And in fact, Prashant is the next speaker, and he will be speaking about legal categories,
approaches and responses to kidnapping and forced marriages in early modern morality documents.
So Prashant, please go ahead. Hello, everyone.
Today's paper is one of the subsections of my this third chapters.
The title is legal categories, approaches and responses to kidnapping and forced marriages in early modern monarchy documents.
This paper uncovers crime and violence against women, particularly kidnappings and forced marriages,
and investigates the partial governments approaches and responses to such claims, as well as the legal case it is used to political need them.
Although kidnapping still committed for different reasons,
abduction for the purpose of forced marriage was most common for which the documents exclusively examined the state documents,
which examined non-Prime instantly to record the intent of that.
However, the paper believes that some of these abductions were committed for sexual abuse and forced marriages.
The paper also believes that some of these kidnappings could also be elopement.
But the government did not acknowledge women's Stevenage in seeing the first piece duties patriarchal biomedical approach under
which women were seen as incapable of independent actions and must have been tricked into such situations by Lucas or Muslim men,
which is nowadays known as love jihad. Hence, it is possible that cases of elopement would also be categorised,
recorded and contested through the same terminologies of abductions and would merely hold single men responsible.
The sources the paper analyses both unpublished Marathi language manuscript and published merger documents often published.
I'm using vantage models that is provincial revenues and a subsection of the state
of the page from which am a specifically chosen name from the published documents.
I'm using the selection from the Satara. Yes, and the page was daddy's selection from the Bishop of the Bishop,
calling some geographic particular documents discussed in analytical thought Emberson
Saddams book and documents discussed in the appendix to this book methodology.
In addition to probing political and social rationales which might have influenced the formation and content of the modern documents,
the paper also uses etymological methodological investigate and highlight how specific
lexical categories and other classifications embedded in a wide range of Marathi,
but never. Saudi. Lexical cardigans and other classifications embedded in a wide range of Typekit never stable and
their meanings due to dividing usages in the crimes and politics of the government and communities.
There are multiple categories used for denoting addiction, but the most frequent are the need to lend cottony,
which, as we can see on the slaves, have multiple meanings depending on the context.
I think my radio is one second. No, it's fine, you're visible on your real screen is visible.
So yeah, there are multiple categories used for the objection, but the most frequent item,
namely in Putney, which as you can see on the slide, have multiple meanings depending on the context.
When used in crimes committed against women, they would most likely mean the seising grasping,
keeping or taking away the guns and making of it of the concerned woman.
However, these categories, particularly the bottom three, do not reveal any force or violence.
So if written alone, the true meaning could be ambiguous.
The government sometimes if I take this job on this jury, which brought me in for simply meeting drinking or for loving me,
which is scheduling with these terms to specify that children,
it is noticeable that the categories above this but only used in those cases where women working there for the purpose of forced marriages,
then no purpose was recorded. Their documents use the categories on the slide alone.
Therefore, it is important to investigate these documents very carefully to probe whether they were kidnappings or
if they were in documents disguised as kidnappings to protect Brighton purity and cost newly discovered.
This paper has two sections the countryside and the capital city,
each revealing crime and violence against women and how the government's responses differed in the respective areas.
It's. The.
I would begin with the countryside. I would begin with those objections committed for the purpose of.
This is Brahmins could perform a traditional marriage and then others, why would they kidnap a bride?
The possible explanation for this might have been a shortage of gays in the community due to the
page was enforcement of plastic partitions and then possibility for comments and scrutinised goods.
Put that aside money which might have led parents to abandon little children.
There are multiple documents regarding comments of various value cars while selling their daughters,
also suggesting a shortage of females in the community.
Additionally, since governments knew that under such enforcement, divorce was denied and that regardless of the severity of the crime,
they would not be penalised severely, such marriages might have been further encouraged.
My sources also reveal that in such abductions, only common girls below the age of six were kidnapped,
for which the possible reason was the prevalence of prepubescent marriage.
Amongst Brahmins, which goes above the age of nine to 10,
would most likely be already creating a high demand for bribes at any age and the shortage of Siemens,
which would surely increase the likelihood of kidnappings of the female children.
Has the paper also asserts that the the page was pursuit of chastity traditions and carries crime and violence against women.
Although there are many documents, I will discuss a few of them due to the time limitations since,
according to the cost of a flip of one, marriage could not be dismissed. The page was first guns and incest.
Civil claims was to investigate whether the marriage ceremony was fully performed.
Instead of focussing on the crime itself. Hence, although the government were to scrutinise the offenders,
it would not dismiss such marriages performed fully as can be seen in the following cases.
When Trimble stole the gold harvest, four year old daughter by treating her for the purpose of meeting the town children,
the Basemark Breust by the maternal grandfather or maternal grandfather of the girl investigated say whether the marriage was both fully fleshed,
but with the resolution was scrutinised for performing the marriage.
Then the villagers and afterwards the assembly of the concerned police all concluded that the marriage was not performed fully and as we can see,
all that were involved but penalised.
The government specifically recorded that such husbandry was sentenced in this case to decrypt the means from committing such crimes,
suggesting that such incidences were increasingly common in marriages.
Women's agency was always compromised, but the rest was stuck in their hands in all these forced marriages.
The major issue was the compromise of the insurgency, insurgency tactics, and therefore Ben said, I should not lose.
Office of the niece was dismissed for forcibly taking off the statute books,
but by injuring a name and marrying her to remember how he negotiated with the father of the girl by giving him ornaments worth 1000 rupees.
The page was reappointed in his previous pension. However, the patient did not consider dismissing the marriage at any point since.
According to the documents, most of the perpetrators were the local officials.
It would not be difficult for them to negotiate with the victim's parents, either forcibly finance your book.
Therefore, this kind of approach of allowing the perpetrators to retrospectively negotiate
with the parents would surely encourage crime and violence against women.
Since those cases in which they managed to negotiate with the families before they made the complaint went unrecorded.
We only know about those cases in which they feel as can be seen in the next days on the beach.
Mumbai, as you, coupled with these assistant, apprehended Madhav and his wife and beat them to convince them to marry their
three year old daughter to bring down the intruder inside who was fortified.
However, the parents did not agree, as the daughter had not least marriageable age as the look with his assistance need
them again until the parents became unconscious when they came to their senses.
They were told that the marriage had been performed.
The patient approached by the father as the commodities drove the time to probe whether the marriage was celebrated, according to the Rich List.
And if it was not,
how should be allowed to marry his daughter to one other person whenever he wanted the commodities that was also us to fight for love in this.
We can see that in the last two, as well as other cases, which I could not discuss,
these local officials mostly kidnap girls for other men, not for them.
So suggesting that they were possibly employed in a trade where there is these abductions and marriages for other companies who paid them to do so,
for example, in this case,
going all the way that the Deshmukh's what is the marriage for such two and is different supports that argument that there was a shortage of women's
empowerment as a 45 year old was still unmarried or might be widowed and was so
eager to marry that he would even consider a three year old female child does.
It can be said that the enforcement of plastic tradition, such as dowry, which caused a shortage of females.
Then I saw the dismissal of marriage and not punishing becoming seriously and the government's responsible approach
when it allowed perpetrators to negotiate with the families and commence to kidnap girls and perform forced marriages.
The fact that the patient chief justice had to penalise companies very severely in the not states to set an example.
So there is no way I will discuss those cases.
Those documents do not record the purpose of the kidnapping,
and the male examined on its alleged comments were mostly of the information non-communist,
according to the available documents, mostly abducted married. Therefore, it is less likely that they were kidnapped for forced marriage.
The purpose of the kidnapping could either be sexual desire or the abuse, but women's trafficking, however,
has said above some of these incidences could be documents or the result of extramarital relationships,
where they both decided to decided to flee or live together in the men's hopes.
When kidnappings involve sexual abuse, it is possible that the government did not record this topic to preserve ideals of pride and duty.
And when kidnappings may have been consensually, don't mention the category of abduction.
Was it still used as a government did not acknowledge women's deviant agents in the first place?
This was due to a spectacular medical approach,
and British women were considered incapable of making such decisions of loving and eloping with the men belonging to a different religion,
as they must have been forced scheduled. Putting into love by the concerned men for possibly just going into this was the notion of love.
Jihad remains the same patriarchal,
consistent approach by not crediting women with the intelligence to make informed decisions solely blaming them for me.
In fact, the documents chronicling adultery between men,
women and lower class or Muslim men only recalled the men's scrutiny and penalties, but do not mention anything about the involvement,
except their name constantly suggesting that they might have been the victims of honour killings and community justice,
which possibly went underground. This further suggests that even if women would go with such men consensually,
the language would exclusively hold the involvement responsible and the case would be contested and correct through the categories of conviction,
as can be seen in the following cases. The nephew of Juanita says he sees the two men seriously and was running of the
jungle a bad one and then taken away the slimmest of blood without nearly,
Nkosi said those stuck and ran away with the life of a Stormbreaker fellow nearly in all the cases they attempted to flee with the consent agreement,
and the legal categories do not reveal any force writing,
suggesting that they may be elopement and the result of an extramarital relationship as they started double duty, not due to not recognising the list.
Even they didn't see the language exclusively who was the man responsible as they were the ones penalised.
However, sometimes women were also penalised for. The noticeable thing is that the language still blames the men.
This shows that women were penalised without even being considered and recorded as responsible for the crime as can be seen in months.
In this case, who was a facilitator and kept up on police life in his house have.
It killed her husband and buried him in his house, for which he was dismissed from his office and then imprisoned and the woman's nose was severed.
Since the used category does not reveal any type of force and the woman was also punished,
it was most likely a matter of an extramarital relationship where she left her as her
husband and began to live with Mansingh and Rennet husband went after they both killed him.
To support this, I have found many cases where women with the help of their lovers kill their husbands.
Even the English code of that can also state that extramarital relationship was one of the main reasons of men's homicide as women,
as the lovers to kill their husbands. Her punishment was generally sentenced to women when they had any non normative
sex or committed any acts impacting upon them as well as their families.
And although my comment was only sentenced one time, however,
we can never be certain that a woman was at fault or the criminal agency was recognised, then issued a penalty.
Since Sunday, sometimes 10 women were rescued.
They were still considered polluted and dishonoured by simply believing that they might have been raped or sexually assaulted,
as can be seen in such limited use case whose daughter was kidnapped and then, when rescued,
was asked to clarify persons when a Muslim man who was a Polish minister was kept man's life in his house.
But ultimately, he was seised and trampled by an elephant food like.
In the case of months, the document uses the category cottony, which does not clarify whether it was kidnapping or next to my convictions.
However, as said above, even if she left her husband and began to live with him by choice,
the government would not recognise it capable of making this decision by herself.
Instead, she must have been tricked or scheduled by the concerned Muslim men who convert to Islam and dishonour the community.
Rather, it was an abduction, but consensual in either circumstance would be movie I was disbanded.
In either situation was an institutional polygamy, and such harsh punishment was sent as a warning to Muslim men.
Conceding Sally's case, it is likely that the of common woman would also have had to undergo at least offenders.
But this is not the capital city.
Although in the Taliban, there is a plethora of cases where men either tried to flee with the women or kept them in their houses.
I will only discuss a few of them. There are two types of documents.
Firstly, those in which the penalty being sentenced is solely to the male body, and secondly, those which either penalise both or only women.
I will begin with those which exclusively penalise men, as can be seen on the slate.
The cases of these men. Biology does not crumble, and Mubarak do not mention for how long or why they kept the women in their houses,
neither if any sexual assault took place,
although this is likely to be the primary reason if they were evictions, some of the categories used do not denote any type of force.
It is also possible that some of these cases could be consensual oppression.
You have five minutes left, and you know, I will discuss those cases which either penalise both or only women.
But like mine things, is this their language is still.
Only men and they use legal category got also the thing. Therefore, despite the male being described as at fault,
the lack of recognition for women's criminal agents means that women were
penalised without even being recorded or considered responsible for these crimes.
As we can see in the table of the three cases where women were kept in the men's
houses either vote for in prison or in the case of six hundred only the woman
was even though the language yet again were solely the men responsible for
showing the complete disregard of mistreatment in considering the punishment,
and they used legal categories which do not reveal any type of force.
It can be said that these incidents could also be consensual.
If this is the case, it can also be said that the same categories, namely continuity of Indian etc,
were used to record and examine both abductions and elopement for consensual acts,
further showing the lexical categories were not stable and they were used for different
purposes and meanings which coexisted due to the medical approach and politics of the state.
And this. To conclude, I would say informing the government either find or incarcerated people, including women,
whereas in the countryside it rarely incarcerated people, and instead it mostly strengthens financial cost and ritual punishment,
particularly to prominent severed on becoming women's knows this and put Muslims to death,
showing the government's humanism as we do when they stated that the cost and actual
punishment was a product of the US because its enforcement by the government,
even in so severe crimes,
explicitly shows that criminal justice was not free from notions of purity and pollution that are from the US in both places,
the government did not record the purpose of it was kidnapping,
did not clarify whether it was a consensual act and neither if any sexual act took place but have to do to the same guns in society.
Nevertheless, it is not possible to be certain about these cases, and they do find other documents providing the complete narrative of these episodes.
Hence, the purpose of this paper, while revealing crime and violence committed against women and the government's patriarchal medical approach in
response was to raise more questions than answers and providing different narratives to such an ambiguous document.
It is possible that under the guise of kidnapping, a multitude of other divisions were covered.
Thank.