1 00:00:00,180 --> 00:00:05,180 Okay. I would try to say why compare typology of female citizenship in MENA. 2 00:00:05,190 --> 00:00:11,940 I will present. I will talk a short time about economic and legal aspects related with reform. 3 00:00:12,450 --> 00:00:17,520 I will do some sensitive comparison. Paraguay's most similar cases because I. 4 00:00:18,090 --> 00:00:23,940 I choose Egypt and Morocco for my group. I choose Lebanon, Syria for my Nazareth. 5 00:00:24,240 --> 00:00:27,460 And I choose Kuwait and Qatar for it. 6 00:00:27,570 --> 00:00:34,140 For the for the Akalis. And if I have time, I will do some conclusions on post 2011. 7 00:00:34,860 --> 00:00:39,910 And then my theoretical and analytical perspective on reform is really reform to parliaments. 8 00:00:39,930 --> 00:00:42,930 I am a political scientist. I know very little about law. 9 00:00:43,140 --> 00:00:50,550 I had to learn it the hard way. I didn't of courses. I had to do individual courses at home reading and I will. 10 00:00:50,730 --> 00:00:54,480 I go through family law, through a series on citizenship. 11 00:00:54,870 --> 00:00:57,870 And so I chose, which actually would be my opponent. 12 00:00:57,870 --> 00:01:01,390 This year she's coming to Oslo to meet my opponents after the. 13 00:01:02,140 --> 00:01:11,780 I'm very glad for that, too, because she was my door opener for family because her book on citizenship and and gender in the Middle East. 14 00:01:11,790 --> 00:01:17,940 You know, when I read it was this everything is about family. You know, what is family? You know, I was curious and she was the door opener, too. 15 00:01:18,630 --> 00:01:25,380 So so this is why I always deal with family. It's female citizenship team family law through female citizenship. 16 00:01:25,560 --> 00:01:32,340 These two for me are important. And when not saying say that actually my citizens are not part of the Demas. 17 00:01:32,880 --> 00:01:35,640 Demas is the Greek word for for people. 18 00:01:35,940 --> 00:01:43,770 And democracy comes from that word because but in political science we are so focussed on Kratos, which means governance. 19 00:01:44,130 --> 00:01:49,880 We forget that you govern the people and the people have two sexes, you know, female and means. 20 00:01:50,190 --> 00:01:55,110 And my argument is that women and men are really not part of the demos. 21 00:01:55,110 --> 00:02:04,589 So they are part of the polity, not the states, even because we have many stateless, but they are parts of the polity, but they are not part of demos, 22 00:02:04,590 --> 00:02:12,720 which is a smaller ring, and they don't share equal civil political rights with males, which makes them an excluded part of the demos. 23 00:02:13,890 --> 00:02:18,150 And and I focus on religious law. I'm not into Islamic jurisprudence. 24 00:02:18,390 --> 00:02:24,540 So because I deal with multi-religious states, I have to do understand religious law in general. 25 00:02:25,050 --> 00:02:33,540 And the framework is I want to do more stuff on looking at economy economic pressures, because if you remember, 26 00:02:33,540 --> 00:02:37,740 Laurie Brandt did a book, an excellent book 15 years ago and political liberalisation. 27 00:02:38,250 --> 00:02:46,649 And she took economic liberalisation as a fact, as a as a, as a as, you know, something given I would do the other way around. 28 00:02:46,650 --> 00:02:50,010 I would use political liberalisation as a given. 29 00:02:50,550 --> 00:02:56,520 I will focus on economic liberalisation and see the impact of economy economy on legal reforms. 30 00:02:56,520 --> 00:02:59,700 So this is I want to do that. I don't know how to do it. I would try. 31 00:03:00,720 --> 00:03:07,200 Why compare it is because comparison what appears at first sight to be odd becomes familiar, 32 00:03:07,560 --> 00:03:10,860 and what looks familiar becomes less obvious and more fascinating. 33 00:03:10,860 --> 00:03:19,530 This is a Norwegian political sociologist, Goldstein Richter, who I use in my Ph.D. as a theoretical, methodological and analytical perspective. 34 00:03:19,530 --> 00:03:25,290 And I will use him. And this is this is just to show my ignorance, my personal ignorance, 35 00:03:25,290 --> 00:03:31,949 because I did not know that English was the language sorry, French was the language in the courts in England. 36 00:03:31,950 --> 00:03:36,149 And so does anybody know? 1360 I was like, what? 37 00:03:36,150 --> 00:03:40,770 I only learned that only, you know, like two months ago. And if you see here. 38 00:03:43,180 --> 00:03:50,290 This is in Salisbury taken an eastern my colleague you're you're to laugh which means God's as 39 00:03:50,290 --> 00:03:58,540 my right and like I love the thing my Suzuki this is maybe it's in Syria it is dear in Moldova, 40 00:03:58,720 --> 00:04:09,490 which means gods is my lord. I mean, this means I mean, I think this is interesting to see that law was in in England until 1360. 41 00:04:09,550 --> 00:04:14,320 You know, this is very strange for an Arab, but I'm sure it's not strange for English people. 42 00:04:15,040 --> 00:04:21,160 But for me, it was very strange. In general, personal status, though, and the motive is more progressive than the master. 43 00:04:21,640 --> 00:04:29,870 This is something which the human development supports and towards the rise of human sort of sense. 44 00:04:30,580 --> 00:04:34,030 And I was saying, why? Why is that so? Why is it more progressive? 45 00:04:34,060 --> 00:04:40,959 So this is this is, you know, the start of my interests and to looking at what are the social forces that impinge 46 00:04:40,960 --> 00:04:45,010 on female citizenship in general and family law reform in particular in MENA, 47 00:04:45,610 --> 00:04:50,020 how and why do some persons form succeed while others fail in Parliament? 48 00:04:50,350 --> 00:05:00,550 And so it's how can we conceive of patterns of variances, the sorts of focus I focus on the three subregions which impinge on reform. 49 00:05:01,030 --> 00:05:10,690 And I mean, this is the table I have looked upon and I differentiate between two basic things which are, for me, different. 50 00:05:11,170 --> 00:05:18,190 This is the individually based citizenship rights. You know, Morocco before 19 and 2004 was here. 51 00:05:18,610 --> 00:05:19,720 It was group based. 52 00:05:20,440 --> 00:05:28,600 What I mean by individually based citizenship is that it is a relationship between as a citizen and a direct relationship with the states. 53 00:05:29,110 --> 00:05:33,220 I mean, theoretically, it is like that, in fact, is it's not. 54 00:05:33,280 --> 00:05:38,840 But this is the theory. Now, here is the topological period in Morocco changed for me. 55 00:05:38,870 --> 00:05:42,819 This is very big, really big that this changed in 2003. 56 00:05:42,820 --> 00:05:46,930 And although it is not very you know, it's the best we have. 57 00:05:46,930 --> 00:05:52,509 It's really the best we have. Sorry, this. So so this is this is happened in Turkey. 58 00:05:52,510 --> 00:05:55,630 First of all, of course, Tunisia seconds. 59 00:05:55,690 --> 00:06:00,759 We have this extremely interesting experience in south Yemen and now we have Morocco 60 00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:06,640 to Morocco is sort of that you know that it's showing a way looks to Morocco. 61 00:06:07,210 --> 00:06:12,250 And as I put a question mark some other places you know Iraq where do I put Iraq? 62 00:06:12,580 --> 00:06:21,550 I put it in blue. The name mean the non-Arab speaking Arabic states, Israel, Turkey and Iran, which fits differently. 63 00:06:22,000 --> 00:06:28,750 And then we have no. So this is this is then this is the typology. 64 00:06:28,750 --> 00:06:31,750 I work in a sphere of economy. 65 00:06:31,750 --> 00:06:38,130 I was I will not talk so much about it, but I will tell you that economy is important for politics. 66 00:06:38,140 --> 00:06:41,620 I mean, economy changes things, economy changes. 67 00:06:41,620 --> 00:06:44,680 It's pressures the state to think differently. 68 00:06:45,100 --> 00:06:54,310 And I will show you only two very interesting. So two very interesting economic what you would call indicators. 69 00:06:54,700 --> 00:07:02,710 If you see this women in non-agricultural wage labour, can you see that Morocco has the highest number? 70 00:07:03,070 --> 00:07:11,380 This is from 2011. It has 21% women working in North Korean sector. 71 00:07:12,460 --> 00:07:17,650 Second place is Egypt. It is 19. This is the highest in the Middle East. 72 00:07:18,700 --> 00:07:27,310 And then we have seen in the US 16% working in non-agricultural aggregate agrarian sector. 73 00:07:27,730 --> 00:07:34,330 And the numbers for click on cluster I think is not so good because they include non citizen team-mates. 74 00:07:34,780 --> 00:07:37,390 So I take them, you know, I don't take them seriously. 75 00:07:37,870 --> 00:07:43,750 This is interesting because where do we have the the best legal framework for reform this Morocco? 76 00:07:44,410 --> 00:07:50,950 And I think while Moghaddam has something she says that it is women working in the public 77 00:07:50,950 --> 00:07:57,490 sector who are demanding more economic rights because they are the ones who see this most. 78 00:07:58,210 --> 00:08:03,760 It's not the women who have to work in the fields from day to day to meet their needs. 79 00:08:03,760 --> 00:08:12,460 It is the women who have high education, who work in the service sector, who work in public offices and who are organising themselves. 80 00:08:12,730 --> 00:08:16,990 And I think she has a point. And I think these these numbers really show it. 81 00:08:17,800 --> 00:08:29,920 Number two, which I think is very interesting, look here, the number of unemployed youth female is is is lower than the unemployed youth. 82 00:08:29,920 --> 00:08:36,940 Maybe this means that more young women in Morocco are employed than men. 83 00:08:37,450 --> 00:08:40,660 Can you see that's not so in Egypt. 84 00:08:41,260 --> 00:08:46,130 Not so in Syria. Huh? In Lebanon. 85 00:08:46,460 --> 00:08:53,120 Many young women. This is from 15 to 24 hour employees. 86 00:08:53,360 --> 00:08:56,390 There is very low unemployment among young women. 87 00:08:56,930 --> 00:09:04,130 They are competing for jobs after when they reach 24, when they start having children, when they start establishing families. 88 00:09:04,550 --> 00:09:11,860 I think these numbers are very interesting from a social scientist perspective because they are the ones who say, Oh, 89 00:09:12,050 --> 00:09:19,340 why is my brother going to have the rights when I have the same education and have the same, you know, opportunity to have the same kind of mind? 90 00:09:20,000 --> 00:09:21,710 I won't mind my rights. 91 00:09:21,830 --> 00:09:31,880 I think this is extremely interesting to see such such numbers and look at the social forces that are pushing for reform to give women their rights. 92 00:09:32,060 --> 00:09:37,850 So this is why I think economy is important. And what's that? 93 00:09:37,850 --> 00:09:46,040 When I when I look at the sphere of law, I look at the mode of institutionalised institutionalisation of the court system, 94 00:09:46,400 --> 00:09:54,650 which I wrote an article where I compare states with dual courts, which is Syria and Lebanon, and states with unitary courts. 95 00:09:55,490 --> 00:10:03,649 And, you know, it's very easy to see that women in states with unitary courts get more rights than men and women in dual courts, 96 00:10:03,650 --> 00:10:14,540 because in drug courts, you have the religious clergy who are and present very conservative interpretations of family law. 97 00:10:15,170 --> 00:10:17,510 And the interesting thing with the police is, of course, 98 00:10:17,510 --> 00:10:24,079 that Kuwait has had a unitary system for a long time and Qatar has just recently merged the two courts. 99 00:10:24,080 --> 00:10:30,380 So this for comparative reasons is very interesting from five, ten, ten halfway through. 100 00:10:30,680 --> 00:10:34,610 Okay. Good to have you. So I just think. 101 00:10:38,710 --> 00:10:44,260 Okay. So so this is this is why I do this comparison. 102 00:10:45,130 --> 00:10:50,860 So this is what I just said, the U.S. court system. This is found in Egypt, Morocco to a court system. 103 00:10:50,860 --> 00:10:54,429 And the police. Yeah, this is what I. But this is really interesting. 104 00:10:54,430 --> 00:10:58,959 They have the dual courts in Kuwait, which have been merged. But I don't know. 105 00:10:58,960 --> 00:11:11,320 You can tell me after they have in the civil court in Qatar today, they have they have some of the religious judges who are dealing with civil law. 106 00:11:11,650 --> 00:11:16,400 And this is really extremely interesting. I don't like it. It's for you legal people to talk. 107 00:11:16,450 --> 00:11:23,470 But for me as a political scientist, I find it very interesting that they are dealing with civil law and they are not really trained in civil law. 108 00:11:23,800 --> 00:11:30,220 So what's happens is interesting to do to do to do research, I think. 109 00:11:30,610 --> 00:11:38,580 Okay. I would have to step here and put in this one. Oh, this is the way I works now. 110 00:11:39,090 --> 00:11:47,430 I put like I puts here in like, cities. 111 00:11:47,430 --> 00:11:56,970 I look at the citizen sick regime and puts for each state and each subregion is tentative. 112 00:11:57,540 --> 00:12:03,479 I have not finished. This is what I am going to do more. And so I look at the court system. 113 00:12:03,480 --> 00:12:13,650 Sammartino called this fine and look what it is. And it's and this is how you do comparative work or I trying to do and interesting you know you 114 00:12:13,650 --> 00:12:21,670 see when we'll see the outside again it's economic interests which pushes the states to sign. 115 00:12:21,690 --> 00:12:28,110 If you really see when they sign, why they sign it, because they want to show us for the rest of the world. 116 00:12:28,590 --> 00:12:36,299 They want to be part of the rest of the world. I thought, you know, 2009, we're having world championship and football in 20 years. 117 00:12:36,300 --> 00:12:39,390 We have to do something to show that we are, you know, parts of the world, 118 00:12:39,780 --> 00:12:48,330 not only sports and in the architecture and and in the in fabulous architecture, by the way. 119 00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:59,850 So so song and and also we have to look at a strength of religious authority. 120 00:13:00,510 --> 00:13:04,500 I mean, Morocco, it is law. It is explicit and public. 121 00:13:04,830 --> 00:13:11,340 We have an Islamist opposition, but it is co-opted and marginalised in each of the time. 122 00:13:11,340 --> 00:13:15,030 It you know, it is much more stronger. 123 00:13:15,300 --> 00:13:23,370 And when we Kallenbach who is doing research on Egypt, she is she is also my companion citizen from Norway. 124 00:13:23,370 --> 00:13:32,010 She is doing excellent research on the strength of conservatives who are now marching in to sort of redefine Islamic, 125 00:13:32,100 --> 00:13:36,690 for example, law and and wanting to change it from the 2000. 126 00:13:37,260 --> 00:13:42,090 In Syria, it is it is a high conservative. 127 00:13:43,920 --> 00:13:48,090 I think it is low probability for change towards less gender citizenship. 128 00:13:48,160 --> 00:13:51,980 After all the turmoil, Lebanon, it is very high. 129 00:13:51,990 --> 00:13:59,729 Political power is distributed along sectarian lines. And in Kuwait, well, I say it's medium. 130 00:13:59,730 --> 00:14:07,160 Sunni-Shia sectarianism has strengthened after 2006 following a new me media. 131 00:14:07,170 --> 00:14:10,430 No, but I will show you more of that very interesting thing. 132 00:14:10,500 --> 00:14:14,670 Things are happening in Kuwait because I was there before I was in I one week. 133 00:14:14,670 --> 00:14:17,160 I was two weeks in Kuwait in April. 134 00:14:17,730 --> 00:14:27,690 It's extremely interesting to go to the to the parliament and see what the four women's first time female representatives have done in only two years. 135 00:14:28,470 --> 00:14:32,129 Amazing, amazing lot of things they have done. 136 00:14:32,130 --> 00:14:38,190 I will try to write something about it, but this is really interesting what they have done in Kuwait in only two years. 137 00:14:38,190 --> 00:14:41,430 They are out of the parliaments now. They were not re elected. 138 00:14:43,200 --> 00:14:52,979 And I look at agents at reform. If I want to comment on an online us, I would say, well, yes, most of feminism, yes. 139 00:14:52,980 --> 00:14:58,080 But I don't believe in that so much because it looks like it is more and you know, speaking. 140 00:14:58,080 --> 00:15:07,230 But really, what's the what's the state authorities support is what I call Victorian Islamist ideals of domesticated womanhood. 141 00:15:07,590 --> 00:15:15,070 I think this is the sort of they are sort of out, you know, Botox, feminism, maybe you can talk about it like that. 142 00:15:15,090 --> 00:15:19,110 So what's it target? But, you know, compared to Kuwait, this is nothing. 143 00:15:21,060 --> 00:15:28,530 Yes. 2 minutes. Okay. So I would just say a few words about how I if you want this, I can send it to you. 144 00:15:28,530 --> 00:15:31,919 You can write to me your email, I can send it. This is. 145 00:15:31,920 --> 00:15:34,800 And so I look here at the female citizenship outcome. 146 00:15:35,280 --> 00:15:43,649 How has how has female family reform, which parts of family form have changed in these six states? 147 00:15:43,650 --> 00:15:47,850 And then I look at the C main citizenship in general. Okay. 148 00:15:47,850 --> 00:16:04,430 So if I go back to the conclusions. I think that's the stations regarding family law reform have gained renewed salience through Armenia since 2000. 149 00:16:04,940 --> 00:16:13,490 Ironically, Contestations are less sharp after 2011 uprisings because they are enmeshed with what are presented as more important issues. 150 00:16:15,080 --> 00:16:25,070 Contemporary consultations related to family law reform reflects points of dissent and conflicts that existed before the 2001 11 uprisings. 151 00:16:25,460 --> 00:16:28,190 These persist in times of political transition, 152 00:16:28,190 --> 00:16:35,300 although proponents and opponents invariably come to a demobilised phase where tolerance of diverse actors increases. 153 00:16:35,870 --> 00:16:45,290 This second thing is not me whose written this is what we call the Bible of transitional theory and political science, which is written by O'Donnell. 154 00:16:46,130 --> 00:16:49,790 Jayakumar O'Donnell. I have a this in the paper. 155 00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:57,890 You can have it later, but it's very interesting to read what they write on theory, on transition and their basic. 156 00:16:58,730 --> 00:17:07,400 This was written in the mid 1980s and they studied transitions in South America and and also in Eastern Europe. 157 00:17:07,880 --> 00:17:15,470 Later, they did more research. But it's very interesting to see the Arab transition phase through the theories we have on transitional theory. 158 00:17:17,030 --> 00:17:22,640 And in the course of transition, Afghan citizens will not necessarily get what they deserve. 159 00:17:23,030 --> 00:17:28,180 That is extended citizenship, but they what they are or more probably others negotiate. 160 00:17:29,990 --> 00:17:36,440 So seen within a state formation perspective this I'm really interested in state formation more than democratisation. 161 00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:43,670 I think these two are are overlapping but they are separate reforms related to family law in MENA reflect 162 00:17:43,850 --> 00:17:50,749 varied tracks which ruling authorities in MENA have chosen since establishment of modern territorial states, 163 00:17:50,750 --> 00:17:52,340 which is around 1920. 164 00:17:52,940 --> 00:18:00,860 So family law reform is thus as much part of the process of state formation in MENA as it is part of a process of democratisation. 165 00:18:00,860 --> 00:18:05,239 And this is where law comes in because law is so young. It's so you know, it's so young. 166 00:18:05,240 --> 00:18:07,790 It's still in the baby stage, really, in the Middle East. 167 00:18:07,970 --> 00:18:19,190 If we talk about territorial states from 1920, it's only like 90 years old and the state system in Western Europe was established. 168 00:18:19,280 --> 00:18:22,630 If we take a year, 1648, this is the Westphalian fourth, 169 00:18:23,240 --> 00:18:29,270 this I have only one picture to show is Sami Low in Mena is perceived as the last bastion then CMA citizen. 170 00:18:29,270 --> 00:18:34,990 Mena might have been the world's last colony. And this is also I have stolen from the title of the book. 171 00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:38,930 But you know, we are always talked about the last colony, last only one really. 172 00:18:39,260 --> 00:18:43,850 Women in Arab countries, they are financially not the worst off. 173 00:18:43,850 --> 00:18:51,680 There are many, many worse places in Africa which are economically much worse, worst off. 174 00:18:52,160 --> 00:18:56,750 But legally, I think it's really strange that they have so little legal power capacity. 175 00:18:57,230 --> 00:18:58,190 Look at this picture. 176 00:18:58,430 --> 00:19:07,159 The Qataris have forgotten that their women where heads of families for, you know, like centuries and they put this on the new statistics. 177 00:19:07,160 --> 00:19:16,370 This is from September 2009. They did a survey in Qatar with the Statistics Bureau says, oh, women support families. 178 00:19:16,880 --> 00:19:25,400 What's your revelation? You know, women have supported their families, you know, life for hundreds and hundreds of years, also, including in Qatar. 179 00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:34,990 But when they get down on numbers, it's that household female heads of households count like I think they found like 20%. 180 00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:39,080 I have the numbers. So it was like, surprise, surprise. 181 00:19:39,170 --> 00:19:40,040 Okay. Thank you.