1 00:00:00,270 --> 00:00:04,410 In the autumn of 1998. 2 00:00:05,280 --> 00:00:14,700 Yes, a court had one of a series of awful operations which made the last decade of his life a life of suffering. 3 00:00:15,930 --> 00:00:24,270 His surgery, which included correction of occlusion of one of the neck arteries, was complicated by a massive cock. 4 00:00:24,450 --> 00:00:33,900 And of course, when he came out of the coma, he was not aware where or what point of time he was. 5 00:00:34,470 --> 00:00:45,880 He had to make it. But he was in prison. And as a result of conspiracy between the security service for gas and the doctors, he was being tortured. 6 00:00:46,980 --> 00:00:54,750 He told of having visited him a complicated story, the kind real lives with difficulty. 7 00:00:55,200 --> 00:01:02,580 The kinetic was everything that he was in also under German occupation in 1943, 8 00:01:02,970 --> 00:01:13,050 and talking with the commander of this says the chief command of the home army and the Jewish Fighting Organisation trying to reconcile them. 9 00:01:15,210 --> 00:01:17,680 Just after the visit of a friend of his friend John, 10 00:01:17,680 --> 00:01:27,300 Mr. Smart told me that the most startling thing had been that involved in Cohen and discomfort hallucination. 11 00:01:27,840 --> 00:01:33,930 She could recognise the old attic with all his nobility and believe that people 12 00:01:33,930 --> 00:01:40,980 should always and in every situation try to hide and then to stand out in faith. 13 00:01:42,030 --> 00:01:45,630 He's often associated with extremism. 14 00:01:46,230 --> 00:01:52,730 Yitzhak was a person of faith within society, of compromise and understanding. 15 00:01:54,120 --> 00:01:58,320 He was like that at the time of the Workers Defence Committee, 16 00:01:58,830 --> 00:02:06,720 which his famous slogan referring to the burning of a party committees during the work of politics in communist Poland. 17 00:02:07,560 --> 00:02:14,820 Dozens of committees set up your home. He was like that at the time of a first solidarity. 18 00:02:15,870 --> 00:02:20,430 He travelled incessantly around Poland, visiting trouble spots. 19 00:02:21,030 --> 00:02:25,860 He negotiated between the local solidarity and local authorities. 20 00:02:26,610 --> 00:02:27,810 He stopped strikes. 21 00:02:28,380 --> 00:02:40,709 He would come and pacify crowds and parties which made his colleagues from the opposition and from solidarity him full time and spent a few 22 00:02:40,710 --> 00:02:50,310 months before the introduction of the martial law when there was already an unprecedented conflict between solidarity and the authorities. 23 00:02:51,090 --> 00:02:56,700 Yet let's put forward the idea of a national coalition government. 24 00:02:57,810 --> 00:03:03,690 It was based on three pillars the alternative of trust and solidarity. 25 00:03:05,010 --> 00:03:11,129 He started intense activity towards that goal during the last meeting of solidarity. 26 00:03:11,130 --> 00:03:21,270 But once she get into the evening of 12 December, when information was reaching them about increased activity of the militia, 27 00:03:21,270 --> 00:03:27,929 and after that that meant that maybe according to app of soldiers, 28 00:03:27,930 --> 00:03:33,600 of those that had of reports in hospitals, local telephones, 29 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:43,530 that Alexis Hadzic was handing out his article of national government printed on the duplicated machine. 30 00:03:44,790 --> 00:03:52,530 He tried to persuade the activist to accept his proposal as a resolution taken by the Solidarity leadership. 31 00:03:53,670 --> 00:04:01,470 He must have known a few hours before he was arrested that this idea was completely unrealistic. 32 00:04:02,010 --> 00:04:07,650 He must have believed that showing a willingness to reach an understanding make sense. 33 00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:13,920 Thus, as soon as the terms of how they broke, those became apparent. 34 00:04:14,910 --> 00:04:21,150 He had no doubt that it was necessary to sit down at the negotiating table. 35 00:04:22,470 --> 00:04:26,760 It was by no means a general attitude. On the contrary, 36 00:04:27,660 --> 00:04:38,700 there was a great resistance among underground activists against negotiating with both committees on overheads opposed 37 00:04:38,700 --> 00:04:48,720 until the last moment and with the participation of people which caused a delay in negotiations between Lech Walesa. 38 00:04:49,200 --> 00:04:53,970 Because, like I was, I was adamant that he would not sit at the negotiation table without them. 39 00:04:55,380 --> 00:04:59,490 It is better, by the way, the peculiar paradox that. 40 00:05:00,520 --> 00:05:07,000 We checked if he was as he had or so demonised and hated by the authorities. 41 00:05:08,620 --> 00:05:12,660 We believed that Koven was ready to hunt us there. 42 00:05:12,820 --> 00:05:17,520 The episodes he told his person and that of Nick. 43 00:05:17,780 --> 00:05:22,630 We were always present in the reports which were about to us. 44 00:05:23,260 --> 00:05:32,140 We were separate, I definitely feel. I also think that many of those reports were exaggerated by the Ministry of Interior. 45 00:05:32,560 --> 00:05:37,030 But of course, I don't want to justify myself by saying this. 46 00:05:38,380 --> 00:05:45,730 We were saying the workers movement had a weapon for a few months in the shape of Kobani. 47 00:05:45,850 --> 00:05:59,740 We knew everything would be alright. On the first day of the talks, yes, a cool hand was climbing the stairs of a presidential palace at the top. 48 00:06:00,250 --> 00:06:09,280 He found himself face to face with Quichotte at a meal in the same situation, paying as much as he could walk past. 49 00:06:09,280 --> 00:06:17,330 He struck, however, yet came up to him, extended his hand and said I am yet to. 50 00:06:20,690 --> 00:06:27,440 He had an axe to grind. We've run out of key stock like no one else on the table. 51 00:06:28,820 --> 00:06:41,390 He stock was head of a new struggling trio who took individual curves as to which of important impositions to which to hold longer, 52 00:06:41,990 --> 00:06:56,510 which to be cautious, except to have been his decision to internal from the attic and to some magic, but also his wife guy and his way. 53 00:06:57,350 --> 00:07:04,310 Yes, it is very father who lived with them. That's like mother or that was the price of old cut. 54 00:07:05,630 --> 00:07:08,960 Henry Cohan was almost blind and very weak. 55 00:07:09,830 --> 00:07:15,620 He had suffered a heart attack three years before when the fighting squad sent by 56 00:07:15,620 --> 00:07:21,139 for security burst into the Cohan's flat to block a flying university lecture, 57 00:07:21,140 --> 00:07:32,780 lecture and pick up diet and magic. Yet six father wrote a request to see his son present as he was not feeling well. 58 00:07:32,780 --> 00:07:38,120 And it was perhaps the last meeting, but he was not allowed to see his son. 59 00:07:39,410 --> 00:07:49,640 Mr. Cohen watched on TV just what speaks after demonstrations of a second anniversary of a goodbyes government during which people were killed. 60 00:07:50,510 --> 00:07:57,120 He said that the responsibility for the victims fell on the instigators of the hands 61 00:07:58,190 --> 00:08:04,820 Henry Cohen must have had in his speech an announcement of anonymous future for his son. 62 00:08:05,600 --> 00:08:16,610 He had a heart attack because his second and it was fatal when Galea seriously ill in the internment camp. 63 00:08:17,210 --> 00:08:26,950 Then Alki Sharp tried to take advantage of it and blackmail the attic to leave Poland with her so she could get treatment. 64 00:08:28,760 --> 00:08:36,650 Yes, it was prepared to do it. In a letter of 11th July 1982, smuggler took you hold. 65 00:08:38,970 --> 00:08:45,080 You are all that counts. And for you I shall do anything with no hesitation. 66 00:08:45,500 --> 00:08:54,110 I have an obligation. The last all of us boys and girls who go to prison today, for I am the one who had led them for. 67 00:08:54,860 --> 00:09:02,260 Nevertheless, I over his motorcade on which we can weigh his obligations, we still must waver. 68 00:09:03,200 --> 00:09:07,160 That means everybody has to do it on his own and alone. 69 00:09:08,180 --> 00:09:16,700 These boys and girls are being told, now, look, the only those I can go away and hence constructs humanity. 70 00:09:17,870 --> 00:09:20,870 But I am not the only leader. And you are my one. 71 00:09:20,870 --> 00:09:28,520 And only without you will be no me. He made no decision to leave with her. 72 00:09:29,480 --> 00:09:36,410 Geiger had none of it. Under no circumstances did she want him to commit himself to anything. 73 00:09:36,410 --> 00:09:46,220 Revelations about dying for her sake. I was told by America the man who took Gaia to his hospital after her release from going to Moscow. 74 00:09:47,870 --> 00:09:51,590 So quick, quickly, strong. What was happened on the day she died. 75 00:09:52,730 --> 00:10:01,280 Yet it was called to her from present yourself before he entered the world when she lay. 76 00:10:01,880 --> 00:10:09,740 And then Mum told him that the Galya would soon die, that she had an oxygen pipe in her mouth. 77 00:10:09,860 --> 00:10:17,030 You have to remember, she was so beautiful. So eyes were saying something, but it did not mean wanted. 78 00:10:17,450 --> 00:10:21,620 I felt cheated for everything I had been doing was for her. 79 00:10:21,920 --> 00:10:27,530 Please us. So he died also for her. That's in your head. 80 00:10:27,530 --> 00:10:36,230 She was dying and wanted to stay with her for the night, but instead he was taken to a cell at the police station, 81 00:10:36,850 --> 00:10:42,320 which he was not with his wife at the moment of her death. 82 00:10:44,060 --> 00:10:49,120 How could he can? How could he shake hands with you stuff? 83 00:10:50,180 --> 00:10:56,280 In fact, it's hard to imagine even today yet. 84 00:10:57,620 --> 00:11:03,780 Well. And then geico's that can I forgive. 85 00:11:04,130 --> 00:11:08,570 But we were not together before her death. That was days. 86 00:11:08,990 --> 00:11:11,990 She was alone without me. Oh, magic. 87 00:11:13,250 --> 00:11:24,650 Can I forgive? But my grandfather was left alone at home without the memory of a last months and hours of her life. 88 00:11:24,860 --> 00:11:30,170 How did he come to work? He does not answer the question of his biography. 89 00:11:30,180 --> 00:11:34,220 Can I forgive? Probably because he did not forgive. 90 00:11:35,630 --> 00:11:39,470 He did not forget apology. But he did not stop hateful. 91 00:11:41,330 --> 00:11:49,880 I have always said to myself, remember, you must not stop hating, because if you don't, it will destroy your hatred. 92 00:11:50,150 --> 00:11:56,990 This is the one point he had no doubt whatsoever for. 93 00:11:56,990 --> 00:12:07,340 Divesting oneself from hate and readiness to cooperate with former oppressors offer the chance of a peaceful transformation reason for himself. 94 00:12:08,540 --> 00:12:11,600 But how did he manage these motions? 95 00:12:12,380 --> 00:12:15,750 Especially that yet to always show. 96 00:12:15,920 --> 00:12:24,620 Showed his feelings. He was a bundle of spontaneously expressed emotions certain to use as a psychological draft. 97 00:12:25,220 --> 00:12:29,290 He worked on it for a long time and had plenty of time to do so. 98 00:12:29,430 --> 00:12:39,020 So during his time in prison yet to serve his sentences in combat, have you lost hope? 99 00:12:39,440 --> 00:12:43,700 Prison conditions that overwhelmed all political prisoners. 100 00:12:44,660 --> 00:12:49,130 And so during his second term in prison. 101 00:12:49,670 --> 00:13:00,230 After March 1968, he was placed in the pavilion together with psychopaths, sociopaths and mentally handicapped. 102 00:13:02,180 --> 00:13:10,400 Then I like wild animals in the cage, like a mad like which for itself as anyone but anyone. 103 00:13:10,760 --> 00:13:16,999 Yes, it describes these inmates as it is particularly dangerous out of fear. 104 00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:21,590 They look for something which can define you completely, make you defenceless. 105 00:13:22,820 --> 00:13:31,190 In his autobiography, that's a cop who mentions how he, a stranger among them, managed to survive. 106 00:13:32,480 --> 00:13:39,680 Did you wake up frightened every day. How many times did he face dangerous situations? 107 00:13:40,700 --> 00:13:46,670 He mentions he just sent me of him in the eyes of a criminal, praising his soul. 108 00:13:47,360 --> 00:13:51,110 But his life would be in that danger. Yes. 109 00:13:51,110 --> 00:13:57,940 Ignore the pistol planted him on purpose and would not be provocative. 110 00:13:58,260 --> 00:14:07,999 But he had an ostentatiously positive attitude to prison service, defended prison guards, saying. 111 00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:14,240 But they had such popular silly people that one thought a system, not the people. 112 00:14:14,630 --> 00:14:27,920 So it made no sense to quarrel with scores of colleagues who were in prison with him when he was kindly disposed not only to prison officers, 113 00:14:28,610 --> 00:14:34,790 but also when he was free to serve so she could address who take him. 114 00:14:35,840 --> 00:14:44,240 He believed in an agent who came to search his house to be given a cup of tea because one had to see a human being in him. 115 00:14:45,020 --> 00:14:54,770 Gaia, his wife, who picked him up in everything, did not agree with her husband in this one matter, and he still insisted. 116 00:14:54,950 --> 00:14:58,459 But agents were not focussed yet. 117 00:14:58,460 --> 00:15:03,760 They could converse with them. Why she would show them have severe uncomfortable face. 118 00:15:04,270 --> 00:15:11,660 Once when he had to pay some agent guy a comment that also gave it to the one with twist of my arm. 119 00:15:13,430 --> 00:15:18,140 Shortly before he died, Natsuko agreed to appear in a film. 120 00:15:18,650 --> 00:15:30,610 Incredible main protagonists were himself and the security officer assigned to him nameless, a particularly vicious [INAUDIBLE] whom later in people. 121 00:15:31,160 --> 00:15:38,770 Yet to help to find a club in a film yet success during interrogations. 122 00:15:38,780 --> 00:15:42,520 I used to say, you are a professional. I am a professional. 123 00:15:42,530 --> 00:15:50,290 As professionals, we have to fight each other, but nevertheless as people have to like each other, he said. 124 00:15:50,840 --> 00:15:54,790 But he felt awful in the climax of his end of it. 125 00:15:54,800 --> 00:15:58,160 Always everywhere and with everybody. 126 00:15:58,670 --> 00:16:10,219 He tried to establish a relationship. At the beginning of the roundtable, Yeltsin announced this nine years in prison, which I have. 127 00:16:10,220 --> 00:16:15,500 So I'm not so important because I have always been a free man. 128 00:16:16,220 --> 00:16:18,430 I am not angry with anyone. 129 00:16:18,770 --> 00:16:30,800 I think when he started medical treatment, he would talk to his adversaries, official and unofficial, when talking to people. 130 00:16:31,460 --> 00:16:39,770 Yes, I would treat everybody the same. Beat a prostitute or president, a communist camp or a Nobel Prize winner. 131 00:16:40,610 --> 00:16:47,890 He never kept his distance. His interlocutor would become his pilot at once and yet took a coffee. 132 00:16:47,900 --> 00:17:01,130 And Bobby was always ready to provide discuss, had enough offered and a drink, which, a matter of fact, he choked many of his crab combo position. 133 00:17:02,390 --> 00:17:10,280 You can you can remember the chaotic, immediate settlement with Key stuck the case of a deserter from the Red Army 134 00:17:10,640 --> 00:17:15,050 who had been hiding for six months in Botswana and wanted to get to Sweden. 135 00:17:15,260 --> 00:17:21,050 Keep tax it. Let him go. Also gas. Want to notify him when? 136 00:17:21,350 --> 00:17:28,969 After the count table there was a meeting of a solidarity leadership to decide whether 137 00:17:28,970 --> 00:17:34,680 the union should put forward its candidates for upcoming parliamentary elections. 138 00:17:34,680 --> 00:17:44,600 Suburbs of many activists were against it, saying that so that he must not get his hands dirty. 139 00:17:45,860 --> 00:17:53,270 Yes, it started shocking, but generations have beaten the test for this policy. 140 00:17:53,330 --> 00:17:56,450 We are facing a historic chance today. 141 00:17:57,170 --> 00:18:00,680 If you dig in your heels, we will be beating the sheep. 142 00:18:01,910 --> 00:18:09,350 Yes, it was our first or papers. But you will use this kind of language to say something quite important. 143 00:18:10,460 --> 00:18:19,580 So it started. Yes. It became one of the Solidarity Council dates, and at his electoral meetings he repeated, 144 00:18:21,050 --> 00:18:26,630 We must honestly assure the colonies that we have no we something like this. 145 00:18:27,140 --> 00:18:34,160 But you must believe us. If you are not credible, the elections will end up with, of course, in one way or another. 146 00:18:36,290 --> 00:18:48,740 When he took charge of the Ministry of Labour, he announced on the very first day in office that he will not sack any vote in the Parliament. 147 00:18:49,700 --> 00:18:58,279 He tweeted, Everybody alive. I don't know which of our members had a conversation with Yeltsin who told her he was unable 148 00:18:58,280 --> 00:19:06,110 to go to the Parliament and to prevent his manifestation of contempt of the so-called heads. 149 00:19:07,490 --> 00:19:13,220 I can sense how people are humiliated in school, he said, and he knew it. 150 00:19:16,070 --> 00:19:27,500 Why would the communists negotiate with us who want vote when anti-communist and policy aspiration atmosphere started to gain Poland? 151 00:19:29,480 --> 00:19:39,260 Was it about their own jobs, positions, flags and creepy letters all about the good of the country in the Communist Party? 152 00:19:41,090 --> 00:19:45,050 I have always said that I don't care. 153 00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:54,019 However, now I think that the principle holding to low according to it any doubts are to 154 00:19:54,020 --> 00:19:59,900 be settled in favour of a defect and should be also applied in the situation. 155 00:20:00,620 --> 00:20:04,040 When we try to understand someone's motivations. 156 00:20:05,780 --> 00:20:15,200 Perhaps just once in all his life deeply alone, helpless people need to get the better of him in public. 157 00:20:15,890 --> 00:20:26,480 It was in November 1991. The Parliament was discussing, let's call the Zimbabwe entitlements for the government. 158 00:20:27,320 --> 00:20:39,200 And I see, though, a Communist Party MP proposed on behalf of his party to exclude the pension bill from boss entitlements. 159 00:20:40,520 --> 00:20:45,560 It meant in practice that were pensioners would not receive pensions, 160 00:20:46,130 --> 00:20:55,280 which might to some degree compensate for the inflation and the social crisis and would not be able to make ends meet until the end of the month. 161 00:20:56,810 --> 00:21:08,720 Wrote in the 60. When yes it was Leek town on the MP in question was a prison doctor but in the party MP. 162 00:21:08,940 --> 00:21:13,880 It was late in the evening. Southern House of the Parliament. 163 00:21:14,600 --> 00:21:18,110 Yes. It reminded him of that and blurted out. 164 00:21:19,550 --> 00:21:27,410 I saw doctors who refused me medical help or simply treated me like a scumbag. 165 00:21:28,250 --> 00:21:40,010 I was ordered to stand back with my head shaven and the above prison is what I would see guide to help me if I hadn't been called up. 166 00:21:40,010 --> 00:21:40,730 He was quick. 167 00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:51,230 I will never stand in this house today if I had been brought up in the hallway, cause if I had not been bed and able to swear, I would be dead by now. 168 00:21:53,810 --> 00:22:07,160 He later apologised to the parliament of two MP he had attacked and explain, but each time Cito argued with him, he repeated quietly to himself. 169 00:22:08,060 --> 00:22:11,360 I was various coin power. Let's do the exact thing. 170 00:22:12,360 --> 00:22:17,390 He added, Today I have thrown up for the first time. 171 00:22:17,720 --> 00:22:26,180 I have thrown up on my bed that vision of repeating to himself. 172 00:22:26,930 --> 00:22:32,150 I was school, I was fabulous is probably the only place. 173 00:22:32,720 --> 00:22:40,910 But yet I had to fight constantly, not to give in to hate, and not that he had declared it once and gone postal. 174 00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:46,280 Yet text me the photo compromise. 175 00:22:46,850 --> 00:22:54,560 Establishing a relation did not confirm only good people on the opposite side of the bank. 176 00:22:55,760 --> 00:23:02,870 One of the great leaders of Solidarity, both Baleka and Orlando councillor for this world, Hassan York, 177 00:23:03,260 --> 00:23:11,330 said that both took to Card to conduct the conversation so as to understand another person's point of view. 178 00:23:11,780 --> 00:23:16,760 We will try someone else, but he would keep trying to see something in them. 179 00:23:17,630 --> 00:23:21,470 He was incredibly patient. Time to leave someone out of step higher. 180 00:23:21,920 --> 00:23:31,730 Find some decency then. I remember at that meeting shouting at him about this, saying that he would not change so and so by assuming him to be decent. 181 00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:36,320 But lack of success did not change the ATSIC's future. 182 00:23:37,820 --> 00:23:42,110 In that sense, yes, it was not a typical justice. 183 00:23:43,250 --> 00:23:50,150 This happens most often. The safe. Not all together, wrongly as people. 184 00:23:50,480 --> 00:23:58,790 And then he continues to provide for us with the bulk of surveillance and covert from the none of them feature. 185 00:23:59,570 --> 00:24:08,180 Yet openness to different views and different life choices was fundamental not only at the time of transformation, 186 00:24:09,050 --> 00:24:12,850 but also earlier at the time of opposition. 187 00:24:14,150 --> 00:24:21,860 Yes, sick, consolidated people like the Workers Defence Committee where he was and if 188 00:24:23,420 --> 00:24:30,470 he was able to consolidate such different people in all possible dimensions. 189 00:24:30,680 --> 00:24:36,770 He was an extraordinary person. If he were alive, he would be new came. 190 00:24:37,580 --> 00:24:43,310 Ukraine was the second life of his life after going into it. 191 00:24:43,610 --> 00:24:50,110 He would be there with his oxygen mask and all his wealth that I'm certain about him. 192 00:24:50,630 --> 00:24:55,940 And he was so good at negotiating and bringing hope. 193 00:24:57,740 --> 00:25:07,010 He was also a man full of contradictions, a man of reconciliation and resolve during the time of transformation. 194 00:25:07,460 --> 00:25:16,550 He became a free market, ascends, and towards the end of his life he regretted it aesthetically as he had supported it. 195 00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:21,430 But this is what they think of us to a certain discussion.