850 is the same chapter which also meets with laws pertaining to epidemic, contagious disease and quarantine. 126 00:14:32,850 --> 00:14:41,310 Many further argues that there is there is clear evidence of sanitary and moral enterprise in the Bombay presidency at about the same period, 127 00:14:41,310 --> 00:14:49,560 and that the emphasis on cleanliness associated with morality was part and parcel of the imperial design. 128 00:14:49,560 --> 00:14:53,220 We can see some gloating about missionaries of the board, 129 00:14:53,220 --> 00:15:00,830 the missionary and writings competition gold obstinate but festivals next spring festivals in Boston, 130 00:15:00,830 --> 00:15:05,260 Jewish, Greek, Roman, Swedish, German and Italian traditions. 131 00:15:05,260 --> 00:15:15,150 However, the backdrop also recommended that these festivals better not celebrated anymore, thanks to Christianity. 132 00:15:15,150 --> 00:15:22,680 So it is certain that the Christian notions had a great impact on Chingari forms ideal obstinately. 133 00:15:22,680 --> 00:15:32,670 And then she got it from the speaker, that's just the future of pictorial morality in India through Colonial Missionary Alliance, 134 00:15:32,670 --> 00:15:36,090 notwithstanding the impact of Victorian ideals. 135 00:15:36,090 --> 00:15:46,980 I would like to suggest that the ideal opportunity in connexion between reforms must have circulated in Maharashtra in much more complicated manner. 136 00:15:46,980 --> 00:15:49,770 In earlier writings by people doing so, for example, 137 00:15:49,770 --> 00:15:57,060 Charles Grant criticising tenants and institutions of Hinduism, an Indian body is one sort of thing. 138 00:15:57,060 --> 00:16:03,600 One source of the information and it is deemed as a very authentic source. 139 00:16:03,600 --> 00:16:12,930 I wonder, therefore, whether Islamic, including Persian traditions, had any impact on ideas of obscenity in colonial India. 140 00:16:12,930 --> 00:16:16,710 So I don't know how well-meaning, although the evidence evidences to prove this. 141 00:16:16,710 --> 00:16:22,830 But this is, as I said, just a direction in which we can explore. 142 00:16:22,830 --> 00:16:29,100 You have five minutes left. Yes, the point that an article on got published in the book, 143 00:16:29,100 --> 00:16:37,440 but the report was reprinted in the form of a booklet and thousand copies, was but she played by the Bombay Plastic Association. 144 00:16:37,440 --> 00:16:44,320 Now this association was founded, the really important source, but top general Muslim who was a missionary of them was a much better, 145 00:16:44,320 --> 00:16:49,500 but who was he was meant to to someone so he was there for six months. 146 00:16:49,500 --> 00:16:57,990 Also, we do not understand they are prominent non-REM and also have close relations that granted us so much and brummel so much. 147 00:16:57,990 --> 00:17:04,800 And this may explain why the Depressed Transmission Society of India bashing organised holy men inside 148 00:17:04,800 --> 00:17:11,940 their schools organised Chim Gospels to take on this lesson that in since his practise during Shimla. 149 00:17:11,940 --> 00:17:23,010 So a second source, we can see that pasting societies seem to have played some role in defining shingles, and indeed we do not find him got ambition, 150 00:17:23,010 --> 00:17:28,260 got all the emerging from the mediaeval notions of European pollution in terms of solar railway, 151 00:17:28,260 --> 00:17:33,780 probably because these were the set practises to be followed inside the private spaces. 152 00:17:33,780 --> 00:17:37,710 What we find, however, is condemnation, option books and indeed school. 153 00:17:37,710 --> 00:17:43,050 They were not appropriate for a good audience of Maharashtrian. 154 00:17:43,050 --> 00:17:53,490 So in this instance, the notion of racial superiority, which comes with audience theory, is becoming the source of ideal of opportunity. 155 00:17:53,490 --> 00:17:59,600 Similarly, I mentioned previously the argument that Chicago was not worthy of continuing because it was put out. 156 00:17:59,600 --> 00:18:07,740 So in this hierarchy of all these little people dance. But Arnold's occupied the bottom most position, and they were meant for blue and white minutes. 157 00:18:07,740 --> 00:18:15,390 And this becomes the reason for reforming and opposing QIPCO, 158 00:18:15,390 --> 00:18:23,030 a common narrative emerging from the nationalist camp and case rates prominence, and there are several series of pieces published. 159 00:18:23,030 --> 00:18:31,140 The narrative is that the English education and prosperity people did not need community born Sydney anymore, 160 00:18:31,140 --> 00:18:35,730 and it was in this context that Chicago reforms were advocated by them, 161 00:18:35,730 --> 00:18:47,280 and therefore they can be interpreted as the attempt by the nationalists to reinstate modern and purer versions of enduring people at the door. 162 00:18:47,280 --> 00:18:53,580 So to conclude, we can say that there was no reform, not emerge from a variety of concerns. 163 00:18:53,580 --> 00:19:01,590 And what I do have sources and not just the imposition of Victorian morality on Indian masses. 164 00:19:01,590 --> 00:19:11,730 This, I believe, throws some light on how ideas might also be delivered in colonial India and ideal of obscenity in particular. 165 00:19:11,730 --> 00:19:12,960 So thank you.