1 00:00:00,720 --> 00:00:08,250 Further ado, I would request Marjorie to start the presentation. 2 00:00:08,250 --> 00:00:16,200 We are going to go follow the exactly the same proceedings we I will give verbal warning to each of the speakers up 15 minutes, 3 00:00:16,200 --> 00:00:22,710 a five minute warning, and then there will be 10 minutes of discussion after that. 4 00:00:22,710 --> 00:00:27,420 So I would request all the participants to stick to their times. 5 00:00:27,420 --> 00:00:32,880 Pretty much they rigorously. So the floor is yours. 6 00:00:32,880 --> 00:00:37,730 Please, please, please start your presentation. Thank you very much. Thank you. 7 00:00:37,730 --> 00:00:47,210 And thank you, and I thank the organisers, though, certainly for accepting my presentation and without thinking much of your time. 8 00:00:47,210 --> 00:00:54,190 I hope I'm already. I know. Just. 9 00:00:54,190 --> 00:01:02,110 Yes, you had already put some hold of or grand opening. 10 00:01:02,110 --> 00:01:14,680 So I'm going to share the screen, though. Can you see up the screen? 11 00:01:14,680 --> 00:01:21,940 Yes, no problem. So the topic for free circulation explosives in ancient western India. 12 00:01:21,940 --> 00:01:27,160 So I'll be discussing some case starting, as you can see from the slide. 13 00:01:27,160 --> 00:01:34,760 There are some motifs, some symbols, some sculptures, which are not Indian embassy. 14 00:01:34,760 --> 00:01:38,730 So how do they come here? Why do they come here? 15 00:01:38,730 --> 00:01:43,750 Or was it a victim? Basically, in that Indian things there just weren't welcome to this country. 16 00:01:43,750 --> 00:01:49,030 So these the other general, Michael Maharashtrian, that we know there are good games, at least. 17 00:01:49,030 --> 00:01:52,660 I'm pretty sure that many of you are aware of all these facts. 18 00:01:52,660 --> 00:02:03,250 So without going out here, without this, I just don't especially who are not familiar with the architectural brilliance to learn, to be heard. 19 00:02:03,250 --> 00:02:11,470 I just show, although it overlooks that you have is a super would you look unitary monument is in the mall. 20 00:02:11,470 --> 00:02:19,150 But in the event of both the middle and the of which is in fact the residential quarter for the monster to. 21 00:02:19,150 --> 00:02:24,710 So basically, this will this gives us functional and they were used by people. 22 00:02:24,710 --> 00:02:30,460 They were abused by the monks in those days to stay over there for some time or for some more time. 23 00:02:30,460 --> 00:02:36,070 So both accuse one or two days or then during the rainy season, they will stay there for a longer day. 24 00:02:36,070 --> 00:02:40,200 So therefore, to shape the rule and we are all using these terms later on, 25 00:02:40,200 --> 00:02:46,120 their name might not explain the water to Google as a prayer hall having an object of worship. 26 00:02:46,120 --> 00:02:56,830 And we have to agree to the residential order. So these kids who these little kids are located on the trade roofs and then we find that we are 27 00:02:56,830 --> 00:03:02,620 tied to sort for trial along with the traders and during their interaction with the president, 28 00:03:02,620 --> 00:03:12,400 they would interact with each other and these ideas of tourism that probably instigated the event, really willing to give some donation. 29 00:03:12,400 --> 00:03:21,820 So sometimes it so also happens that the parents were given some shelter if the days of or one night or so and in return, 30 00:03:21,820 --> 00:03:29,080 they wanted to give some donations. So in this way, we find that many is is very estimated along these groups are at the same time. 31 00:03:29,080 --> 00:03:37,600 We also find numerous inscriptions in this case which tell us about the name of the donor, etc. But here study, 32 00:03:37,600 --> 00:03:43,060 we also find that there are some ideas or something that can some beliefs or some 33 00:03:43,060 --> 00:03:47,830 cultural traditions or practises which were prevalent in the Western world. 34 00:03:47,830 --> 00:03:55,960 They were also exchange along with The Mummy and the other facilities, and we find them depicted in the art of this visits. 35 00:03:55,960 --> 00:03:57,760 So we see what they are. 36 00:03:57,760 --> 00:04:08,260 So here is a list of some of the art forms which we don't find in the previous Indian cultural context or are just word worldwide. 37 00:04:08,260 --> 00:04:12,790 So here we have a depiction of Sphinx. 38 00:04:12,790 --> 00:04:17,350 Then we also have seen God we have because this Griffin. 39 00:04:17,350 --> 00:04:21,760 We also have the depiction of elves or else like people. 40 00:04:21,760 --> 00:04:32,350 And then we also have our depiction a unique one, which is always of interest with human visits, evidence, the spinning and indiscriminate. 41 00:04:32,350 --> 00:04:37,720 So these are some of the motifs which we find in the Indian architecture, 42 00:04:37,720 --> 00:04:44,220 but then we don't find them to be depicted in the literary works of the contemporary period or other results. 43 00:04:44,220 --> 00:04:51,400 So many of us know Indians. India was visited by foreigners for a very long time, 44 00:04:51,400 --> 00:05:00,400 but the reform there to be good for the visiting of the foreigners who was from the region of Alexander Imports and. 45 00:05:00,400 --> 00:05:10,960 So it is believed that Indians in these three plants of people of these three clans living over here or visiting India, 46 00:05:10,960 --> 00:05:16,720 they are policy owners who where the union, Greeks or whoever the people belong in the bush. 47 00:05:16,720 --> 00:05:28,210 Then the show goes over the citizens. And then all of us do what we know about the invasion of a long time, noting that our fourth century B.C. 48 00:05:28,210 --> 00:05:37,570 So we start seeing the onset of those motifs that we find in the 17th phase, but which are not found anywhere else in the Indian context, 49 00:05:37,570 --> 00:05:41,320 especially with the literature or the interpretations of religious traditions. 50 00:05:41,320 --> 00:05:47,800 Instead, we must have something in our mind. We must not disturb all these religious monuments. 51 00:05:47,800 --> 00:05:55,100 It is not that everything anything could be done or anything will be playing with the artistic worldwide or the design of the monuments. 52 00:05:55,100 --> 00:06:02,420 Because although it was design which was going to be thought over, there was for the sanctioned by the monastic order. 53 00:06:02,420 --> 00:06:11,200 And there were also very important stakeholders to sanction such depictions in the religious context in those period those days. 54 00:06:11,200 --> 00:06:20,420 So it is also very important because the monastic order, the. Who were in charge, where were the authorities of this particular two? 55 00:06:20,420 --> 00:06:25,100 They were familiar with this idea that they're going to get their dinner approved, 56 00:06:25,100 --> 00:06:29,810 prove their depiction of these foreign concepts in a religious moment or symbols. 57 00:06:29,810 --> 00:06:34,190 So we do find a depiction of sphinx at various places. 58 00:06:34,190 --> 00:06:48,140 But this is again an agnostic, which is number 10 and which was a donation of Ordinary Sugar, a sugar ruler called as an albino to his son in law. 59 00:06:48,140 --> 00:06:52,820 We'll show it out then how to get one the donation for the creation of this particular case, 60 00:06:52,820 --> 00:07:00,740 it is a long inscription over here, which takes us about the whole thing. But interestingly, on the exterior, we have beautiful decoration of these. 61 00:07:00,740 --> 00:07:06,780 Animals are produced with animals, which are written by the composer, 62 00:07:06,780 --> 00:07:12,560 etc. But when we see what is shown on the interior hidden part of the popular decoration, 63 00:07:12,560 --> 00:07:20,390 we find such depictions the Sphinx, Griffin, etc. and some composite animals also. 64 00:07:20,390 --> 00:07:24,260 So here we are, this is the facade of the big studio around here. 65 00:07:24,260 --> 00:07:33,050 Inside we have Springs, Griffins and many other composite animals, though these indicators that probably the designers, the artists, all the patrons, 66 00:07:33,050 --> 00:07:37,820 they wanted these sculptures over here, but they did not want them to be seen, obviously, 67 00:07:37,820 --> 00:07:43,770 by them or people who visited the site, but still they wanted the site or this particular cave. 68 00:07:43,770 --> 00:07:52,760 Perhaps this because probably they thought that they had some functional place in this world, also in the eastern world also. 69 00:07:52,760 --> 00:08:00,620 So on the other hand of the entrance we see, we see similar sphinx and other composite elements here. 70 00:08:00,620 --> 00:08:11,680 This thing is clearly seen. Similarly, in the case of the carmakers, which is also a creation of what was first century BCE first century A.D., 71 00:08:11,680 --> 00:08:17,800 but there are many such concerns and those that are produced and what has inscriptions, 72 00:08:17,800 --> 00:08:24,040 voting the donations of the foreigners given the need for the creation of these gifts 73 00:08:24,040 --> 00:08:31,690 and you're also not in the eye of the interior of the eye and facing the wall. 74 00:08:31,690 --> 00:08:40,520 We have such depictions of things, then all of which is again, probably it was written by random people who were to before, 75 00:08:40,520 --> 00:08:44,740 and they might not even see the depiction of these people or these motives. 76 00:08:44,740 --> 00:08:50,680 But they are the reason that I wanted to have them over there. So probably again, such motifs. 77 00:08:50,680 --> 00:08:56,110 This isn't from me. So where do you want to? There's an example. 78 00:08:56,110 --> 00:09:05,530 There were many such people who area one, those who had given donations of either the Greeks or the people coming beyond the Hindu Kush mountains. 79 00:09:05,530 --> 00:09:09,850 And just so they had given donations for the creation of these givers, 80 00:09:09,850 --> 00:09:14,950 or they're given money for the creation of one single bidder or something like that. 81 00:09:14,950 --> 00:09:24,970 And they wanted such mountains to be there in the cave, probably to protect them because the symptoms thinks over there wants to protect the monument. 82 00:09:24,970 --> 00:09:33,250 But here is another layer, as we added, is the name of the group at a place called Estonia, 83 00:09:33,250 --> 00:09:36,940 where again, in this state there is a depiction of the Sphinx. 84 00:09:36,940 --> 00:09:43,750 Similarly, when we go unheard of, we find another depiction which is not of native origin, etc. 85 00:09:43,750 --> 00:09:47,470 So this particular cave is my than. 86 00:09:47,470 --> 00:09:50,870 The place is called as badger. And generally the cradle. 87 00:09:50,870 --> 00:10:01,090 The earliest date of this date is around Sigurdsson, B.C. But then there are many other girls which were later on. 88 00:10:01,090 --> 00:10:06,620 But then, though generally speaking, this particular case, there is no known being oriental. 89 00:10:06,620 --> 00:10:15,430 Obviously, this was in a bit of Persia when it was discovered originally in 1883 and then when it was restored, 90 00:10:15,430 --> 00:10:23,350 it looks like and the people did the same view of credit on their mission and in this direction also. 91 00:10:23,350 --> 00:10:28,150 But they're on the Leicester. We have the big picture of the centre. 92 00:10:28,150 --> 00:10:32,650 You can see over here this is a sketch of whatever is shown over here. 93 00:10:32,650 --> 00:10:40,630 These are the same thoughts and they are shown as supporting the ceiling of these patients because this is 94 00:10:40,630 --> 00:10:49,360 actually a special issue because we have no such things to protect because the central pillar is broken for them. 95 00:10:49,360 --> 00:10:54,620 The earliest could just tell us that there was also a central problem supporting this building. 96 00:10:54,620 --> 00:11:01,210 Also, we can't a similar motive. So this is the game, and then this building is now missing. 97 00:11:01,210 --> 00:11:09,460 So after this entering the same game, we have another depiction, which is again, a horrible vision disclosure because biggest, 98 00:11:09,460 --> 00:11:15,250 this is the picture of two places in this setting is the first one is the badger, 99 00:11:15,250 --> 00:11:24,070 and the cave is for second century B.C. Some people call this the second time doing this event on the basis of the. 100 00:11:24,070 --> 00:11:28,180 Some people say it wasn't really B.C. anyhow. 101 00:11:28,180 --> 00:11:35,230 We find that at this time in western India, we have the depiction of IS, which in fact was a Greek, 102 00:11:35,230 --> 00:11:42,280 and we find an old friend of ancient because it's in Greek mythology of some very, very old times. 103 00:11:42,280 --> 00:11:51,880 You went in sixth century B.C. we have such a beautiful bronze is made of the gases and we see the depiction of bigness in some the and pottery. 104 00:11:51,880 --> 00:11:57,370 So right from that on 5th century B.C. So this one comes from Sicily. 105 00:11:57,370 --> 00:12:05,950 So in the Greco-Roman world, we find a depiction of figures is going to be fine mentioned in many myths in the contemporary period. 106 00:12:05,950 --> 00:12:13,210 When then? So this is the depiction of Centaur, which we see for the sequence here again, 107 00:12:13,210 --> 00:12:18,640 we find that a big shot of centring the Greek mythology in Rome for a fifth century B.C. and 108 00:12:18,640 --> 00:12:25,570 we find a depiction of the same Guinevere on 4th century B.C. So probably these motifs, 109 00:12:25,570 --> 00:12:31,180 these concepts that have circulated over the continents and the east India. 110 00:12:31,180 --> 00:12:38,230 So another depiction of Pegasus is found at this place called this water, but we have a. 111 00:12:38,230 --> 00:12:46,180 And then on the palestra of the railing of those steps, we have this depiction of because this one of the third. 112 00:12:46,180 --> 00:12:51,820 You don't see the doctor under the radar. There is this horse, it looks like this. 113 00:12:51,820 --> 00:12:54,580 And then these two creatures had also very interesting. 114 00:12:54,580 --> 00:13:02,500 There also lots of who are shown supporting the superstructure of the states, including the the. 115 00:13:02,500 --> 00:13:06,790 We work with them here, the Typekit, although they're. 116 00:13:06,790 --> 00:13:13,030 So here we know because this was the son of Poseidon and it was not going to look at it. 117 00:13:13,030 --> 00:13:19,570 And then he was the main course of whitefella. So we don't have any such concept methodology. 118 00:13:19,570 --> 00:13:25,600 And do Scientology or Indian mythology also in this time of the crisis? 119 00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:29,980 I know we find there because this plays a major role in many treatments. 120 00:13:29,980 --> 00:13:32,440 But then we find a depiction of the government. 121 00:13:32,440 --> 00:13:42,250 And so I guess this idea by John, incidently at Hula-Hoop, in the excavations of Small Rawlins, image of Poseidon was on the phone, 122 00:13:42,250 --> 00:13:48,580 and we see the following contract with India very clearly in this in the form of this 123 00:13:48,580 --> 00:13:53,950 particular sculpture and also in the form of the sculpture that we saw in Punjab. 124 00:13:53,950 --> 00:14:02,050 Similarly, we have another new concept coming in Indian politics, and that is if you go with the wings of being like you, 125 00:14:02,050 --> 00:14:11,590 it's so at the same place where what are the result of a depiction of figures this year we see the eviction of these birds with their ears. 126 00:14:11,590 --> 00:14:16,810 They would get a little bit differently. They look something like that years after. 127 00:14:16,810 --> 00:14:25,990 Of course, they are like the wings of birds, as if the birds as they they can't predict the infamy that I would be. 128 00:14:25,990 --> 00:14:36,070 Similarly, such people, such creatures. Well, we'll leave it there aside from both calamities or dangers. 129 00:14:36,070 --> 00:14:45,070 And here they are also shown bearing the load of the superstructure at the entrance of the take the roof of a similar Emanuel's phone. 130 00:14:45,070 --> 00:14:55,000 But then here, even though we have the air like the wings of the birds, the person is shown waving an ornament of living snake. 131 00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:57,280 Well, Sir O'Connell in his heels. 132 00:14:57,280 --> 00:15:07,390 So probably this is again a guardian who was placed over there, regardless of the removal from the incoming calamity. 133 00:15:07,390 --> 00:15:13,350 And just as the quality of the birds is like, they can sense the danger in their hands. 134 00:15:13,350 --> 00:15:19,840 Similarly, these guardians would also sense and then the calamity, you know, to one side, would protect the whole site. 135 00:15:19,840 --> 00:15:25,390 This was an important figure because even though it is broken today, 136 00:15:25,390 --> 00:15:33,130 if it was put together in the legs and the whole body was put together, it would have become more than seven feet in height. 137 00:15:33,130 --> 00:15:39,700 So it suggests the importance of function and the place of this particular guardian, 138 00:15:39,700 --> 00:15:43,420 and it was already done because it was formed at the end of the day, 139 00:15:43,420 --> 00:15:51,730 which was in by ship, but it was discovered a simulated depiction is also home at the end of the game at home learning, 140 00:15:51,730 --> 00:16:00,430 which can be a good border post. And you see and you are also refine your look something like this at the beginning of a bird. 141 00:16:00,430 --> 00:16:04,390 So hold these guardians to the horror and on. 142 00:16:04,390 --> 00:16:09,510 They probably had a lot to do with the role to play in the Buddhist context. 143 00:16:09,510 --> 00:16:13,360 I mean, it's one Jedi mind. Thank you. 144 00:16:13,360 --> 00:16:21,460 Even though we don't have any friends with these people, we do find their depictions in that Buddhist art. 145 00:16:21,460 --> 00:16:26,740 So again, we more here with sick of it. We have an interesting depiction. 146 00:16:26,740 --> 00:16:36,580 I want to touch on this, but this is the repetition of human faces as beam ends over here on this really under the railing. 147 00:16:36,580 --> 00:16:45,460 So this is the first depiction of such a thing. And again, people have interpreted this motif as the guardian faces. 148 00:16:45,460 --> 00:16:51,850 As the mascot are expected to be having those still look like the faces that are there to the whole monument. 149 00:16:51,850 --> 00:17:02,140 Similarly, our heroes, so we have a similar depiction we wanted and also on the facade of this particular game we have is a depiction of human faces, 150 00:17:02,140 --> 00:17:07,870 vertical wandering order, and these are covered with human faces. 151 00:17:07,870 --> 00:17:15,020 And then we also have the depiction of Griffin's moves forward quickly as we have a lot to see. 152 00:17:15,020 --> 00:17:24,340 And so here in recent interviews again, we heard a depiction of Griffin's magic again on the other side of the building. 153 00:17:24,340 --> 00:17:28,720 We see the difference, so is also there. 154 00:17:28,720 --> 00:17:36,850 And then though with water and with clean of water who are more difficult to splice, 155 00:17:36,850 --> 00:17:45,750 this by scallion is again a unique motif that we find only on and hopelessness in this second, and other places do not. 156 00:17:45,750 --> 00:17:52,680 We're done right from our own a sixth century B.C., we find it on the benchmark points on the early unused coins. 157 00:17:52,680 --> 00:17:57,870 We do see sometimes the more the better, and we just always buy scallion. 158 00:17:57,870 --> 00:18:08,290 We don't have any good in Indian politics, but if we see the wisdom, the reason we find there is motive was found in the mule as a Neolithic symbol, 159 00:18:08,290 --> 00:18:12,540 you know, from around 4th century B.C. in the European context, 160 00:18:12,540 --> 00:18:19,110 it was considered as auspicious because we find it the roundup of cheers of the warriors. 161 00:18:19,110 --> 00:18:27,250 And then now we can see that a bit of this price billion will be on the in the society where we 162 00:18:27,250 --> 00:18:33,360 have come from four thousand four hundred B.C. And then this particular cup comes from Mycenaean, 163 00:18:33,360 --> 00:18:48,030 a world which was related to around two thousand B.C. And then we also find another depiction of the scallion on the Newgrange of two megalithic boom. 164 00:18:48,030 --> 00:18:52,000 This is a business item, which is they're located in Ireland. 165 00:18:52,000 --> 00:19:00,060 And what we do there, this is of the Neolithic age, European Neolithic age and dating back to 3200 B.C. 166 00:19:00,060 --> 00:19:07,080 So this is probably one of the earliest depictions of Brazilian, which is at the entrance of this particular tomb. 167 00:19:07,080 --> 00:19:14,520 And then we also find that there are two under which we see over here on the far side of the river. 168 00:19:14,520 --> 00:19:25,110 And another interesting thing is we have found the depiction of Brazilians on an object which was discovered from this particular Super X Obara. 169 00:19:25,110 --> 00:19:31,830 This is where Sorbara was probably constructed during the time of Ashorkor, but it was recorded from time to time. 170 00:19:31,830 --> 00:19:39,640 There are many parts of the Cascades under inside the Super, and though the clusters, 171 00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:43,890 which was the golden one, has the depiction of the skeleton on it. 172 00:19:43,890 --> 00:19:51,210 So it is really interesting to note that on third century B.C., although we don't know the date of this particular class, 173 00:19:51,210 --> 00:19:57,840 therefore we can't say that this was during the dinosaur show will probably be the donation of the children. 174 00:19:57,840 --> 00:19:59,160 What period were then? 175 00:19:59,160 --> 00:20:08,970 We are not very sure because there is no evidence to say that this particular basket as we see many donations, murder of the period of time. 176 00:20:08,970 --> 00:20:18,090 But then we do find that these motifs, these foreign motifs, became a part of the visual repertoire of the early Indian art and especially the will. 177 00:20:18,090 --> 00:20:24,960 This could give the reason why that is an important mission for which we don't have a clear answer to this. 178 00:20:24,960 --> 00:20:31,620 But then we can say that rather than artistic depictions, they had probably be functional functionally. 179 00:20:31,620 --> 00:20:35,910 I don't know why the monks did not object the depiction of these things, 180 00:20:35,910 --> 00:20:43,410 because these have nothing to do with the Buddhist mythology or the Indian, my photos or the folk tales or nothing like that. 181 00:20:43,410 --> 00:20:48,060 But probably these were introduced in India on face quite long ago, 182 00:20:48,060 --> 00:20:55,530 like maybe sixth century B.C. or even fifth century B.C. forced into reviews and probably better depicted on the monuments, 183 00:20:55,530 --> 00:21:03,750 which were of perishable nature. And that is why we have not found them at all, and we see only those monuments and the depiction of these motifs, 184 00:21:03,750 --> 00:21:07,620 which were made in stone and they only have survived otherwise. 185 00:21:07,620 --> 00:21:15,930 We don't know what was what had happened before towards B.C., especially in the face of this one image, 186 00:21:15,930 --> 00:21:20,040 and we see that they had religious sanction for their depiction. 187 00:21:20,040 --> 00:21:29,460 So probably the role which they played in the Western context was also implicated, employed in the Indian context and they were put there. 188 00:21:29,460 --> 00:21:37,350 They were called over there as protecting symbols for the whole side of their particular monument, but also the monuments of what we see. 189 00:21:37,350 --> 00:21:46,550 These foreign symbols depicted her face, some probably on the other in their own creation or on the face of the whole site. 190 00:21:46,550 --> 00:21:52,890 And there are many problems and then the Googles, so it'll protect that particular game from such calamities. 191 00:21:52,890 --> 00:22:00,840 Such symbols will probably cover, and that is why nobody has to object to just any right to give in the modern times that we in India, 192 00:22:00,840 --> 00:22:05,850 even though we have this age, always push us through in Indian culture. 193 00:22:05,850 --> 00:22:13,620 We do follow feng shui. At some point. Many, many people follow feng shui, which is a Chinese origin, which is of Chinese Majidi. 194 00:22:13,620 --> 00:22:18,040 The time is up. Could you please can to see the end of the presentation? 195 00:22:18,040 --> 00:22:25,860 Okay, so this is what I just wanted to show. So those are the ideas and has nothing to do with this period of time. 196 00:22:25,860 --> 00:22:26,752 Thank you.