Request from our University of Andover to finally begin with this presentation.
This presentation is entitled Debating Sexuality Morality in the Early 20th century monarchy the credit crunch.
Rahul, you will begin now and at the end of 15 minutes, I will give you a verbal warning saying that you need to come forward in five minutes.
Your presentation will last for 20 minutes,
which will be followed by questions of the attendees are free to those questions submitted to the checkbox and students.
Kishor has pulled it out of the session.
We have a bit of extra time for presentations as well, so if if there are any questions then we can take a little bit of extra time as well.
So what I will use? Thank you and thank you, everyone.
It's a challenge for me to sort of get everything you know, to complete my people within that stipulated time, but let me sort of try.
So first, let me see what the basic argument or the central argument that I'm sort of working on.
As I say in the abstract, I'm exploring an interplay between sexuality,
cost and power in early 20th century Meraki literary culture, where a range of characteristics,
including an emphasis on materiality and body rationality and a conscious individualism,
all of which came to be associated with the idea of modern progressivism, became apparent in the literary and intellectual culture.
According to set up a form of romanticism popularised by radical and wondrous CDs, an association of words and also by not only our own quirky,
highly influential novelist paved the way for a new moralistic with the new idea of body
and gender relations and contributed a new sense of self that was based upon romanticised,
gosta based aesthetics.
It led to the cultivation of an idea that literary and starting emancipation is the desired goal for the educated, urbanised upper caste elites.
There's the materiality of a feminine body. It's romantic and sensual. Falwell was at the centre of this new literary culture.
I seek to argue that the cultural politics shift in the first half of the 20th century monastery revolved around two categories of sexuality,
gossip and money, and in the process imagined a certain form of modesty and progressivism.
The people briefly is divided into three broad parts, so the first part was like this since the early 1921,
few boards used together the House of Schriever and majority it so that she'll be confronted on every Sunday.
This informal association was beamed around the threads of their shared love of word,
spontaneity and charming yet rebellious expressions of romantic love.
The new aesthetics that appeal to them was quite different from the one that the producers of the
Times and had to soon be realised in the rebranding to sort of newness in modern Marathi poetry,
which led them form a would be collective meme to get in wonder.
It went on to become a celebrated event in the history of modern Marathi poetry,
and we're all reformers by intent and attitude and due to the love marriage overdramatise the Montville had acquired a romantic aura.
RadRunner de-couple was often thought of as monasteries. But you want Robert and Elizabeth Browning and were celebrated as a symbol of romantic love.
The Mondal never really had a formal constitution.
It functioned more like a group of friends who were connected by their conceptions of what we said desire to express
normal forms of love and a carefree and romantic attitude and progressive ideas about domestic and conjugal life.
The room really kellenberger emerged out of other circles. Unlike any of them,
it achieved mythical status and generated noble poetic energy and influenced a generation
across of the work became a mysterious and iconic figure to the efforts over the weekend.
It was particularly significant even for understanding what the Marathi literary history
and the intellectual life of middle class Marathi society in buni of the 1920s,
we wonder was a significant contribution to both the content and the narrative style of more than
Marathi poetry to its primary principle of dynamic ideas of friendship between men and women.
Individualism, new notions of gender interactions in society and new institutes of work.
There were eight members in the mental model, but one of them was them was model.
Julian, who was a scholar of Persian, was the most influential poet of his poetry, was considered to be blasphemous by many,
and his mythical status amongst literary circles had invited several prejudiced gazes at him.
In 1923, he was accused of having an affair with one of his students.
Of that, he was teaching in Ferguson College Miss World a night of partying, but Gordon was a professor of Persian information.
Malicious rumours about them were in circulation, but Whitman's biographer Dylan Buckley,
and succinctly summarised the situation in Monroe that Maduro had found himself in in the following manner.
Maduro was immensely enjoying his public life ever since he had joined the weekend, one night in July 2019 21.
There was nothing unethical in his behaviour, but his actions were breaching the established conventions of social interactions in society.
The ways in which these boards roamed around in the streets at night, the unhindered exchanges between men and women in their circle,
the romantic ones on picnics in the border guards the unfettered expression of romantic and sensuous love in the poetry.
All of these things were considered eccentric by not just the typical Orthodox, but also by the liberal reformers.
In particular, Maduro had become a thorn in the flesh of modern society when many were drunk.
When anecdotes of romantic and passionate guzzles and loss on its head bent, the whole situation were perfectly ripe for rumours and gossip.
At that very hour arrived Virgo Naidu, a Swedish beauty with the tennis racket in her hand and her pleats floating around at this colourful stage.
And gossips flourished all around the middle class of slushy lunch and were paid through their malicious idle chatter.
We've been implicated in fantastic web of myths and legends around Maduro.
The despair of going kitchen and an increasing number of girls studying at the college level.
The pre-eminent subject of this new widespread poetry was romantic love and a strong desire to free
to become free from social restrictions on interactions between men and women in public spaces.
But as you can see, as we can discern from the examples of example of London, this desire for freedom was being met with strong reactions.
One of the ideas of romanticism and freedom were at the centre of this new literature and poetry of
widespread influence of Victorian morality and ethical societies about bodily aspects of this romantic love.
Then equally persistent wickedness would re-imagine love as a form of worship,
a form of death and martyrdom, which at times would take them a little too seriously.
There is at least one recorded story about a friend of an oddity whose unsuccessful love had led to a suicide.
It cut his wrists while reading the order on it. His poem The 202 from the jaws of Dead.
But what has ordered is buoyed by his low management manoeuvre,
all as a matter of fascination for young people of point long marriages in the early 1920s,
such as that, of course, man with the German Panopto responded.
Better known as has been named, money also became legendary that recounted in public conversations and literary conciliatory circles of the time.
Love letters written by Cusumano at the inanity, who each other from 1923 to 27 were published later.
Interestingly, the fact that in many of these ugly letters, what goes along with the internal report to each other as brother and sister,
it reflects the influence of the idea of platonic love of the time.
It was important for them to underline that their friendship was without any element of sexuality.
This complexity and romantic feelings between the sexes was not limited to just personality and during this Balotelli's model,
but what an intense emotion for a friend chandelier.
Like what once told him that he reminded her of a character called Julian Adderly from many novel called God's Good Man.
And since then, but Worden was quick to take it as his pen name and became Margot Julian.
However, as Lincoln herself wrote in her memoir, she was a tomboy and had even started to write her name as Shantaram instead of Chantilly.
She wrote, I cannot think of marriage. Masculinity is deeply enmeshed in a bone in my body.
Another friend of Port Vernon and his liquor collection, Mubayi Chaudhry, was deeply attracted to this masculinity of her liquor,
which, according to her liquor, was not new to her as a liquor recounted in her memoir As Much Thought Annoyance.
Multiple women were attracted to her and to complete the circle good Chaudhry and put one of the news to share their feelings for liquor,
but also being attracted to each other, as all three of them also called one another brother and sister.
This multi-dimensional intricacy of this romance is indicative of how deeply how dealing with physical abuse,
an intensely difficult activity for this generation,
and how the materiality of romance have now become the central preoccupation of literary production.
But what was gravel have narrated an incident with something illegal but wouldn't share an intimate moment.
But at the very at the very at the very moment, the hesitant Hellicar one warden changed.
Hydrogen, but when it eventually got a bomb on her as his mother.
The famous boom, but you must this became an iconic celebration of motherly love in Marathi.
Was that a poem written by Bergen or had liquor?
Even in the case of Night Naidu, who was the source of much turmoil in patrolmen's life and the feelings for one another remain on it.
In a letter to Common Friends,
Reader wrote Birkenhead asked him who convinced better than for marriage line in another letter to what was then during the controversy,
she wrote, My good wish would always be that you if you call me mother as you used to my blessings of it to my baby forever.
The contradictory boss of romantic desire of a significant not only in the lives of literally people,
but also in the literary representations of heterosexual love in Marathi novels, particularly the embodied nature of heterosexual romance,
featured prominently in immensely popular novels written by the most influential novelist of the time not only got quirky,
who wrote more than 100 novels published between 1970 and 1974.
For example, this provided a wide variety of circumstances, a range of job,
difficult settings described various kinds of laws while essentially providing the seem not to do falling in love,
encountering a crisis and then finally reuniting and living happily ever after.
This crisis could be caused by a number of things. The levels may belong to different costs.
Usually, the difference up costs of romance or one of them has a psychological complex.
For example, in a novel called Ordar Meaning Redemption, published in 1935, the heroine had a dream where she was read,
and then she began to believe that she was pregnant through the rest of the novel.
Then the main protagonist who resolves to not offer mental complex to redeem her.
Or there would be a gap between economic status of the two levels, for example, in the novel called dollar,
which meaning wealth published in 1929 or at times for forgive to use patriotism as a source of this crisis in life.
It is indeed fascinating to see how deployed in the best of luck one to two to bring together a couple in privacy novel published in 1937 in Privacy,
Roger and Omaha. They're attracted to each other, but due to the influence of the idea of platonic love on them,
they always maintain a certain physical distance between them. When they heard the news of Brown's death,
the sheer intensity of the brief mentioned the physical distance between them and thus does resolve the crisis in their lives.
In one of his more famous novels ended up on the show The Rainbow in 1941,
the drama was centred around the female protagonists insistence on platonic love and her denial of the physicality of sex.
Throughout the novel,
the main protagonist was anxiously convincing her to embrace the embodied nature of romantic feelings between sexes and since moved forward again,
his readers were already convinced the heroine would finally.
But isn't all this impressed upon the reader that romance and romantic feelings are the word of their own?
And what about the mundane ness of human existence? It stressed that romance was the most cherished aspect of the relationship between men and women.
The romance was what made this life worth living, and this was worth paying any price for.
And as miracle somebody has shown, the romanticism introduced by Fergie initiated a far reaching paradigm shift in Marathi.
So much so that even those who were opposed to this are one word ideology of art for art for art's sake that
impacted deeply loved by his lost popularity for diplomacy and romantic groups in the literary benefits.
But to. This preoccupation with congeniality and domesticity, however, was not just limited to fictional universe in Marathi,
Malina Bonham, the good granddaughter of the renowned and ologist and a liberal reformer,
Dr. John Rocker, married Mr. Bill upconversion of Lincoln Muslim religion on 27 June 1927 in point, and the dying willow marriage was a distant idea.
It was difficult for the Orthodox community to accept an inter-religious marriage of a Hindu woman of renown family.
It created a massive stir amongst the more often Orthodox.
Many organisations and associations across monasteries such as the Munich based Hindu Churchmen College, The Dirty All the modern money,
not so much from the eloquence on wheels and garage prosodics and unreal and many other public groups
from the Harvard and Johns go to Goa and Satara organised public meetings to register their protests.
Banana Burgers, the newspaper associated with the reformist screed and bullying,
welcomed the marriage and congratulated the couple, its copies were publicly burned.
Important documents to be good good.
According to dream sociologist and architect of the first Marathi encyclopaedia, also himself had married Anita Victoria,
call the German woman of Jewish origin by converting her to Hinduism and was severely criticised for it by the puny orthodoxy.
In spite of the fact that it going have to go to dissimilar experience, uses response to barring the girl was quite lukewarm.
In fact, it's the case of the other kid that is quite interesting.
Here to note, which is ghozlan is because I don't get that it was a grandson of look when it
took a staunch and applied and the editor of Kasady from 15th of August 1947,
he sort of, he wrote aggressively in history to defence our guru industriousness jokes and go against all odds.
In the case of the assassination of Martin, Morandi was imprisoned in independent India for his editorials in the prison.
He met with Alvarenga, a Christian nun who visited the prison to pray for the Christian prisoners in love and married soon after.
And Redman became a Hindu and was renamed as unlucky.
However, because marriage was such a blasphemous act that he was forced to resign from the editorship of Casey, wouldn't you have five more minutes?
OK, so then I have to run to the third section as quickly as possible.
This is about the painting quality and the debates about obscenity and art.
The principle of individualism grew quite rapidly amongst the English educated, organised white collar class of what I call literate,
this individualism quickly turned to self centric idealism and a desire to maximise one's pleasure and happiness if all events.
But the Orthodox monarchy leader and the literary critic, this new literature was clearly unethical.
It is important to note here that the ethics and morality,
literary and intellectual discourses in this period primarily referred to the social norms about heterosexual romance and the physical act of sex.
And since the control of homosexual heterosexual romance was a key to retain a clear distinction between gasps,
sexual morality was also gasp morality and therefore was doomed ethical.
Thus, when an order of go to newspaper columnists or even a common reader was calling a
new literature or any of any of these other expressions of modernity unethical,
what the primary meant was that this literature promoted breaching the gendered values of caste.
In this atmosphere. How cutting, spending quality.
Well, it was also titled after the budget or it was also called advanced woman was primarily
was printed as a go would be used for another literary magazine in June 1930.
Quality was a portrayal of the backside of a recently made woman.
She was shown to be wearing a thin cloth that was tightly clinging to her drenched bone.
It was a painting in the style of photographic realism. Quality was very controversial in the American public sphere throughout the 1930s and
led to a great number of debates about the relationship between art and obscenity.
But the central concern was not the quality of the artistic expression,
but the moral anxiety about the depiction of female sexuality in the works of art.
There is a range of the range of responses recorded about will be impacted negatively,
and the publisher will issue one different responses to quality as a painting.
We're pretty quickly turned to one of the more interesting and more sort of another complex kind of response to quality.
This is why horror Tumby has got Ramchandra down there with very, very important voice and literary critic from Indore.
So he defended quality in a literary address he delivered in a weekly meet at Ujjain in December 1931.
They say Idle Galore animated arts and ethics laid out the art for art's sake argument with a special reference to all.
We are due for a seemingly contradictory position on the relationship between art and addicts.
You begin by stating that there never was or should, never, should ever be any relationship between art and ethics.
And yet its central argument was that it is art ethics.
What is unique? This terminology for ethics was taken from the Hindu spiritual language seemed terminology that would be applied by his deeds record.
About a decade later, in his address in Mumbai,
which went completely opposite goal and he did not surrender to the traditionalist notions of sexual morality by ethics tumby and indeed,
most of the modern literary critique Silverstein referred primarily to the sexual morality
of society after affirming that there is no real relationship between art and ethics.
He went on to provide examples to justify his views through music, dance and sculpture.
Had Oscar ever been successful in changing the heart of a promiscuous man,
had Amal ever reformed a drunkard, had a musician, never taught a lesson in morality?
These were the questions don't be raised in Jesus. Then he turned his attention to other forms of art,
literature and painting after broadening a range of messages indicating to the beating of
conventional sexual morality from the works of Shakespeare and Byron to Carlinhos and children.
Now we definitively asserted that art never did not reach ethical values.
No imagined art in the form of a beautiful young woman wandering like bees unchanged and free from the burden of
ethical codes with Tumby art was also free from any end or Gordon's free from the mundane functioning of this.
Would your town be visualised art in the form of a beautiful flower that blossomed without a cause and spread joy without asking for a dance?
The true character of art for all of art for Tumby was to remain self-indulgent while being detached from the dialectic of ethical and unethical.
Much like the way children play games. So art should also exist for the sake of self-expression.
However, since art is the betterment of material, reality like the flower depicted in art is as beautiful as a real flower,
but also free from its taunts and the flags that move around the real flower.
The flower and art pleases us more than the real flower in the real world.
It takes on distorted truth, is contaminated by one city, and beauty is polluted by unpleasantness.
Putting art one can witness an absolute truth, absolute morality and absolute beauty.
The example it used to illustrate his argument about the nature of art was the feeling that I end up for all wrong.
Yeah, just give me a minute applause. Just the example down, which was to receive this argument about the nature of art, was already,
he says the feeling that may be aroused by seeing a real drenched woman would not involved by seeing a painting of it because
the real woman is real and the materiality is absent in the way the artistic expression is composed of aethereal elements.
The real woman meek wasn't earthly desires, but the painting will only lead to an expression such as What a beauty.
Since the materiality of body, which is the place of origin of desire,
is absent in the artistic presentation, the experience of art will not be contaminated with sinful desserts.
This literature and art in this in this kind of conversation, varied materiality,
the physicality of of life is is considered to be difficult to deal with that art and literature,
which will transform all of this reality into a surreal, in a sense, a non-physical, non tangible existence and aethereal kind of existence.
It is that in some sense, what I wish to argue here is as a closing point is that all of these pieces and all of these
examples of what what emerges to this discourse in early 20th century 1920s been 1930s,
is the conversation about how accommodating the liberty of of of a body of sexuality
was central or central to the production of larger literary and artistic expressions.
While it has also been extraordinarily difficult for them to to to grapple with that bodily aspect of sexuality and materiality.
Thank you.