1 00:00:00,070 --> 00:00:08,910 Well overdue, Mitchie, to start with the circulation of silver coins in the transition of British from Morocco to British rule. 2 00:00:08,910 --> 00:00:18,480 And I'm extremely happy that I am not the one who's presenting a paper on coins is it's absolutely fantastic to hear Mitchie to pick up this. 3 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:23,010 This really interesting subject, overdue image. Thank you. Yeah, thank you very much. 4 00:00:23,010 --> 00:00:29,100 I'm very happy to make a presentation on this topic and presentation on this topic in front of you. 5 00:00:29,100 --> 00:00:36,780 Yeah. So first, let me share my paper so I can see this. 6 00:00:36,780 --> 00:00:43,470 Yes, that's fine, isn't it? Yes. So let me start. 7 00:00:43,470 --> 00:00:49,680 Just moment. OK. A cancer. OK. So thank you for introduction, this is me. 8 00:00:49,680 --> 00:00:52,800 You should all go up from University of Tokyo. 9 00:00:52,800 --> 00:01:01,110 And yeah, as Sharon are introduced and it's a tightrope with today's paper is segregation and silver coins. 10 00:01:01,110 --> 00:01:08,520 I'm dubious. And the period of transition from the marathon to the British route, I especially focus on western Maharashtra. 11 00:01:08,520 --> 00:01:14,950 I mean, it's so encouraging. Pune saw a collision between the 1780s, and there's a cemetery for this. 12 00:01:14,950 --> 00:01:19,920 Actually, I studied the socio economic history of the Morata's under the Bombay presidency, 13 00:01:19,920 --> 00:01:30,390 focussing on the Randel Avenue system while collecting Modi and mediaeval Marathi documents and English documents on the Randall Avenue. 14 00:01:30,390 --> 00:01:36,180 I encounter the documents on coins in rupees on different occasions. 15 00:01:36,180 --> 00:01:41,670 So today we're putting together fragments of information loopy. 16 00:01:41,670 --> 00:01:49,200 This paper tries to so clear as this paper considers a saturation of mystery about coins. 17 00:01:49,200 --> 00:01:58,110 I mean, rupee. So and it's changed in this period. So roughly speaking. 18 00:01:58,110 --> 00:02:10,620 Yeah. Yeah. In the 17th and 18th centuries, silver coins chiefly circulated in northern India and the gold coins in and did in southern India. 19 00:02:10,620 --> 00:02:17,970 So in western India, both gold and silver coins, as well as copper coins, had circulated amongst silver coins. 20 00:02:17,970 --> 00:02:37,640 Rupees were the most powerful. The kind of was cut into rupees. 21 00:02:37,640 --> 00:03:10,380 I guess there is a internet problem mixed up, and I would just wait for a minute. 22 00:03:10,380 --> 00:03:21,160 So sure, we can't hear you. Mickey, you had an internet problem, could you please start sharing your screen again? 23 00:03:21,160 --> 00:03:31,590 Unmute yourself. Can you hear me? 24 00:03:31,590 --> 00:03:40,970 Yeah, that's fine. OK, I'm really sorry for this programme technical programme, yet, so I can see this. 25 00:03:40,970 --> 00:03:51,680 Yes, that's fine. Yes, OK. So sorry. So yeah, so this is a general view of resource allocation of group is. 26 00:03:51,680 --> 00:03:59,570 However, it is not a very good idea in this view. How do piece actually circulated in India at the local level? 27 00:03:59,570 --> 00:04:08,150 So this paper consider the actual what local operation, the blue piece, mainly focussing on official documents at the local level. 28 00:04:08,150 --> 00:04:13,640 So it is significant in this context to consider how the local circulation of peace 29 00:04:13,640 --> 00:04:18,590 tended in the period of the transition from the marathon to the British road. 30 00:04:18,590 --> 00:04:25,370 So the paper, this paper tries to give answers to these questions. 31 00:04:25,370 --> 00:04:34,850 So from historical viewpoints, records on the official payment of a bathtub quite significant to studies of some Christian groups. 32 00:04:34,850 --> 00:04:37,550 So these maps so I think you can see these maps. 33 00:04:37,550 --> 00:04:46,250 So these maps are based on a map, seen the British media, though, and as an example, this paper focuses on Canal Asia. 34 00:04:46,250 --> 00:04:53,910 So as a data on. But in the accounts of the transit, the duty is called the Zagato Indianapolis, our district. 35 00:04:53,910 --> 00:04:59,260 I mean, the propaganda impunity streak still shows and that the transit the duties 36 00:04:59,260 --> 00:05:04,910 were basically collected at the custom houses in its northern jurisdictions. 37 00:05:04,910 --> 00:05:12,920 I mean, here and this area and these duties were sent to examine custom office. 38 00:05:12,920 --> 00:05:20,670 And in the article, two guns go to rupees on me and that the duties of the transit, 39 00:05:20,670 --> 00:05:29,630 the duties were sent to the main customer office in the southern jurisdiction at the cost of buying the powder in various kinds of rupees, 40 00:05:29,630 --> 00:05:35,510 including and rupee. Actually, I have not yet identified the disrobe yet. 41 00:05:35,510 --> 00:05:46,010 Yeah. And so I want to say that so within even within one subdistrict or domain customs houses that we with different kinds of rupees. 42 00:05:46,010 --> 00:05:53,270 So moreover, the account for the local administration at a town called the Kasturba all includes as are heading over. 43 00:05:53,270 --> 00:06:01,700 But in the section of expenditure, this heading was divided into Sarkar about that and Observatoire in the tragedy. 44 00:06:01,700 --> 00:06:09,170 As a local office of bottom, some particular rupees were only accepted. 45 00:06:09,170 --> 00:06:18,350 So and these rupees were quoted Pottstown rupees in the official remittance over money from the local office to the central government, 46 00:06:18,350 --> 00:06:24,020 the rupees in the Treasury and required to be changed in the standard rupees. 47 00:06:24,020 --> 00:06:29,390 So this commission and the commission for this official remittance was a quarter of those targeted 48 00:06:29,390 --> 00:06:38,060 whatever the local office paid up to local persons or local establishments in various contexts, 49 00:06:38,060 --> 00:06:40,340 such as festivals. 50 00:06:40,340 --> 00:06:50,280 In these cases, the rupees in the tragedy were frequently extended with another kind of rupees the commission for various kinds of rupees. 51 00:06:50,280 --> 00:07:03,800 There was a call to the bazaar about that. So according to Do But and documents on but in Kasturba, in the Urdu, and you can see the location here. 52 00:07:03,800 --> 00:07:14,750 So it's pretty standard rupee. I mean, the rupee accepted in the local Treasury was adequate to kind go to rupee, at least in the early 1790s. 53 00:07:14,750 --> 00:07:23,690 So for the correction of transit duties, however, Azhar rupees were accepted at today's main customs office in Casablanca. 54 00:07:23,690 --> 00:07:33,260 So even India, even within the same town as a kind of blue base for official use, it was different, according to administrative purpose. 55 00:07:33,260 --> 00:07:39,470 So this made the local circulation of these more complicated and other matters. 56 00:07:39,470 --> 00:07:47,570 So in the early 18th century, according to Eric Rupani, the Mesrata adopted a policy of territorial expansion. 57 00:07:47,570 --> 00:07:54,170 The demand for finance and military operations increased and increased beyond their expectations. 58 00:07:54,170 --> 00:07:59,270 In the middle 18th century, the money the government permitted its moneylenders, 59 00:07:59,270 --> 00:08:05,750 bureaucrats and the commanders to establish means for producing go to the suitable and a couple of coins. 60 00:08:05,750 --> 00:08:12,920 So why is the government tried to regulate the functions of bodies of private to mint it continuously permitted the 61 00:08:12,920 --> 00:08:21,860 establishment of a new private means to satisfy the financial demands of all its military activities in the late 18th century. 62 00:08:21,860 --> 00:08:26,450 The number of private the Mint increased within the Maratha territory, 63 00:08:26,450 --> 00:08:33,280 so around in the poorer part of Ghana, I mean this race, so Baramati rupee was struck at the Mint. 64 00:08:33,280 --> 00:08:43,730 The embarrassment the town in the early 18th century, while temporarily rupee was at the Mint intermittently as the beginning of the 19th century. 65 00:08:43,730 --> 00:08:52,250 So not only local rupees after these mints, but the rupees from other regions such as Article two rupees circulated in the poorer part of that. 66 00:08:52,250 --> 00:08:58,010 So within one subdistrict, the various kinds of rupees were used for hierarchically, 67 00:08:58,010 --> 00:09:04,100 in some cases, complementarity in some cases and competitively in other cases. 68 00:09:04,100 --> 00:09:08,870 So these complicated situations of a circulation of rupees at the local level so 69 00:09:08,870 --> 00:09:14,810 partly explain the others the option of a syllabus in the 18th century India. 70 00:09:14,810 --> 00:09:21,590 So money changer called the shoot off, made the circulation of money a post about the local level in this situation. 71 00:09:21,590 --> 00:09:28,620 They generally and resided in. Market, though, such as Casablanca. 72 00:09:28,620 --> 00:09:34,470 Now, the second part the considers as hawkish on the build-up is in a period of transition. 73 00:09:34,470 --> 00:09:38,520 The British role was established in western Maharashtra after the defeat or 74 00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:43,680 was a partial government as a battle over the Sodom and Gomorrah during 1819. 75 00:09:43,680 --> 00:09:48,330 It's a preliminary survey for the introduction of the rightward is detrimental. 76 00:09:48,330 --> 00:09:58,710 I mean, done newlander of any system was carried out in the areas around the Ataka from 1828 to 1831, 77 00:09:58,710 --> 00:10:03,790 so records of this survey were produced both in English and the monarchy. 78 00:10:03,790 --> 00:10:09,210 I mean, so Marathi means so maybe a mediaeval monarchy, I mean, more discreet. 79 00:10:09,210 --> 00:10:12,240 So these documents seem all the malarkey. 80 00:10:12,240 --> 00:10:20,670 Captain is a famous doctor, and it means as so, which means a section of the land of sauvé or bubbling out of archives. 81 00:10:20,670 --> 00:10:25,620 So this section includes a report entitled As These Sober Coins. 82 00:10:25,620 --> 00:10:29,610 So I found this report about the two different places. 83 00:10:29,610 --> 00:10:35,820 I mean, two different departments, namely Kasturba, Kamada and Kasturba sort up in sort of a district. 84 00:10:35,820 --> 00:10:41,160 Now you can see the locations of these two places on the map. 85 00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:47,130 So and as you can see, the subdistrict thing, which is of two towns who are located, 86 00:10:47,130 --> 00:10:52,440 were allowed in the pool of Tarago, which we focussed on in the last ice. 87 00:10:52,440 --> 00:11:00,870 The report includes a list of other duties which were accepted in the local tragically I mean cordon and put the troops under the lupins, 88 00:11:00,870 --> 00:11:10,440 which prevailed in the local market there. Furthermore, this raid cruise as a continental ratio over pure positiva in rupees in the list. 89 00:11:10,440 --> 00:11:19,650 According to this report, the Sloopy was bound to fall it on those so pure and silver remained of the other methods as well merited. 90 00:11:19,650 --> 00:11:24,870 So this remaining was supposed to about wasn't immediate. 91 00:11:24,870 --> 00:11:32,770 So these tables show transition of the rupee, which was accepted in the local tragically under which prevailed in the local market, 92 00:11:32,770 --> 00:11:38,100 thought the cost of the Kamada and the Kasbah saw Oputa and respectively on the tables. 93 00:11:38,100 --> 00:11:42,960 T stands for the local tragedy and image for the local market. 94 00:11:42,960 --> 00:11:45,570 So now we can seise upon the Talo rupees. 95 00:11:45,570 --> 00:11:53,970 I mean, rupees which were accepted in the locality largely tended to find the time it's squeezing out on the 40 years. 96 00:11:53,970 --> 00:11:58,800 I mean, from 1792 x thirty. Sorry. 97 00:11:58,800 --> 00:12:06,540 So except as a 1820s, as a rupee, which was accepted in the local tragically prevailed in the local market in the sense 98 00:12:06,540 --> 00:12:12,630 that these tables show the transition of the most significant rupees to a market, 99 00:12:12,630 --> 00:12:18,960 the town's basically a single kind of rupee was accepted in the local tragedy for. 100 00:12:18,960 --> 00:12:29,250 And we can see the situation at the Casbah. Kamara in the period of over is sixty eight or six to 1814. 101 00:12:29,250 --> 00:12:33,090 However, multiple kinds of rupees could be accepted. 102 00:12:33,090 --> 00:12:45,120 And furthermore, the sort of bloops accepted in the local literarily or one town had to be indifferent of Roman that in other towns. 103 00:12:45,120 --> 00:12:56,340 So before 1822, as we saw the rupee was accepted in the tragedy of a crossover in the Buddha in the early 1790s, 104 00:12:56,340 --> 00:13:04,380 while ah, who totally rupee or a fantasy rupee was accepted in a crossover and kamada in the same period. 105 00:13:04,380 --> 00:13:10,410 So Kosovo Kamara wasn't next as glucosamine. That bit of soap, even in a two hour digest, 106 00:13:10,410 --> 00:13:20,220 and the subdistrict of rupees for the local Treasury were different for this indicates a complicated situation about administrative use over rupees, 107 00:13:20,220 --> 00:13:28,560 either. Locally, the percent of APAC were in the same kind of rupee was slightly different between these major towns in this situation. 108 00:13:28,560 --> 00:13:33,890 However, what we can lawfully see the tendency of the transition this. 109 00:13:33,890 --> 00:13:39,530 Sorry. So now you can see the two coins are from the top of these tables. 110 00:13:39,530 --> 00:13:48,330 How have the time of the increased use of the company's track record rupees, a madrassa with the permission of the Mugabe's record? 111 00:13:48,330 --> 00:13:56,840 The Navar I? So the first rupee on the table was its imitation in Gandhi quote and doesn't matter. 112 00:13:56,840 --> 00:14:00,860 Why does the second was its imitation in Pondicherry, 113 00:14:00,860 --> 00:14:07,490 so our quote rupees wider is spread all over the Indian subcontinent, though with the imitations. 114 00:14:07,490 --> 00:14:16,730 So this inference leads the sort of voodoo visions at the end of 18th century in the 80 10s and 20s, 115 00:14:16,730 --> 00:14:21,530 unquestionably, or a kind of cushy rupee was accepted in the Treasury. 116 00:14:21,530 --> 00:14:27,950 So this point is quite a significant step to consider the use of rupees in the period of transition. 117 00:14:27,950 --> 00:14:34,100 Under content, the ratio of APAC to back gradually tended to decrease. 118 00:14:34,100 --> 00:14:39,530 Now we consider circulation, the rupee in the period of transition again here. 119 00:14:39,530 --> 00:14:47,360 So at the end of the 18th century, as we saw the areas in which the rupee is associated with their imitations, 120 00:14:47,360 --> 00:14:51,890 cupboard opening or up in Asia after an entire course, 121 00:14:51,890 --> 00:14:58,940 the rupee became impotent or became powerful in this region in the tent and 1820s so they 122 00:14:58,940 --> 00:15:03,700 can commission the fighter theories as a situation that we use over Uncle Xi to impugn a 123 00:15:03,700 --> 00:15:11,810 restricting 1819 in deceiving money over a kind of an inferior to the best unctuous rupees 124 00:15:11,810 --> 00:15:17,870 and the correct argument a district that took on extends equal to the difference of value. 125 00:15:17,870 --> 00:15:23,960 So this case indicates unquestionably what the standard the unit as a beginning of the British period. 126 00:15:23,960 --> 00:15:33,110 So according to Frank, barley use of the uncle's rupee was largely confined to the Maratha polity in the West. 127 00:15:33,110 --> 00:15:43,370 So in this context of the situation, there was circulation of rupees in the last two over the Marathi continued even after the British rulers started. 128 00:15:43,370 --> 00:15:52,270 So that at least at the beginning of its voodoo, the British officer took over the use of uncosted, the official. 129 00:15:52,270 --> 00:16:00,700 So in a colonial for the new Bombay rupees were issued after the Bombay Mint in agitating for the Bombay government 130 00:16:00,700 --> 00:16:08,350 tried to use this coin officially in the whole territory of the Bombay presidency in payment of salaries, 131 00:16:08,350 --> 00:16:18,760 however, and local officials in Pune rejected the Bombay rupees and accepted Uncle She to be only 80 certified. 132 00:16:18,760 --> 00:16:25,510 I mean, so 11 years passed after the introduction of the new Bombay rupees. 133 00:16:25,510 --> 00:16:29,110 So in this case, the Bombay government had to pay. 134 00:16:29,110 --> 00:16:38,950 But the I mean, the commission fee to moneychangers changes in order to procure and consider so won't be rupees did not. 135 00:16:38,950 --> 00:16:43,580 The spread over wisdom, Maharashtra leather, the situation, 136 00:16:43,580 --> 00:16:54,040 the circulation or and situation of use or bankruptcy under the moratorium remained even in the mid 1830s. 137 00:16:54,040 --> 00:16:59,290 So just after this case, according to Pune and the government of India enacted it, 138 00:16:59,290 --> 00:17:06,790 that the coinage of India was a standardised into the company rupee the standard. 139 00:17:06,790 --> 00:17:10,300 The content ratio over positiva in the company rupee, 140 00:17:10,300 --> 00:17:18,250 which was prescribed to be in ninety one point sixty seven percent in the five minutes five minutes. 141 00:17:18,250 --> 00:17:26,230 Yes, actor number seven being over 80 certified was the same the then and the new Bombay rupee. 142 00:17:26,230 --> 00:17:33,700 So in this sense, technically it was not too difficult to replace the new Bombay rupee for the company rupee. 143 00:17:33,700 --> 00:17:42,850 So as we saw in the case of a pioneer in 1835, however, the new Bombay rupee did not the spread over the Bombay presidency. 144 00:17:42,850 --> 00:17:53,680 So in other words, the Bombay government was not the lady for circulating the company rupees in its jurisdiction in Ireland 1835. 145 00:17:53,680 --> 00:18:01,240 So in 1844 and the company rupee occupied the then ninety four point three percent 146 00:18:01,240 --> 00:18:06,910 or with silver coins in the correctors tragedy over Puna district in this period. 147 00:18:06,910 --> 00:18:17,560 Yeah, and but the character's office continued to pay but up and through moneychangers on various cases in this period, though, 148 00:18:17,560 --> 00:18:27,280 so this indicates so rupees other than the company rupee were used still used in the local administration in 149 00:18:27,280 --> 00:18:33,850 Bernette district to ensure the situation of the circulation of rupees in the last appraisal was accurate. 150 00:18:33,850 --> 00:18:39,480 That did not exist even in the mid 1840s. 151 00:18:39,480 --> 00:18:47,040 So concluding remarks, does this paper consider the circulation of troops and its transition under the moral standards of British trade, 152 00:18:47,040 --> 00:18:53,580 so various kinds of rupees circulated in the late 18th century will somehow restore the system? 153 00:18:53,580 --> 00:19:04,680 The local administrative was made it clear that different kinds of groups were administratively used according to purpose, even within a market town. 154 00:19:04,680 --> 00:19:15,240 For example, the rupee, which was accepted in the local Treasury, was different from the rupee for tax correction in one reason one town. 155 00:19:15,240 --> 00:19:22,740 So therefore the local government had to pay the commission recorded about the full on the exchange of rupees. 156 00:19:22,740 --> 00:19:30,030 The analysis of the London subway locals in the initial period of the British do made it clear that the rupees, 157 00:19:30,030 --> 00:19:42,930 which was accepted in the local tragedy and which prevailed within the local market, changed frequently at the least, and from 1790 to 1830. 158 00:19:42,930 --> 00:19:49,440 So use, of course, the rupee, which could be connected to the monetary or moral authority, continued. 159 00:19:49,440 --> 00:20:00,480 On various occasions, the broker administration at Racing Punisher Upper Region even after the British border, starting with some Maharashtra in 1890. 160 00:20:00,480 --> 00:20:08,190 So when the standardisation over Indian silver coins into the company rupee was enacted in 1835, 161 00:20:08,190 --> 00:20:18,990 the local situation of a situation of Lupi did not allow and company rupee to spread the proviso a Bombay presidency promptly. 162 00:20:18,990 --> 00:20:28,380 So more research is needed in order to clarify how the coinage of India was actually standardised, adding to the accompanying rupee. 163 00:20:28,380 --> 00:20:32,725 After seeing a western Maharashtra up so afterwards, that thought of thank you.