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And in fact, Prashant is the next speaker, and he will be speaking about legal categories,

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approaches and responses to kidnapping and forced marriages in early modern morality documents.

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So Prashant, please go ahead. Hello, everyone.

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Today's paper is one of the subsections of my this third chapters.

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The title is legal categories, approaches and responses to kidnapping and forced marriages in early modern monarchy documents.

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This paper uncovers crime and violence against women, particularly kidnappings and forced marriages,

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and investigates the partial governments approaches and responses to such claims, as well as the legal case it is used to political need them.

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Although kidnapping still committed for different reasons,

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abduction for the purpose of forced marriage was most common for which the documents exclusively examined the state documents,

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which examined non-Prime instantly to record the intent of that.

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However, the paper believes that some of these abductions were committed for sexual abuse and forced marriages.

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The paper also believes that some of these kidnappings could also be elopement.

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But the government did not acknowledge women's Stevenage in seeing the first piece duties patriarchal biomedical approach under

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which women were seen as incapable of independent actions and must have been tricked into such situations by Lucas or Muslim men,

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which is nowadays known as love jihad. Hence, it is possible that cases of elopement would also be categorised,

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recorded and contested through the same terminologies of abductions and would merely hold single men responsible.

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The sources the paper analyses both unpublished Marathi language manuscript and published merger documents often published.

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I'm using vantage models that is provincial revenues and a subsection of the state

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of the page from which am a specifically chosen name from the published documents.

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I'm using the selection from the Satara. Yes, and the page was daddy's selection from the Bishop of the Bishop,

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calling some geographic particular documents discussed in analytical thought Emberson

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Saddams book and documents discussed in the appendix to this book methodology.

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In addition to probing political and social rationales which might have influenced the formation and content of the modern documents,

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the paper also uses etymological methodological investigate and highlight how specific

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lexical categories and other classifications embedded in a wide range of Marathi,

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but never. Saudi. Lexical cardigans and other classifications embedded in a wide range of Typekit never stable and

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their meanings due to dividing usages in the crimes and politics of the government and communities.

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There are multiple categories used for denoting addiction, but the most frequent are the need to lend cottony,

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which, as we can see on the slaves, have multiple meanings depending on the context.

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I think my radio is one second. No, it's fine, you're visible on your real screen is visible.

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So yeah, there are multiple categories used for the objection, but the most frequent item,

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namely in Putney, which as you can see on the slide, have multiple meanings depending on the context.

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When used in crimes committed against women, they would most likely mean the seising grasping,

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keeping or taking away the guns and making of it of the concerned woman.

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However, these categories, particularly the bottom three, do not reveal any force or violence.

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So if written alone, the true meaning could be ambiguous.

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The government sometimes if I take this job on this jury, which brought me in for simply meeting drinking or for loving me,

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which is scheduling with these terms to specify that children,

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it is noticeable that the categories above this but only used in those cases where women working there for the purpose of forced marriages,

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then no purpose was recorded. Their documents use the categories on the slide alone.

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Therefore, it is important to investigate these documents very carefully to probe whether they were kidnappings or

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if they were in documents disguised as kidnappings to protect Brighton purity and cost newly discovered.

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This paper has two sections the countryside and the capital city,

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each revealing crime and violence against women and how the government's responses differed in the respective areas.

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It's. The.

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I would begin with the countryside. I would begin with those objections committed for the purpose of.

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This is Brahmins could perform a traditional marriage and then others, why would they kidnap a bride?

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The possible explanation for this might have been a shortage of gays in the community due to the

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page was enforcement of plastic partitions and then possibility for comments and scrutinised goods.

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Put that aside money which might have led parents to abandon little children.

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There are multiple documents regarding comments of various value cars while selling their daughters,

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also suggesting a shortage of females in the community.

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Additionally, since governments knew that under such enforcement, divorce was denied and that regardless of the severity of the crime,

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they would not be penalised severely, such marriages might have been further encouraged.

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My sources also reveal that in such abductions, only common girls below the age of six were kidnapped,

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for which the possible reason was the prevalence of prepubescent marriage.

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Amongst Brahmins, which goes above the age of nine to 10,

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would most likely be already creating a high demand for bribes at any age and the shortage of Siemens,

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which would surely increase the likelihood of kidnappings of the female children.

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Has the paper also asserts that the the page was pursuit of chastity traditions and carries crime and violence against women.

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Although there are many documents, I will discuss a few of them due to the time limitations since,

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according to the cost of a flip of one, marriage could not be dismissed. The page was first guns and incest.

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Civil claims was to investigate whether the marriage ceremony was fully performed.

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Instead of focussing on the crime itself. Hence, although the government were to scrutinise the offenders,

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it would not dismiss such marriages performed fully as can be seen in the following cases.

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When Trimble stole the gold harvest, four year old daughter by treating her for the purpose of meeting the town children,

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the Basemark Breust by the maternal grandfather or maternal grandfather of the girl investigated say whether the marriage was both fully fleshed,

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but with the resolution was scrutinised for performing the marriage.

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Then the villagers and afterwards the assembly of the concerned police all concluded that the marriage was not performed fully and as we can see,

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all that were involved but penalised.

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The government specifically recorded that such husbandry was sentenced in this case to decrypt the means from committing such crimes,

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suggesting that such incidences were increasingly common in marriages.

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Women's agency was always compromised, but the rest was stuck in their hands in all these forced marriages.

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The major issue was the compromise of the insurgency, insurgency tactics, and therefore Ben said, I should not lose.

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Office of the niece was dismissed for forcibly taking off the statute books,

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but by injuring a name and marrying her to remember how he negotiated with the father of the girl by giving him ornaments worth 1000 rupees.

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The page was reappointed in his previous pension. However, the patient did not consider dismissing the marriage at any point since.

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According to the documents, most of the perpetrators were the local officials.

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It would not be difficult for them to negotiate with the victim's parents, either forcibly finance your book.

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Therefore, this kind of approach of allowing the perpetrators to retrospectively negotiate

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with the parents would surely encourage crime and violence against women.

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Since those cases in which they managed to negotiate with the families before they made the complaint went unrecorded.

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We only know about those cases in which they feel as can be seen in the next days on the beach.

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Mumbai, as you, coupled with these assistant, apprehended Madhav and his wife and beat them to convince them to marry their

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three year old daughter to bring down the intruder inside who was fortified.

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However, the parents did not agree, as the daughter had not least marriageable age as the look with his assistance need

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them again until the parents became unconscious when they came to their senses.

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They were told that the marriage had been performed.

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The patient approached by the father as the commodities drove the time to probe whether the marriage was celebrated, according to the Rich List.

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And if it was not,

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how should be allowed to marry his daughter to one other person whenever he wanted the commodities that was also us to fight for love in this.

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We can see that in the last two, as well as other cases, which I could not discuss,

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these local officials mostly kidnap girls for other men, not for them.

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So suggesting that they were possibly employed in a trade where there is these abductions and marriages for other companies who paid them to do so,

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for example, in this case,

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going all the way that the Deshmukh's what is the marriage for such two and is different supports that argument that there was a shortage of women's

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empowerment as a 45 year old was still unmarried or might be widowed and was so

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eager to marry that he would even consider a three year old female child does.

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It can be said that the enforcement of plastic tradition, such as dowry, which caused a shortage of females.

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Then I saw the dismissal of marriage and not punishing becoming seriously and the government's responsible approach

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when it allowed perpetrators to negotiate with the families and commence to kidnap girls and perform forced marriages.

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The fact that the patient chief justice had to penalise companies very severely in the not states to set an example.

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So there is no way I will discuss those cases.

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Those documents do not record the purpose of the kidnapping,

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and the male examined on its alleged comments were mostly of the information non-communist,

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according to the available documents, mostly abducted married. Therefore, it is less likely that they were kidnapped for forced marriage.

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The purpose of the kidnapping could either be sexual desire or the abuse, but women's trafficking, however,

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has said above some of these incidences could be documents or the result of extramarital relationships,

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where they both decided to decided to flee or live together in the men's hopes.

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When kidnappings involve sexual abuse, it is possible that the government did not record this topic to preserve ideals of pride and duty.

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And when kidnappings may have been consensually, don't mention the category of abduction.

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Was it still used as a government did not acknowledge women's deviant agents in the first place?

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This was due to a spectacular medical approach,

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and British women were considered incapable of making such decisions of loving and eloping with the men belonging to a different religion,

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as they must have been forced scheduled. Putting into love by the concerned men for possibly just going into this was the notion of love.

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Jihad remains the same patriarchal,

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consistent approach by not crediting women with the intelligence to make informed decisions solely blaming them for me.

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In fact, the documents chronicling adultery between men,

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women and lower class or Muslim men only recalled the men's scrutiny and penalties, but do not mention anything about the involvement,

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except their name constantly suggesting that they might have been the victims of honour killings and community justice,

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which possibly went underground. This further suggests that even if women would go with such men consensually,

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the language would exclusively hold the involvement responsible and the case would be contested and correct through the categories of conviction,

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as can be seen in the following cases. The nephew of Juanita says he sees the two men seriously and was running of the

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jungle a bad one and then taken away the slimmest of blood without nearly,

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Nkosi said those stuck and ran away with the life of a Stormbreaker fellow nearly in all the cases they attempted to flee with the consent agreement,

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and the legal categories do not reveal any force writing,

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suggesting that they may be elopement and the result of an extramarital relationship as they started double duty, not due to not recognising the list.

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Even they didn't see the language exclusively who was the man responsible as they were the ones penalised.

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However, sometimes women were also penalised for. The noticeable thing is that the language still blames the men.

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This shows that women were penalised without even being considered and recorded as responsible for the crime as can be seen in months.

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In this case, who was a facilitator and kept up on police life in his house have.

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It killed her husband and buried him in his house, for which he was dismissed from his office and then imprisoned and the woman's nose was severed.

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Since the used category does not reveal any type of force and the woman was also punished,

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it was most likely a matter of an extramarital relationship where she left her as her

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husband and began to live with Mansingh and Rennet husband went after they both killed him.

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To support this, I have found many cases where women with the help of their lovers kill their husbands.

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Even the English code of that can also state that extramarital relationship was one of the main reasons of men's homicide as women,

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as the lovers to kill their husbands. Her punishment was generally sentenced to women when they had any non normative

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sex or committed any acts impacting upon them as well as their families.

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And although my comment was only sentenced one time, however,

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we can never be certain that a woman was at fault or the criminal agency was recognised, then issued a penalty.

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Since Sunday, sometimes 10 women were rescued.

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They were still considered polluted and dishonoured by simply believing that they might have been raped or sexually assaulted,

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as can be seen in such limited use case whose daughter was kidnapped and then, when rescued,

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was asked to clarify persons when a Muslim man who was a Polish minister was kept man's life in his house.

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But ultimately, he was seised and trampled by an elephant food like.

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In the case of months, the document uses the category cottony, which does not clarify whether it was kidnapping or next to my convictions.

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However, as said above, even if she left her husband and began to live with him by choice,

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the government would not recognise it capable of making this decision by herself.

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Instead, she must have been tricked or scheduled by the concerned Muslim men who convert to Islam and dishonour the community.

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Rather, it was an abduction, but consensual in either circumstance would be movie I was disbanded.

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In either situation was an institutional polygamy, and such harsh punishment was sent as a warning to Muslim men.

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Conceding Sally's case, it is likely that the of common woman would also have had to undergo at least offenders.

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But this is not the capital city.

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Although in the Taliban, there is a plethora of cases where men either tried to flee with the women or kept them in their houses.

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I will only discuss a few of them. There are two types of documents.

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Firstly, those in which the penalty being sentenced is solely to the male body, and secondly, those which either penalise both or only women.

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I will begin with those which exclusively penalise men, as can be seen on the slate.

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The cases of these men. Biology does not crumble, and Mubarak do not mention for how long or why they kept the women in their houses,

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neither if any sexual assault took place,

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although this is likely to be the primary reason if they were evictions, some of the categories used do not denote any type of force.

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It is also possible that some of these cases could be consensual oppression.

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You have five minutes left, and you know, I will discuss those cases which either penalise both or only women.

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But like mine things, is this their language is still.

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Only men and they use legal category got also the thing. Therefore, despite the male being described as at fault,

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the lack of recognition for women's criminal agents means that women were

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penalised without even being recorded or considered responsible for these crimes.

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As we can see in the table of the three cases where women were kept in the men's

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houses either vote for in prison or in the case of six hundred only the woman

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was even though the language yet again were solely the men responsible for

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showing the complete disregard of mistreatment in considering the punishment,

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and they used legal categories which do not reveal any type of force.

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It can be said that these incidents could also be consensual.

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If this is the case, it can also be said that the same categories, namely continuity of Indian etc,

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were used to record and examine both abductions and elopement for consensual acts,

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further showing the lexical categories were not stable and they were used for different

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purposes and meanings which coexisted due to the medical approach and politics of the state.

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And this. To conclude, I would say informing the government either find or incarcerated people, including women,

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whereas in the countryside it rarely incarcerated people, and instead it mostly strengthens financial cost and ritual punishment,

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particularly to prominent severed on becoming women's knows this and put Muslims to death,

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showing the government's humanism as we do when they stated that the cost and actual

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punishment was a product of the US because its enforcement by the government,

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even in so severe crimes,

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explicitly shows that criminal justice was not free from notions of purity and pollution that are from the US in both places,

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the government did not record the purpose of it was kidnapping,

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did not clarify whether it was a consensual act and neither if any sexual act took place but have to do to the same guns in society.

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Nevertheless, it is not possible to be certain about these cases, and they do find other documents providing the complete narrative of these episodes.

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Hence, the purpose of this paper, while revealing crime and violence committed against women and the government's patriarchal medical approach in

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response was to raise more questions than answers and providing different narratives to such an ambiguous document.

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It is possible that under the guise of kidnapping, a multitude of other divisions were covered.

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Thank.