Well overdue, Mitchie, to start with the circulation of silver coins in the transition of British from Morocco to British rule.
And I'm extremely happy that I am not the one who's presenting a paper on coins is it's absolutely fantastic to hear Mitchie to pick up this.
This really interesting subject, overdue image. Thank you. Yeah, thank you very much.
I'm very happy to make a presentation on this topic and presentation on this topic in front of you.
Yeah. So first, let me share my paper so I can see this.
Yes, that's fine, isn't it? Yes. So let me start.
Just moment. OK. A cancer. OK. So thank you for introduction, this is me.
You should all go up from University of Tokyo.
And yeah, as Sharon are introduced and it's a tightrope with today's paper is segregation and silver coins.
I'm dubious. And the period of transition from the marathon to the British route, I especially focus on western Maharashtra.
I mean, it's so encouraging. Pune saw a collision between the 1780s, and there's a cemetery for this.
Actually, I studied the socio economic history of the Morata's under the Bombay presidency,
focussing on the Randel Avenue system while collecting Modi and mediaeval Marathi documents and English documents on the Randall Avenue.
I encounter the documents on coins in rupees on different occasions.
So today we're putting together fragments of information loopy.
This paper tries to so clear as this paper considers a saturation of mystery about coins.
I mean, rupee. So and it's changed in this period. So roughly speaking.
Yeah. Yeah. In the 17th and 18th centuries, silver coins chiefly circulated in northern India and the gold coins in and did in southern India.
So in western India, both gold and silver coins, as well as copper coins, had circulated amongst silver coins.
Rupees were the most powerful. The kind of was cut into rupees.
I guess there is a internet problem mixed up, and I would just wait for a minute.
So sure, we can't hear you. Mickey, you had an internet problem, could you please start sharing your screen again?
Unmute yourself. Can you hear me?
Yeah, that's fine. OK, I'm really sorry for this programme technical programme, yet, so I can see this.
Yes, that's fine. Yes, OK. So sorry. So yeah, so this is a general view of resource allocation of group is.
However, it is not a very good idea in this view. How do piece actually circulated in India at the local level?
So this paper consider the actual what local operation, the blue piece, mainly focussing on official documents at the local level.
So it is significant in this context to consider how the local circulation of peace
tended in the period of the transition from the marathon to the British road.
So the paper, this paper tries to give answers to these questions.
So from historical viewpoints, records on the official payment of a bathtub quite significant to studies of some Christian groups.
So these maps so I think you can see these maps.
So these maps are based on a map, seen the British media, though, and as an example, this paper focuses on Canal Asia.
So as a data on. But in the accounts of the transit, the duty is called the Zagato Indianapolis, our district.
I mean, the propaganda impunity streak still shows and that the transit the duties
were basically collected at the custom houses in its northern jurisdictions.
I mean, here and this area and these duties were sent to examine custom office.
And in the article, two guns go to rupees on me and that the duties of the transit,
the duties were sent to the main customer office in the southern jurisdiction at the cost of buying the powder in various kinds of rupees,
including and rupee. Actually, I have not yet identified the disrobe yet.
Yeah. And so I want to say that so within even within one subdistrict or domain customs houses that we with different kinds of rupees.
So moreover, the account for the local administration at a town called the Kasturba all includes as are heading over.
But in the section of expenditure, this heading was divided into Sarkar about that and Observatoire in the tragedy.
As a local office of bottom, some particular rupees were only accepted.
So and these rupees were quoted Pottstown rupees in the official remittance over money from the local office to the central government,
the rupees in the Treasury and required to be changed in the standard rupees.
So this commission and the commission for this official remittance was a quarter of those targeted
whatever the local office paid up to local persons or local establishments in various contexts,
such as festivals.
In these cases, the rupees in the tragedy were frequently extended with another kind of rupees the commission for various kinds of rupees.
There was a call to the bazaar about that. So according to Do But and documents on but in Kasturba, in the Urdu, and you can see the location here.
So it's pretty standard rupee. I mean, the rupee accepted in the local Treasury was adequate to kind go to rupee, at least in the early 1790s.
So for the correction of transit duties, however, Azhar rupees were accepted at today's main customs office in Casablanca.
So even India, even within the same town as a kind of blue base for official use, it was different, according to administrative purpose.
So this made the local circulation of these more complicated and other matters.
So in the early 18th century, according to Eric Rupani, the Mesrata adopted a policy of territorial expansion.
The demand for finance and military operations increased and increased beyond their expectations.
In the middle 18th century, the money the government permitted its moneylenders,
bureaucrats and the commanders to establish means for producing go to the suitable and a couple of coins.
So why is the government tried to regulate the functions of bodies of private to mint it continuously permitted the
establishment of a new private means to satisfy the financial demands of all its military activities in the late 18th century.
The number of private the Mint increased within the Maratha territory,
so around in the poorer part of Ghana, I mean this race, so Baramati rupee was struck at the Mint.
The embarrassment the town in the early 18th century, while temporarily rupee was at the Mint intermittently as the beginning of the 19th century.
So not only local rupees after these mints, but the rupees from other regions such as Article two rupees circulated in the poorer part of that.
So within one subdistrict, the various kinds of rupees were used for hierarchically,
in some cases, complementarity in some cases and competitively in other cases.
So these complicated situations of a circulation of rupees at the local level so
partly explain the others the option of a syllabus in the 18th century India.
So money changer called the shoot off, made the circulation of money a post about the local level in this situation.
They generally and resided in. Market, though, such as Casablanca.
Now, the second part the considers as hawkish on the build-up is in a period of transition.
The British role was established in western Maharashtra after the defeat or
was a partial government as a battle over the Sodom and Gomorrah during 1819.
It's a preliminary survey for the introduction of the rightward is detrimental.
I mean, done newlander of any system was carried out in the areas around the Ataka from 1828 to 1831,
so records of this survey were produced both in English and the monarchy.
I mean, so Marathi means so maybe a mediaeval monarchy, I mean, more discreet.
So these documents seem all the malarkey.
Captain is a famous doctor, and it means as so, which means a section of the land of sauvé or bubbling out of archives.
So this section includes a report entitled As These Sober Coins.
So I found this report about the two different places.
I mean, two different departments, namely Kasturba, Kamada and Kasturba sort up in sort of a district.
Now you can see the locations of these two places on the map.
So and as you can see, the subdistrict thing, which is of two towns who are located,
were allowed in the pool of Tarago, which we focussed on in the last ice.
The report includes a list of other duties which were accepted in the local tragically I mean cordon and put the troops under the lupins,
which prevailed in the local market there. Furthermore, this raid cruise as a continental ratio over pure positiva in rupees in the list.
According to this report, the Sloopy was bound to fall it on those so pure and silver remained of the other methods as well merited.
So this remaining was supposed to about wasn't immediate.
So these tables show transition of the rupee, which was accepted in the local tragically under which prevailed in the local market,
thought the cost of the Kamada and the Kasbah saw Oputa and respectively on the tables.
T stands for the local tragedy and image for the local market.
So now we can seise upon the Talo rupees.
I mean, rupees which were accepted in the locality largely tended to find the time it's squeezing out on the 40 years.
I mean, from 1792 x thirty. Sorry.
So except as a 1820s, as a rupee, which was accepted in the local tragically prevailed in the local market in the sense
that these tables show the transition of the most significant rupees to a market,
the town's basically a single kind of rupee was accepted in the local tragedy for.
And we can see the situation at the Casbah. Kamara in the period of over is sixty eight or six to 1814.
However, multiple kinds of rupees could be accepted.
And furthermore, the sort of bloops accepted in the local literarily or one town had to be indifferent of Roman that in other towns.
So before 1822, as we saw the rupee was accepted in the tragedy of a crossover in the Buddha in the early 1790s,
while ah, who totally rupee or a fantasy rupee was accepted in a crossover and kamada in the same period.
So Kosovo Kamara wasn't next as glucosamine. That bit of soap, even in a two hour digest,
and the subdistrict of rupees for the local Treasury were different for this indicates a complicated situation about administrative use over rupees,
either. Locally, the percent of APAC were in the same kind of rupee was slightly different between these major towns in this situation.
However, what we can lawfully see the tendency of the transition this.
Sorry. So now you can see the two coins are from the top of these tables.
How have the time of the increased use of the company's track record rupees, a madrassa with the permission of the Mugabe's record?
The Navar I? So the first rupee on the table was its imitation in Gandhi quote and doesn't matter.
Why does the second was its imitation in Pondicherry,
so our quote rupees wider is spread all over the Indian subcontinent, though with the imitations.
So this inference leads the sort of voodoo visions at the end of 18th century in the 80 10s and 20s,
unquestionably, or a kind of cushy rupee was accepted in the Treasury.
So this point is quite a significant step to consider the use of rupees in the period of transition.
Under content, the ratio of APAC to back gradually tended to decrease.
Now we consider circulation, the rupee in the period of transition again here.
So at the end of the 18th century, as we saw the areas in which the rupee is associated with their imitations,
cupboard opening or up in Asia after an entire course,
the rupee became impotent or became powerful in this region in the tent and 1820s so they
can commission the fighter theories as a situation that we use over Uncle Xi to impugn a
restricting 1819 in deceiving money over a kind of an inferior to the best unctuous rupees
and the correct argument a district that took on extends equal to the difference of value.
So this case indicates unquestionably what the standard the unit as a beginning of the British period.
So according to Frank, barley use of the uncle's rupee was largely confined to the Maratha polity in the West.
So in this context of the situation, there was circulation of rupees in the last two over the Marathi continued even after the British rulers started.
So that at least at the beginning of its voodoo, the British officer took over the use of uncosted, the official.
So in a colonial for the new Bombay rupees were issued after the Bombay Mint in agitating for the Bombay government
tried to use this coin officially in the whole territory of the Bombay presidency in payment of salaries,
however, and local officials in Pune rejected the Bombay rupees and accepted Uncle She to be only 80 certified.
I mean, so 11 years passed after the introduction of the new Bombay rupees.
So in this case, the Bombay government had to pay.
But the I mean, the commission fee to moneychangers changes in order to procure and consider so won't be rupees did not.
The spread over wisdom, Maharashtra leather, the situation,
the circulation or and situation of use or bankruptcy under the moratorium remained even in the mid 1830s.
So just after this case, according to Pune and the government of India enacted it,
that the coinage of India was a standardised into the company rupee the standard.
The content ratio over positiva in the company rupee,
which was prescribed to be in ninety one point sixty seven percent in the five minutes five minutes.
Yes, actor number seven being over 80 certified was the same the then and the new Bombay rupee.
So in this sense, technically it was not too difficult to replace the new Bombay rupee for the company rupee.
So as we saw in the case of a pioneer in 1835, however, the new Bombay rupee did not the spread over the Bombay presidency.
So in other words, the Bombay government was not the lady for circulating the company rupees in its jurisdiction in Ireland 1835.
So in 1844 and the company rupee occupied the then ninety four point three percent
or with silver coins in the correctors tragedy over Puna district in this period.
Yeah, and but the character's office continued to pay but up and through moneychangers on various cases in this period, though,
so this indicates so rupees other than the company rupee were used still used in the local administration in
Bernette district to ensure the situation of the circulation of rupees in the last appraisal was accurate.
That did not exist even in the mid 1840s.
So concluding remarks, does this paper consider the circulation of troops and its transition under the moral standards of British trade,
so various kinds of rupees circulated in the late 18th century will somehow restore the system?
The local administrative was made it clear that different kinds of groups were administratively used according to purpose, even within a market town.
For example, the rupee, which was accepted in the local Treasury, was different from the rupee for tax correction in one reason one town.
So therefore the local government had to pay the commission recorded about the full on the exchange of rupees.
The analysis of the London subway locals in the initial period of the British do made it clear that the rupees,
which was accepted in the local tragedy and which prevailed within the local market, changed frequently at the least, and from 1790 to 1830.
So use, of course, the rupee, which could be connected to the monetary or moral authority, continued.
On various occasions, the broker administration at Racing Punisher Upper Region even after the British border, starting with some Maharashtra in 1890.
So when the standardisation over Indian silver coins into the company rupee was enacted in 1835,
the local situation of a situation of Lupi did not allow and company rupee to spread the proviso a Bombay presidency promptly.
So more research is needed in order to clarify how the coinage of India was actually standardised, adding to the accompanying rupee.
After seeing a western Maharashtra up so afterwards, that thought of thank you.