1 00:00:04,960 --> 00:00:11,320 Well, thank you very much, dear friends. I am really grateful to Professor McMillan, 2 00:00:11,770 --> 00:00:22,990 to Martin Davidson and to my friend Les Bodell for the invitation to speak about the challenges facing human rights in the global year. 3 00:00:23,350 --> 00:00:37,150 At the annual review of the Medal Lecture, Sergio's entire life was dedicated to the ideals of human rights and humanitarian work for him. 4 00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:43,000 Freedom and human dignity were the foundations of peace and justice. 5 00:00:44,680 --> 00:00:51,400 Sarah was courageous and compassionate, bold, but also pragmatic. 6 00:00:52,360 --> 00:00:55,630 Often at the frontiers or the front lines. 7 00:00:55,960 --> 00:00:59,710 But always taking the side of the weak. The vulnerable. 8 00:01:00,550 --> 00:01:05,230 The powerless. Uncompromising in his principles. 9 00:01:05,800 --> 00:01:11,770 But with a gift for listening and learning from those you're working with. 10 00:01:13,210 --> 00:01:18,220 And he had the capacity to combine a maximum flexibility in dealing with the 11 00:01:18,220 --> 00:01:24,850 complexities of real life situations with a strong commitment to basic values. 12 00:01:25,990 --> 00:01:33,310 This allowed him to stand on the side of the victims while taking to all the parties we walked. 13 00:01:34,620 --> 00:01:45,660 Perhaps this is a close. So this is as close as one can get to being a practitioner of what I could call the art of politics. 14 00:01:46,170 --> 00:01:53,190 Part of my best book. This combination of vision, in fact, methods, flexibility, 15 00:01:53,340 --> 00:02:03,840 the means and consistency only go from Cambodia to Bosnia, Rwanda to Kosovo, East Timor through Iraq. 16 00:02:04,500 --> 00:02:09,390 Sarah came to meet with some of the most dreadful conflicts of the last decade. 17 00:02:09,600 --> 00:02:16,140 By the way, I had been to Timor when Saddam was there, so I was the United Nations representative. 18 00:02:17,460 --> 00:02:22,050 It was really something very impressed to see this man. 19 00:02:22,380 --> 00:02:26,040 Has it been said by men of cancer? 20 00:02:26,050 --> 00:02:31,950 A beautiful man and totally devoted? It was, but it's there. 21 00:02:32,460 --> 00:02:40,680 In talking to everyone in Timor at that time, it was still very poor and it was unstable. 22 00:02:41,740 --> 00:02:52,290 I was president, so it was impossible to receive me even more because without any hotel or the to to stay there. 23 00:02:52,320 --> 00:02:58,480 So in order to offer me a lunch, we had to move to a board. 24 00:02:59,170 --> 00:03:05,370 You see, it was there for a long time because of some sorts of means situation into war. 25 00:03:05,850 --> 00:03:11,100 It is really something very impressive to see both generals moving ahead. 26 00:03:11,730 --> 00:03:15,670 I went to see different place in Timor. I went to see schools in Timor, 27 00:03:15,700 --> 00:03:24,710 to see priests in Timor and also over there for having made to try to convince the 28 00:03:24,960 --> 00:03:28,470 people in beautiful because they were not able to speak Portuguese correctly. 29 00:03:28,890 --> 00:03:34,290 They just have to adapt some sort of, you know, grammar in order to do easier. 30 00:03:34,290 --> 00:03:41,190 The process of the process of educating Timor people, you do it to Portuguese. 31 00:03:41,760 --> 00:03:55,530 And for me was wonderful because my wife was at the time very active in trying to, to, about to face the problem of illiteracy in Brazil. 32 00:03:55,620 --> 00:04:03,959 And she creates an organisation named so that community solidarity and this organisation 33 00:04:03,960 --> 00:04:10,560 was there Timor trying to also to help what has been done in several old time there. 34 00:04:10,740 --> 00:04:16,200 So to me is not just something that I'm saying because I have to, to give you a lecture, 35 00:04:16,470 --> 00:04:21,420 it's something that they feel profoundly because I thought the health service was 36 00:04:21,420 --> 00:04:26,940 capable to motivate people and to take the leadership in very difficult situations. 37 00:04:27,300 --> 00:04:34,800 So let me say to you that because I sent from Cambodia to Bosnia, Rwanda, Kosovo, Kosovo, 38 00:04:35,220 --> 00:04:39,810 East Timor said to give you some of the most dreadful conflict of the last decades. 39 00:04:40,590 --> 00:04:48,030 Time and again, you was confronted with life in that question, for which there were no easy answers. 40 00:04:48,720 --> 00:04:55,110 How to balance the obligation to protect the victims. We did the initiation of human rights violations. 41 00:04:55,530 --> 00:05:02,370 What kinds of compromise are or are not acceptable to minimise human suffering? 42 00:05:02,970 --> 00:05:06,180 At what point pragmatism becomes complacency? 43 00:05:06,570 --> 00:05:07,650 We the inseparable. 44 00:05:08,850 --> 00:05:18,990 When is dialogue no longer an option in the aggressor has to be engaged, despite the risk that in the short term the level of violence may increase. 45 00:05:19,560 --> 00:05:26,490 How to define this moment in which, faced with massive human rights abuse and crimes against humanity. 46 00:05:26,790 --> 00:05:30,960 It is legitimate to use force in the pursuit of peace. 47 00:05:32,290 --> 00:05:40,140 Who felt that the way for walk or follow it to invent on this path the most appropriate set of ground rules. 48 00:05:41,190 --> 00:05:41,380 Vision. 49 00:05:41,660 --> 00:05:51,720 The international community technology that fragment in systematic violation of human rights are frequently the main cause of global insecurity. 50 00:05:52,530 --> 00:05:58,260 It was also convincing that top down approach are bound to fail. 51 00:05:59,130 --> 00:06:03,150 Outsiders can help. Many think moving expertise. 52 00:06:03,390 --> 00:06:06,540 What is compelled pressure are important tools, 53 00:06:07,320 --> 00:06:16,130 but no lasting outcome can be a thing without the empowerment of local leaders and the building of local capacities. 54 00:06:16,800 --> 00:06:21,060 Human rights and democracy are human invention. 55 00:06:21,540 --> 00:06:34,020 It is not a given, but because such rooted in the history and culture of each society, they are never defined all and for all other expression of. 56 00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:36,890 Oman needs it as a result of human action. 57 00:06:37,400 --> 00:06:48,020 Their frame is a work in progress, and Fincher brought new questions and demands a result of an ever evolving political and social landscape. 58 00:06:48,860 --> 00:06:54,559 That is why I believe that addressing some of the key challenges from human rights in today's 59 00:06:54,560 --> 00:07:02,390 world is a fitting way to pay tribute to the ideals that inspired Sergio Vieira de Mello life. 60 00:07:03,740 --> 00:07:07,100 I will focus on five critical challenges. 61 00:07:08,060 --> 00:07:20,120 The first one, and perhaps the most complex of all, is the tension between universal human rights and respect for cultural and religious diversity. 62 00:07:21,290 --> 00:07:25,580 Human rights are universal, interlinked and indivisible. 63 00:07:26,390 --> 00:07:30,530 But the world is more than ever multipolar and multicultural. 64 00:07:31,430 --> 00:07:33,920 Hence the paradox. We are confronted. 65 00:07:35,090 --> 00:07:45,230 We are confronted with how to ensure that respect for diversity does not lead to the uncritical sectors of religious fundamentalism. 66 00:07:45,860 --> 00:07:51,020 How far the tolerance of intolerance can go without the beating itself? 67 00:07:52,040 --> 00:07:57,080 What are the precious core values that must be safeguarded in any situation? 68 00:07:57,950 --> 00:08:07,580 It is true that is those strict answer to these questions, but it is also true that the international community, 69 00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:13,280 through dialogue and debate, has been for a minimum set of standards. 70 00:08:14,660 --> 00:08:25,730 I think we can safely say at this point that this emerging consensus about what is clearly an acceptable encompasses for crimes against humanity, 71 00:08:26,030 --> 00:08:30,860 like ethnic cleansing or the use of famine as a weapon of war. 72 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:39,079 Second, atrocities like the systematic use of torture against political opponents to the 73 00:08:39,080 --> 00:08:44,870 indiscriminate violence against the civilian population in situations of armed conflicts. 74 00:08:45,980 --> 00:08:52,550 The point I would like to stress is that the global public opinion debate plays a critical role in these debates. 75 00:08:53,060 --> 00:08:58,520 It is no longer only to states and international organisations to set the standards. 76 00:08:59,240 --> 00:09:04,670 The voice influencing the process of deliberation are the many and diverse. 77 00:09:05,660 --> 00:09:12,590 This leads me to the second challenge facing human rights in the global bureau today, 78 00:09:13,250 --> 00:09:21,830 both state and non-state actors are increasingly responsible for the violation and the promotion of human rights. 79 00:09:22,550 --> 00:09:27,020 These are challenges and an opportunity for the cause of human rights. 80 00:09:27,860 --> 00:09:33,470 A challenge because it is much more difficult for the international community to protect 81 00:09:33,570 --> 00:09:40,340 the victims of atrocities perpetrated by loosely organised network such as them. 82 00:09:41,240 --> 00:09:51,320 This problem is compounded by the proliferation of failed states incapable or unwilling to control the actions not only of terrorist organisations, 83 00:09:51,470 --> 00:09:56,690 but also to kerb the growing power of global organised crime. 84 00:09:58,220 --> 00:10:05,480 In today's Latin America, for example, drug related crime is no longer a problem for police and courts. 85 00:10:05,870 --> 00:10:10,430 It is a direct challenge to governments and societies. 86 00:10:11,450 --> 00:10:18,710 The rising power of the drug mafias and cartels is destroying not only the lives of our young people. 87 00:10:19,220 --> 00:10:29,600 They also tearing apart the social fabric and undermining to violence and corruption the most basic institutions of democracy. 88 00:10:30,230 --> 00:10:42,380 As I say to you, I belong to a group of people in Latin America, decided to organise a commission on former former presidents of Latin America. 89 00:10:42,440 --> 00:10:47,270 And I thought a lot of it is social scientists and practitioners. 90 00:10:47,870 --> 00:10:51,800 We decided to organise. And why? 91 00:10:51,890 --> 00:10:59,420 Because of what I have just done wrong is undermining democracy is not just a problem of the drug by itself and police. 92 00:10:59,690 --> 00:11:04,520 It's also a political problem. If you look across the region, it's not just Colombia. 93 00:11:04,640 --> 00:11:09,170 Colombia's families, but not just globally. Real people have a very similar situation. 94 00:11:09,350 --> 00:11:19,250 If you go to Mexico, this maybe is worse is the kind of situation of despair when the government is to take the decision to fight further trafficking. 95 00:11:20,870 --> 00:11:29,720 The government is losing the battle because the cartels are so well organised and so powerful and they have been destroyed so profoundly. 96 00:11:30,080 --> 00:11:42,930 The government may. Communities and provinces that is extremely difficult to deal with with these kind of people. 97 00:11:43,200 --> 00:11:50,040 On top of that, the crime has been also affected by the new wave of globalisation. 98 00:11:50,490 --> 00:11:59,300 You know, this not just okay, it is organised through new instruments and use using the internet as more organisation. 99 00:11:59,310 --> 00:12:04,870 It's going to speed them and regain their capacity to to survive again and again 100 00:12:04,870 --> 00:12:08,670 and again because there are no more hierarchies as it has in the past as mafia. 101 00:12:08,910 --> 00:12:15,000 You need that. Italy had a boss. No, no, it's different. There's no more national priority in that boss. 102 00:12:15,210 --> 00:12:24,240 We can look at it. You know, criminal people can organise very, very easily by themselves, by using the same of that we are using now. 103 00:12:24,420 --> 00:12:29,160 That is to say the way Internet and Google has here and there. 104 00:12:29,400 --> 00:12:36,390 So it's still very difficult to talk to me without talking, not just in Latin America, across the world. 105 00:12:37,170 --> 00:12:44,489 I think that because of that, the growing role of non-state actors is also an opportunity. 106 00:12:44,490 --> 00:12:49,380 And so far so many more voices are being heard in the defence of human rights. 107 00:12:50,250 --> 00:12:56,850 They range from organisations with great legitimacy such as Amnesty, Amnesty International, 108 00:12:57,360 --> 00:13:05,250 to a rising role played by a wide variety of new actors, spirit and civic and civic leaders, citizen groups and public opinion. 109 00:13:06,240 --> 00:13:07,290 40 years ago, 110 00:13:07,800 --> 00:13:16,350 reports denouncing torture against political prisoners in Brazil had been physically carried by members of the real Europe and the United States, 111 00:13:16,350 --> 00:13:27,299 often at considerable risk. One of the most effective action promoted by Amnesty International was the saving by ordinary people freedom, 112 00:13:27,300 --> 00:13:31,650 letters for torture, responsible for the mistreatment of political prisoners. 113 00:13:32,100 --> 00:13:35,460 Information today is a common public good. 114 00:13:35,910 --> 00:13:39,540 Click in the Internet data to flow all over the web. 115 00:13:40,110 --> 00:13:47,160 Power is shifting from state to society and from vertical organisation to flexible networks. 116 00:13:47,730 --> 00:13:59,250 Inform and empowering individuals also participate this free flowing conversation about what is admissible and what is not. 117 00:14:01,400 --> 00:14:10,440 But the third challenge I must progress is the threat posed for the world's poor by the global economic crisis that is upon us. 118 00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:21,230 With this concept of development as an expansion of freedom, Amartya Sen called attention to the interconnection between political freedom, 119 00:14:21,240 --> 00:14:25,970 economic empowerment of opportunities, transparency and security. 120 00:14:26,820 --> 00:14:37,140 This vision contributed to the growing perception of acute poverty and expanding global asymmetries as a violation of basic human rights. 121 00:14:37,770 --> 00:14:44,340 This question gained a new urgency in the face of the growing impact of the current financial meltdown. 122 00:14:45,360 --> 00:14:53,880 It is essential to prevent the corrosion of the great progress achieved in the last decade in terms of getting millions out of poverty. 123 00:14:55,020 --> 00:15:00,480 In an article published two weeks ago, two weeks ago in the Financial Times, Kofi Annan, 124 00:15:01,050 --> 00:15:06,300 Michelle Goldsberry and Robert Rubin warned against the threat of a response 125 00:15:06,300 --> 00:15:12,990 to the crisis that does not become the needs of the world's poor or worse, 126 00:15:13,320 --> 00:15:18,750 that results in more poverty, hunger, disease and illiteracy. 127 00:15:20,430 --> 00:15:28,380 Indeed, what a tremendous setback for the cause of human rights is for people in both countries 128 00:15:28,620 --> 00:15:34,860 work to pay the price for a crisis that they had no role to increase year again. 129 00:15:35,220 --> 00:15:38,430 We are confronted with risk and opportunity. 130 00:15:40,280 --> 00:15:48,710 Market fundamentalism has self-destructed in the same sudden and remarkable way that the Soviet Union melted in the air. 131 00:15:49,460 --> 00:15:56,810 The reckless pursuit of profit at any cost has brought to that end. 132 00:15:57,950 --> 00:16:02,480 It is time to ask ourselves, what are the real foundations of social science? 133 00:16:02,810 --> 00:16:08,840 What is quality of life? And what are the needs and values that should oriental collective behaviour? 134 00:16:09,500 --> 00:16:13,880 Unusual circumstances then to create opportunities. 135 00:16:14,570 --> 00:16:24,050 Conditions are ripe for the emergence of a new global contract driven by a different mindset with freedom, dignity and human rights at its core. 136 00:16:25,160 --> 00:16:34,040 Everyone knows what's going to happen. We do it as a consequence of the financial crisis because we are facing what was just beginning. 137 00:16:35,240 --> 00:16:39,920 You have to see what will happen. I had the four day two days ago in New York. 138 00:16:40,070 --> 00:16:41,120 The Election Day was there. 139 00:16:41,900 --> 00:16:52,940 And I had the opportunity to have a conversation, a dialogue with several people involved with the financial area in the United States. 140 00:16:53,750 --> 00:16:57,500 They don't know what to do. They don't know what will happen. 141 00:16:57,830 --> 00:17:01,010 I'm not speaking of anyone. I don't want to believe anything. 142 00:17:01,190 --> 00:17:04,370 It didn't help. Very important as a responsible people. 143 00:17:04,700 --> 00:17:09,320 They just go and see the situation back home and the government. 144 00:17:09,500 --> 00:17:18,020 We need governmental support. So it's one thing to see how these people have been so enthusiastic with free markets. 145 00:17:18,470 --> 00:17:25,850 I'm not against. But then how the fundamental is, in able of remarks, produce this kind of, you know, situation of despair. 146 00:17:25,910 --> 00:17:26,750 They don't know what to do. 147 00:17:27,470 --> 00:17:39,560 And I doubt if anyone is going to be capable now to say what to do probably will have to do it to try several ways to solve the situation. 148 00:17:40,340 --> 00:17:44,030 But at the end have two people because unemployment is coming, 149 00:17:44,660 --> 00:17:50,870 because poverty certainly will increase across the board and those will have a lot to do with the financial crisis, 150 00:17:50,870 --> 00:17:58,940 will pay a high price because of employment, because of the costs of a lot of commodities, 151 00:17:59,330 --> 00:18:04,910 because of the lack of of different opportunities to solve the situation. 152 00:18:04,970 --> 00:18:10,250 And this is also a problem that cannot be solved just by looking after the markets. 153 00:18:10,250 --> 00:18:19,490 You have to look at after societies, what they say, and you have to involve more people into the debate about what kind of future you went for. 154 00:18:20,030 --> 00:18:26,120 That you use a strong word for mankind, not for each one of our countries, but for mankind, because. 155 00:18:26,270 --> 00:18:31,310 Because of globalisation. Now again, suppose we speak about mankind in a different way. 156 00:18:31,580 --> 00:18:37,340 When I remember what has been said by Marx that you cannot use the concept of mankind, 157 00:18:37,340 --> 00:18:45,230 because what is true in social classes in mankind would be a kind of fake analysis of the real situation. 158 00:18:45,620 --> 00:18:53,989 Now again, I think it's necessary to review that position for good because mankind exists that has been put together by buy, 159 00:18:53,990 --> 00:18:58,380 by not just by market, but also by the communication process. 160 00:18:59,050 --> 00:19:02,180 You have to have this at all levels of global interplay. 161 00:19:02,460 --> 00:19:08,090 So we have to look after not just one nation, but have to all live together. 162 00:19:08,330 --> 00:19:14,540 This will require an enormous effort to some extent to rebuild the world order. 163 00:19:14,900 --> 00:19:19,310 Probably will have to start by trying to have a new sense of power. 164 00:19:19,820 --> 00:19:25,700 But then within society, not just have a sense of power to have more discussion board meetings, this is necessary. 165 00:19:25,830 --> 00:19:30,260 It's not enough that the problem have to do two to do in an effort to create 166 00:19:30,290 --> 00:19:34,730 new institutions or to invigorate the already existing these institutions, 167 00:19:34,820 --> 00:19:43,399 but with a democratic spirit enlarging the possibility for different countries and people to have a say into the decision making process. 168 00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:52,340 Because we cannot just accept what is now the case that only 1% of world power is taking decision. 169 00:19:52,360 --> 00:19:55,730 That is to say, the government of United States. 170 00:19:56,330 --> 00:20:06,470 If you look what happened in recent days, weeks and dates, the fact is the American treasury became a kind of central bank of central bankers. 171 00:20:06,920 --> 00:20:10,940 What has been the Lord Keynes dream? 172 00:20:11,850 --> 00:20:22,340 He was prevented to realise the dream because the American General Secretary at the time opposed to the King's ideas, 173 00:20:22,520 --> 00:20:25,340 that is, you say the create a real central bank of central bank. 174 00:20:25,590 --> 00:20:33,320 Suddenly you are seeing the Federal Reserve working as if the Fed of the would be the central bank of central banks. 175 00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:39,520 I understand current days, but at long term this is not acceptable because it. 176 00:20:40,040 --> 00:20:45,980 The of that is that from now on, my manager will have only one. 177 00:20:46,240 --> 00:20:48,730 I will say this is not acceptable. 178 00:20:49,240 --> 00:20:57,100 So that's what I'm trying to raise the bar, even if the financial side has to be face it from the perspective of mankind. 179 00:20:57,340 --> 00:21:00,130 So for the protection of rights who have the power, 180 00:21:00,340 --> 00:21:09,990 you have to do it to a large degree of the power of the process in order to avoid additional asymmetries as a consequence of financial crisis. 181 00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:14,230 I know that's very difficult, but we all like to think straight. 182 00:21:14,660 --> 00:21:19,270 I think someone has to try and hope nowadays, imagine a better world. 183 00:21:19,630 --> 00:21:24,100 And this is not just about one person. This is also a collective, you know. 184 00:21:26,450 --> 00:21:31,680 Otherwise, otherwise, otherwise. Those you are already commanding. 185 00:21:32,670 --> 00:21:37,630 You can always seem to continue to commit. Anyhow, that's removed. 186 00:21:37,810 --> 00:21:42,340 The other challenge I want to mention, and those are more specific. 187 00:21:42,850 --> 00:21:47,680 What is linked to the questions of institutional justice affecting societies 188 00:21:47,860 --> 00:21:52,840 where the rule of law was restored after long periods of authoritarianism? 189 00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:59,979 The other has to do with the threats to civil liberties raised by the war on terror that we knew. 190 00:21:59,980 --> 00:22:06,910 First, with the question that has deeply affected some of the most advanced democracies since the events of 911. 191 00:22:08,080 --> 00:22:17,050 Reflecting on the growing restrictions imposed on the rule of law in the name of civil needs, Sergio Vieira de Mello sounded the alarm. 192 00:22:17,150 --> 00:22:23,410 It is said, we live in fearful times and fear is the best advice. 193 00:22:24,550 --> 00:22:34,810 Who would have imagined eight, ten years ago that the world was about to witness a resurgence in the use of torture as a state voice? 194 00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:45,310 In the end, the steady erosion of basic civil rights in the name of the war on terror is one of the saddest developments in the field of human rights. 195 00:22:46,030 --> 00:22:51,790 In the discussion discussion in countries with legal traditions of the United States in that kingdom 196 00:22:52,060 --> 00:22:59,800 about the effectiveness of torture is a telling example of how fast human progress can be stopped. 197 00:23:00,130 --> 00:23:13,900 In my view, democracy will not lose war against global terrorism unless it is sacrificed in the process its most precious constituent values. 198 00:23:14,560 --> 00:23:20,950 This question is a powerful reminder of how fragile the conquests in the field of human 199 00:23:20,950 --> 00:23:28,510 rights and how exposed is any country in time of crisis to authoritarian relapses. 200 00:23:29,090 --> 00:23:34,719 But hopefully one of the first acts of Barack Obama as president of the United States 201 00:23:34,720 --> 00:23:41,350 will be to close down the venom Internet torture as it is a crime against humanity, 202 00:23:42,220 --> 00:23:45,820 because indulgence was a new start for it has been said. 203 00:23:47,020 --> 00:23:50,560 See the United States in recent recent years did not is an acceptable. 204 00:23:53,720 --> 00:24:00,800 The fact that they are discussing about the legitimacy of parties, he said, is unacceptable. 205 00:24:01,010 --> 00:24:11,840 If this had been done in one minister of justice, they wrote a paper defending the circumstances. 206 00:24:12,050 --> 00:24:17,510 It's possible it was in Stockholm and this factored in the approval by the government. 207 00:24:18,080 --> 00:24:22,280 So this is unacceptable. We'll have to go back in the hole. 208 00:24:22,760 --> 00:24:37,400 I sincerely hope that Obama will have the energy and the capacity, the energy to be able to take a courageous act and to close the bunker. 209 00:24:37,610 --> 00:24:43,430 Because he has a signal that this one here I knew here is beginning. 210 00:24:44,390 --> 00:24:53,840 I think that some symbolic, you know, moments have to be taken very that if you want to rebuild the basis for a better society. 211 00:24:55,010 --> 00:24:59,780 My last point has to do with the conflicting demands between peace and justice, 212 00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:07,730 truth and reconciliation in transitions from authoritarian to democratic rule in recent history. 213 00:25:08,060 --> 00:25:16,040 We have some examples of the use and sudden collapse of authoritarian regimes, usually in the aftermath of failed military adventures. 214 00:25:16,310 --> 00:25:19,940 This has been the case of Portugal, Greece and Argentina. 215 00:25:20,480 --> 00:25:28,219 In most cases, however, the transition to democracy was a long process driven by manufacturers combining pressure 216 00:25:28,220 --> 00:25:34,100 from civil society and the international community with power fatigue and economic hardship. 217 00:25:35,210 --> 00:25:43,670 In both situations, the question of how to deal with basic processes has been the only issue for numerous solid democracies. 218 00:25:44,360 --> 00:25:52,180 Different countries have chosen a different path, so we have opted for the points of retribution where unwilling immigrate, 219 00:25:52,490 --> 00:25:57,650 forced to make concessions to safeguard the force there, their fragile democracy. 220 00:25:58,250 --> 00:26:05,840 All those that tried to negate the wounds of the past were capable to heal their societies gradually. 221 00:26:06,260 --> 00:26:12,950 The notion of truth as a precondition for peace and reconciliation has emerged as an alternative 222 00:26:13,040 --> 00:26:18,920 to either outright impunity or the punishment of the many guilty of human rights abuse. 223 00:26:19,700 --> 00:26:26,330 Some measures of reparation for the victims is an indispensable component of the healing process. 224 00:26:27,020 --> 00:26:29,600 This requires, at the very least, 225 00:26:29,720 --> 00:26:37,730 that the State take the lead in conducting a full investigation and sheds light on violations committed by its agents. 226 00:26:38,300 --> 00:26:42,830 This is also the best way to prevent the repetition of these atrocities. 227 00:26:43,340 --> 00:26:46,800 I'm also avoiding being former head of state. 228 00:26:46,830 --> 00:26:51,770 It's not easy. It's extremely difficult because the head of state, 229 00:26:52,130 --> 00:27:00,860 even when the decision to do something that would have been through action or thought of being involved in. 230 00:27:01,790 --> 00:27:08,839 In the past week, we've learned both of you are right and very often you negate the existence of 231 00:27:08,840 --> 00:27:16,670 documents to before anything like this if you allow me in my my own experience once. 232 00:27:18,110 --> 00:27:31,010 If some of you remember I was an MBA in Providence, the local federal police had been offered some flowers, 233 00:27:31,580 --> 00:27:41,590 some documents about how one former regional leader was killed and with four photographs, one for one and so forth. 234 00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:46,400 And this man's wife, too. So I call it. 235 00:27:47,930 --> 00:27:52,579 I suppose responsible not for direct, 236 00:27:52,580 --> 00:28:03,200 but the union and institutional benefits like all businesses in which you had to respond to be what you love today and sincerely. 237 00:28:03,530 --> 00:28:12,420 One of them is so probably you are talking about people have access to the documents, but they are no more within our archives. 238 00:28:12,930 --> 00:28:15,650 But probably from time to time some doctors up here, 239 00:28:16,280 --> 00:28:23,540 but they are in the hands of those who have been involved with the practice of the war in official archives. 240 00:28:23,930 --> 00:28:27,170 So the human rights movement is asking for let's open the archives. 241 00:28:27,350 --> 00:28:30,590 All the archives are open but empty. 242 00:28:31,340 --> 00:28:36,920 There's no documents, nothing. The same applies to the victims of our guerrilla war. 243 00:28:37,310 --> 00:28:41,120 What are the borders, Robert, that keep people so people knows. 244 00:28:41,420 --> 00:28:45,290 But the state as such has little register of all. 245 00:28:46,010 --> 00:28:51,230 So it's a very embarrassing situation because even when the political decision has been made, 246 00:28:51,860 --> 00:28:59,389 we don't have the instruments, you know, to still see the whole situation, so on and so forth. 247 00:28:59,390 --> 00:29:09,810 Anyhow, something has to be done in our case was in time at the site of the war was for both of us in the society myself put the 248 00:29:09,810 --> 00:29:17,120 desire by the Minister and have been put in prison by the media to look at that said I was performing not in my name. 249 00:29:17,240 --> 00:29:22,790 The name of it was in the state and I tried to to make a kind of reconciliation. 250 00:29:23,420 --> 00:29:28,260 So I said, I will do well. 251 00:29:28,280 --> 00:29:31,460 Proposals from the operation for victims. 252 00:29:32,090 --> 00:29:39,800 And I as well, the wife of one of these guys had been killed. 253 00:29:41,660 --> 00:29:44,540 My lady was a friend of mine and she was also my friend. 254 00:29:44,750 --> 00:29:51,710 They came to my office, she came to my office and the military chief of staff of general was there. 255 00:29:52,070 --> 00:29:53,350 And as I say, 256 00:29:54,170 --> 00:30:06,350 we both have been very emotional with the situation because they speak and reproduce the photographs with general and so on and so forth, 257 00:30:06,470 --> 00:30:10,190 and you start the process of preparation and was going on and off. 258 00:30:10,520 --> 00:30:20,659 It still continues. But anyhow, this is maybe not enough because those who have who family victims want more and they want to to 259 00:30:20,660 --> 00:30:26,780 know why the body that was are it this you know it was simply difficult even when the the political 260 00:30:26,780 --> 00:30:35,059 power is president so means are willing to to to give a more correct answer in other case to see 261 00:30:35,060 --> 00:30:40,650 how attentive it is to more dramatic because the number of victims is discounted by a thousand. 262 00:30:40,650 --> 00:30:49,550 But by then, as in Brazil or in Chile, and it doesn't kill the process too much or more difficult for the reconciliation. 263 00:30:49,560 --> 00:30:58,460 Extremely difficult. Another situation like like in South Africa, the enormous it of symbolic action by Mandela and Tutu. 264 00:30:59,330 --> 00:31:05,780 Bishop Tutu to create the instrument for reconciliation have worked to some extent any help. 265 00:31:06,080 --> 00:31:14,209 I think it's important and necessary a great instrument to allow for a kind of reconciliation in order to, 266 00:31:14,210 --> 00:31:21,620 as I said, to prevent a repetition of the atrocities. And in any case, you cannot deny that that atrocities existed. 267 00:31:22,010 --> 00:31:25,070 And they are some responsible, even though they are not not in jail. 268 00:31:25,190 --> 00:31:34,860 If when we have, as we have observed, an amnesty law, you cannot deny the fact that they were there and they were responsible for it. 269 00:31:34,880 --> 00:31:42,020 Is the process of reconciliation is further enhanced when perpetrators or members of warring 270 00:31:42,020 --> 00:31:49,100 factions acknowledge in their deeds and ask for some kind of forgiveness from their victims. 271 00:31:51,150 --> 00:31:54,610 Does the power of the fold difficult say truth. 272 00:31:54,930 --> 00:32:01,920 So set you free was put to the test and probably more accurate than ever. 273 00:32:03,360 --> 00:32:06,900 I think it's time to go for the common thread. 274 00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:13,589 Running through this inventory of challenges is that for each and every issue there is not an easy, 275 00:32:13,590 --> 00:32:24,450 simple or definitive answer to be a final argument and debate are the means to build a consensus should be what is new and promising that says again. 276 00:32:24,870 --> 00:32:29,580 Is enlargement of the act of participating in the process of deliberation. 277 00:32:30,330 --> 00:32:38,100 The best for God for human rights is essentially of a global culture of participation and responsibility. 278 00:32:38,640 --> 00:32:46,920 This belief was the foundation of Sergio Vieira de Mello life, and he was asked whether, 279 00:32:47,220 --> 00:32:53,160 as a survivor of Auschwitz, he spoke for those who had died in the concentration camps. 280 00:32:54,210 --> 00:32:58,710 His answer was Nobody who speaks for the dead. 281 00:32:59,460 --> 00:33:03,690 They speak. They speak by themselves. The question is, 282 00:33:04,050 --> 00:33:13,440 are we capable of losing this group that was inspired by Sergio's ultimate sacrifice and 283 00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:18,960 that of the brave men and woman fighting in the attack against United Nations compound? 284 00:33:20,220 --> 00:33:20,910 Thank you very much.