1 00:00:00,470 --> 00:00:06,090 The vision is that the embassy is going to speak to us on Margaret and the power of the governments 2 00:00:06,090 --> 00:00:16,110 of Punjab and the comparison with the upper caste men serving jobs in models is up to extremes. 3 00:00:16,110 --> 00:00:22,470 On the spectrum. OK, then, so you can work. 4 00:00:22,470 --> 00:00:28,110 Yes. Yes. Thank you very much. Professor Wudu, 5 00:00:28,110 --> 00:00:38,640 I'm I'll start by saying that I'm very happy to be here because this is the first time I'm attending this international conference in Russia. 6 00:00:38,640 --> 00:00:44,550 And I also have a feeling that maybe I'm breaking a link, which has been established right from the beginning. 7 00:00:44,550 --> 00:00:51,990 But I will still continue with this my presentation. I have a bad throat, so I'm a bit sorry for that. 8 00:00:51,990 --> 00:00:58,780 So. Second, the slide. 9 00:00:58,780 --> 00:01:07,970 Yes, so it has been famously accepted in India that the interests of the powerful 10 00:01:07,970 --> 00:01:15,320 have been has to be balanced with those of the demands of the marginalised. 11 00:01:15,320 --> 00:01:21,620 And there have been two important ways in which this actually has happened. 12 00:01:21,620 --> 00:01:28,640 The first is, of course, the well-known phenomena of vernacular ization of politics. 13 00:01:28,640 --> 00:01:33,470 And the second is the globalisation of politics. 14 00:01:33,470 --> 00:01:38,330 I will concentrate on the second aspect here. 15 00:01:38,330 --> 00:01:48,440 So one of the ways in which localisation has happened in India is via the seventy Third Amendment to the Constitution, 16 00:01:48,440 --> 00:01:51,860 which happened in nineteen ninety three. 17 00:01:51,860 --> 00:02:02,210 According to this, what happened was that at the village level, they want to beat the drum projects which were to be elected first of all, 18 00:02:02,210 --> 00:02:09,860 which is very important that they were to be elected, and they would also have some functions and sources of revenue. 19 00:02:09,860 --> 00:02:14,030 So on these two important accounts, that is, 20 00:02:14,030 --> 00:02:27,230 the Trump Congress would have elected the judges and they would elect this sort of bunch and they would have some other sources of function. 21 00:02:27,230 --> 00:02:33,080 They would have other functions and sources of revenues. So this was the new thing. 22 00:02:33,080 --> 00:02:36,950 So we have this has been happening since nineteen ninety three. 23 00:02:36,950 --> 00:02:40,710 So we have some history with respect to what is happening there. 24 00:02:40,710 --> 00:02:52,250 Now, interestingly, in India, what we see is that the phenomenon of decentralisation and globalisation has happened almost at the same time, 25 00:02:52,250 --> 00:02:59,840 which is that the economy started to open up around nineteen hundred ninety one and 26 00:02:59,840 --> 00:03:07,370 the process of decentralisation also started sometime around nineteen ninety three. 27 00:03:07,370 --> 00:03:13,310 So it's such an interesting thing which is happened because at the same time, 28 00:03:13,310 --> 00:03:21,980 the international funding agencies also started to talk about decentralisation for better governance. 29 00:03:21,980 --> 00:03:27,620 So what this said was that if you want to have some amount of funding from us, 30 00:03:27,620 --> 00:03:38,240 you will have to decentralise now in the developed world where they had matured democratic systems. 31 00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:49,880 Decentralisation of this kind had already happened, but it started to happen in India around the same time. 32 00:03:49,880 --> 00:04:00,290 This decentralisation was also accused of, you know, making the state weak or making the same bit weak. 33 00:04:00,290 --> 00:04:06,170 And in order to say that it would lead to a hollowing out of the state from the voting. 34 00:04:06,170 --> 00:04:16,760 Because if you have globalisation of the economy on one hand and if you have local bodies having more power, 35 00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:22,550 then the central government and the state government will not have enough power to do what they want to do. 36 00:04:22,550 --> 00:04:34,290 But I don't believe. It has happened at this stage, I must also bring in what was done by. 37 00:04:34,290 --> 00:04:41,130 Rajiv Gandhi and his perception about the governance in India. 38 00:04:41,130 --> 00:04:46,170 First of all, we know that he was he came to power in nineteen hundred and eighty four. 39 00:04:46,170 --> 00:04:51,140 And actually the opening up of the economy started in nineteen hundred eighty four. 40 00:04:51,140 --> 00:05:00,510 It was not announced. It was not declared. But the most of the economists would say that it happened slowly and steadily from nineteen eighty four. 41 00:05:00,510 --> 00:05:10,080 And with respect to governance, his ideas were informed by what he thought about the corruption in the developmental schemes, 42 00:05:10,080 --> 00:05:16,110 the delays which were there, which happened from DR, the militia level. 43 00:05:16,110 --> 00:05:20,290 And he also spoke about the role of the power brokers. 44 00:05:20,290 --> 00:05:29,220 So it was within this framework that he actually tried to pass the localisation bill once in 1987, 45 00:05:29,220 --> 00:05:37,530 once in nineteen eighty eight, but he could not do it. And his idea was to give the direct power to the people of India. 46 00:05:37,530 --> 00:05:41,070 Now, if you come to Maharashtra, 47 00:05:41,070 --> 00:05:50,730 we see that the project law was passed in nineteen hundred ninety three and give 27 percent of the reservation to a season, 48 00:05:50,730 --> 00:06:01,290 a seat and woman, it was increased. It was 33 percent and afterwards it was introduced to 50 percent in 2011. 49 00:06:01,290 --> 00:06:15,510 Now the case for reservations of this kind, for different ethnic groups or for women has been argued well in the domain of political science. 50 00:06:15,510 --> 00:06:19,980 You have the theory of the politics of peasants. 51 00:06:19,980 --> 00:06:25,440 Then you also have the theory of critical mass and political participation. 52 00:06:25,440 --> 00:06:33,540 And of course, we all know that God had spoken about it and written about it in nineteen hundred and forty six. 53 00:06:33,540 --> 00:06:43,020 Now what I have done is that I have done the comparative analysis of 32 villages with 54 00:06:43,020 --> 00:06:48,630 which have the little woman set up and just under two villages which have a podcast. 55 00:06:48,630 --> 00:06:52,650 Male said bunches and there were selected babies. 56 00:06:52,650 --> 00:07:03,330 So it was done in April, May 2018 and I would I would just like the hospital d'souza and say that I've tried to be. 57 00:07:03,330 --> 00:07:09,810 I have avoided being excessively evangelical or overly sceptical. 58 00:07:09,810 --> 00:07:13,860 I have Fiero. I don't want to do that now. 59 00:07:13,860 --> 00:07:19,800 Around one hundred and around 120 questions were asked, 60 00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:29,580 and the idea was to find out what makes this sentence effective and is focussed means a bunch more effective than the little woman sarpanch, 61 00:07:29,580 --> 00:07:31,800 or it's not like that. 62 00:07:31,800 --> 00:07:41,310 So for that, I have fought doses, which is that of material assets, which talks about land condition of both assets and things like that. 63 00:07:41,310 --> 00:07:48,480 The second one is important, which speaks about education, and the health was just that one gets from others. 64 00:07:48,480 --> 00:07:56,580 The third is that of social discrimination, which speaks about disrespect of any faith and like, 65 00:07:56,580 --> 00:08:03,990 you know, being followed by the first name and things like that. The fourth one is that, I think because of political goodness, 66 00:08:03,990 --> 00:08:13,620 when I am looking whether the Serpent Woman or the left or upper male has got those family background, 67 00:08:13,620 --> 00:08:20,340 whether he or she has been a plunger cleared out and whether he or she has been or anyone in the 68 00:08:20,340 --> 00:08:27,180 family has been a member of a milk cooperative or a sugar cooperative and things like that. 69 00:08:27,180 --> 00:08:33,600 And all these students who are all these first four independent variables in the final one is all these 70 00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:42,000 four leads to the effective participation of the Dalit or the open category male female sort of quenches. 71 00:08:42,000 --> 00:08:48,990 Now, the way in which effective participant has been defined is I am looking at the 72 00:08:48,990 --> 00:08:56,040 involvement and the knowledge about how the Punjab actually works and things like that. 73 00:08:56,040 --> 00:09:09,390 Now what I find is that after being this sorry, it was done as I said that in the villages of what happened on Sunday, 74 00:09:09,390 --> 00:09:14,250 which are advanced parts of my Rashtra, relatively speaking at least. 75 00:09:14,250 --> 00:09:19,530 And what you see, what I thought was with respect to all the indices, 76 00:09:19,530 --> 00:09:27,990 actually the urban and the upper caste males are just statistically significantly better off. 77 00:09:27,990 --> 00:09:33,360 This is not a very surprising thing because we can imagine that he would be having more land. 78 00:09:33,360 --> 00:09:37,470 He would. Having more political support and things like that. 79 00:09:37,470 --> 00:09:41,400 No. So in a way, it is unexpected kind of floated aside. 80 00:09:41,400 --> 00:09:49,250 The second thing which is done is that there was a regression which was fitting and the main reason why the 81 00:09:49,250 --> 00:10:00,840 the woman is not as effective as the urban male self-image is that she faces a lot of social discrimination. 82 00:10:00,840 --> 00:10:10,110 So what we find here is that social discrimination does hampered the work that you're wanting to do. 83 00:10:10,110 --> 00:10:24,300 It's actually a psychological barrier and ritual which will feed into to the next slate and say that yes, it is accepted that the. 84 00:10:24,300 --> 00:10:29,940 That the psychologist and the political scientist have been dealing with issues 85 00:10:29,940 --> 00:10:36,510 of dignity and self-respect for some time now and how it affects performance. 86 00:10:36,510 --> 00:10:43,770 But now many economists are also trying to find out certain things anyway. 87 00:10:43,770 --> 00:10:53,850 So I know going quantitatively the relationship between the independent variables like I said and how it affects the performance. 88 00:10:53,850 --> 00:11:00,870 So they are also using their methodologies, and my paper is one such attempt to do something like that. 89 00:11:00,870 --> 00:11:11,550 But what we can also do is we can look at some of the you can look closely at some of the interesting and more granular results, 90 00:11:11,550 --> 00:11:16,860 and some of them are very interesting, unexpected and some of them are not expected. 91 00:11:16,860 --> 00:11:22,260 What I found is that originally actually 60 percent of the females have bunches. 92 00:11:22,260 --> 00:11:29,790 They had to be boxed in to standing for elections. They were not very willing to stand in the elections, and it is a phenomenon which is known. 93 00:11:29,790 --> 00:11:39,870 But 92 percent said that once they were elected, they enjoyed being disappointed and surprisingly as high as 62 percent said that 94 00:11:39,870 --> 00:11:47,370 they would be willing to stand again if they are given the opportunity to do that. 95 00:11:47,370 --> 00:11:59,640 Next, no folding unfolding of the fan flag on the Republic Day or Independence Day is a very important event in any village. 96 00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:09,450 So what I've found is that your woman was not a loud woman of any cost when not allowed to unfold the flag. 97 00:12:09,450 --> 00:12:15,900 But you're 100 percent of the Dalit woman were allowed to unfold the flag. 98 00:12:15,900 --> 00:12:23,340 But because maybe one of the reasons is that photographs of such functions are taken, then they have to be seen. 99 00:12:23,340 --> 00:12:29,730 But if you stepped in the Grampian jet office. Maybe that is the reason, but I'm not really sure about this. 100 00:12:29,730 --> 00:12:38,910 But all of them said that yes, you were allowed in a way to unfurl until the flag, but only 37 were allowed to make the speech. 101 00:12:38,910 --> 00:12:51,040 So this is a very low percentage, which is that in one of the interesting thing is that only 27 percent went out of their village. 102 00:12:51,040 --> 00:13:00,250 To the biggest city or the Centre for work, but out of that out of this 27 percent, 103 00:13:00,250 --> 00:13:05,320 if you one percent said that they liked going out to work now, it is heaven was. 104 00:13:05,320 --> 00:13:15,610 It's a really high figure, which means that the worst of all enjoyed being out, and it also gave them the exposure to the outside world. 105 00:13:15,610 --> 00:13:26,350 There was a certain kind of mobility which they enjoyed, and though 27 is a very low percentage that everyone is so more Typekit of. 106 00:13:26,350 --> 00:13:31,910 Next to what we see is that 70 percent always fall in the middle. 107 00:13:31,910 --> 00:13:38,830 Jack, this is a very high figure actually, and always spoke the same. 108 00:13:38,830 --> 00:13:50,080 Or they always spoke in the grump and jet meeting, and 73 percent say that they attended the gram panchayat office every day, 109 00:13:50,080 --> 00:13:54,070 which is also very interesting and somewhat unexpected for me. 110 00:13:54,070 --> 00:14:02,560 Because you also think that the not only for everyone all woman is the husband's what being the verb. 111 00:14:02,560 --> 00:14:13,840 So that's phenomenal, isn't it? You see that these people have been attending project meetings in offices now in the 112 00:14:13,840 --> 00:14:21,700 budget offer drama when you have your monthly allocations for Dalits and for women. 113 00:14:21,700 --> 00:14:28,940 But what I found out was that the knowledge about the lists was done. 114 00:14:28,940 --> 00:14:34,850 Was higher, almost double that of the allocation for women. 115 00:14:34,850 --> 00:14:46,670 So it means in a way that their identity was more delicate and less as a woman and 31 percent explained the work, 116 00:14:46,670 --> 00:14:51,710 which they had done very even after they had been elected. 117 00:14:51,710 --> 00:15:05,840 This was also not a very low figure. Now, another interesting thing was that the role of young boys, but apparently not the girls were young. 118 00:15:05,840 --> 00:15:14,760 The little boys were single. The little ones said punches in doing their work in the sense that they would drop things still hard work to do. 119 00:15:14,760 --> 00:15:24,830 And they would themselves also want to learn a whole lot of things because I suppose they were looking at their future and things like that. 120 00:15:24,830 --> 00:15:30,600 They would take lot of initiative and find out things and inform also, the woman said. 121 00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:39,830 When just said that, we are helped a lot by young Dalit boys, and it was also said that these two boys are. 122 00:15:39,830 --> 00:15:48,510 So if they faced some kind of violence, then they say that they would also retaliate with violence. 123 00:15:48,510 --> 00:15:54,470 Now we are going to have a minute, so self-initiated. 124 00:15:54,470 --> 00:16:02,630 So this I mean, this kind of violence being prevalent or inevitable part of politics in India, 125 00:16:02,630 --> 00:16:08,930 I think at least the little boys are trying to counter it in some ways. 126 00:16:08,930 --> 00:16:17,300 So what I've done is that basically is to do some features. 127 00:16:17,300 --> 00:16:19,190 Well, it's an ongoing process. 128 00:16:19,190 --> 00:16:29,390 It's all happening and we are looking into how it how it has affected Dalit women who have moved into power in some senses. 129 00:16:29,390 --> 00:16:35,660 Some of the results are, of course, expected, but some of the results are not expected and they are very positive. 130 00:16:35,660 --> 00:16:45,020 Sort of said the real issue would be, I suppose, is the speed of change acceptable because, 131 00:16:45,020 --> 00:16:52,250 as Giuliani has said, that different factors affect the speed of change. 132 00:16:52,250 --> 00:16:59,330 So I'm sure some people will find that what is happening is too slow, and some people may say that it is OK. 133 00:16:59,330 --> 00:17:05,900 It's not so bad. But I'll finish by. It is acceptable to some people and not some others. 134 00:17:05,900 --> 00:17:09,890 I'll finish by saying what I'm saying is they said at some stage, 135 00:17:09,890 --> 00:17:20,780 which is that Indian people are very patient and they should become somewhat more impatient in this public place. 136 00:17:20,780 --> 00:17:24,181 And I finish. Thank you very much.