1 00:00:00,390 --> 00:00:11,730 Hi, everyone. Welcome. This is a joint session between the Women's Rights Research Seminar and the Middle East Politics Seminar, 2 00:00:11,730 --> 00:00:16,560 both hosted by the M.D. Centre and Oscar after school Global News Studies. 3 00:00:16,830 --> 00:00:22,950 My name is Mariam on Insider and an associate professor at OSCA and a fellow here at the Middle East Centre. 4 00:00:23,250 --> 00:00:34,200 And it is my great pleasure to introduce Dr. to Bob was both our honourable guest tonight, 5 00:00:34,650 --> 00:00:44,250 and Dr. Bruce Kadar joined the European and International Studies Centre at my right at King's College as a lecturer in politics, 6 00:00:44,730 --> 00:00:47,810 and she specialises in political methodology. 7 00:00:48,450 --> 00:00:51,840 She holds a piece in political science from MIT. 8 00:00:52,740 --> 00:01:00,030 And before coming to Kings, she was a postdoctoral research fellow at the Middle East Initiative at Harvard University. 9 00:01:00,420 --> 00:01:02,760 You might have heard the names of these places. I don't know. 10 00:01:04,590 --> 00:01:10,080 She is also a faculty fellow at the Association for Analytic Learning about Islam and Muslim Societies alums, 11 00:01:11,070 --> 00:01:21,450 and her research focuses on political economy of development with a substantive focus on local governance, bureaucracy and state capacity. 12 00:01:23,800 --> 00:01:32,110 She also works on distributive politics, social welfare and migration, a an impressive array of topics. 13 00:01:32,650 --> 00:01:35,620 And her work has been awarded, for instance, 14 00:01:35,620 --> 00:01:41,440 by the Mac or Olson best dissertation pricing political economy from the American Political Science Association, 15 00:01:41,980 --> 00:01:48,190 and she has received paper prizes from a comparative policy paper award from APS as well, 16 00:01:48,640 --> 00:01:55,840 and the APS Amino Politics section and the ABC's Religion and Politics section. 17 00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:02,500 Is it all for the same paper or several papers? 18 00:02:03,340 --> 00:02:11,150 All right. And the talk today is called Women and Intra Party Meritocracy in Closed List Systems. 19 00:02:11,170 --> 00:02:18,060 Please join me in welcoming Dr. Boskin. Hello, everyone. 20 00:02:18,090 --> 00:02:18,630 First of all, 21 00:02:18,900 --> 00:02:26,760 thanks for this kind introduction and I'm really happy to be here and I'm looking forward to your comments and questions about this research. 22 00:02:28,020 --> 00:02:31,890 Honestly, this is the first place we're presenting this project, 23 00:02:31,920 --> 00:02:39,570 and upon your feedback and comments, we may extend the papers so it would be really helpful for us. 24 00:02:40,520 --> 00:02:51,720 Um, and in addition to that, I just want to add that today I received some bad news about my family, which may, you know, impact my performance here. 25 00:02:51,730 --> 00:02:59,970 So don't don't be offended if I look like, you know, a bit low energy and, you know, it's not about you, it's about me. 26 00:03:01,440 --> 00:03:08,489 Okay. So the title of our project is Woman, and in your part to Meritocracy in Clothes and the Systems. 27 00:03:08,490 --> 00:03:17,550 And this is a, quote, art project with a amazing student from Stanford University, Ravi Cooper, in this project. 28 00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:28,020 I mean, the motivation of this project was essentially essentially originated the in the the the reason 29 00:03:28,030 --> 00:03:33,780 the origin of this project was essentially the bias towards gender candidates among voters. 30 00:03:34,020 --> 00:03:39,540 But then we thought about other types of biases and how that gender bias actually doesn't 31 00:03:39,540 --> 00:03:45,960 really influence gender representation in the parliaments much in closeness PR systems, 32 00:03:46,230 --> 00:03:54,510 because parties, political parties have a much stronger control over politicians who will be selected rather than 33 00:03:54,510 --> 00:04:04,260 voters compared to like systems with a relative rule or compared to systems with open lists, 34 00:04:05,280 --> 00:04:16,920 candidates lists. And therefore, we wanted to redirect the attention from voters biases towards party leaders biases, 35 00:04:17,220 --> 00:04:25,020 and see if politicians reward women politicians to the same degree as men politicians. 36 00:04:25,480 --> 00:04:28,050 Okay, so this was the motivation of this project. 37 00:04:28,470 --> 00:04:37,980 And so far, research in looking at the politicians behaviour, parliamentarians, behaviour and behaviour across different electoral systems. 38 00:04:38,670 --> 00:04:46,260 Of course highlighted the gender differences in representation cycles as well as candidate selection criteria, 39 00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:52,980 and particularly in elections with a plurality rule or a claw clause in the system. 40 00:04:53,100 --> 00:05:01,739 Sorry, it should have said openness system. Voter biases and expectations also influence political parties nomination decisions. 41 00:05:01,740 --> 00:05:03,990 In other words, political leaders, 42 00:05:03,990 --> 00:05:11,640 party leaders sometimes tend to think that because of existing voters biases against women candidates, they tend to, for example, 43 00:05:11,700 --> 00:05:18,390 nominate women candidates in less competitive districts and many candidates more competitive districts, 44 00:05:18,660 --> 00:05:24,480 which decreases the overall representation of female candidates in these electoral processes. 45 00:05:25,350 --> 00:05:34,560 In addition to that, of course, in addition to voters own biases and expectations, 46 00:05:35,040 --> 00:05:38,879 there might be also a bias among party leaders towards women candidates, 47 00:05:38,880 --> 00:05:45,870 because that's actually the main decision making authority about candidacy processes. 48 00:05:47,040 --> 00:05:58,769 And therefore, we wanted to shift the focus to this dimension how female politicians are being rewarded with in terms 49 00:05:58,770 --> 00:06:08,969 of like their promotion in candidates list placements and whether there is any difference in this in 50 00:06:08,970 --> 00:06:21,900 the effects of the in the effect of candidates performance on this placement position and whether women 51 00:06:21,900 --> 00:06:31,080 are basically held to higher standards compared to men based upon their performance in the place, 52 00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:34,920 basically in the party's candidate selection processes. Okay. 53 00:06:35,220 --> 00:06:39,770 So all. As I said. 54 00:06:39,770 --> 00:06:51,330 So compared to like in contrast to open less systems or in contrast, you could relative rule systems in PR systems with closed list parties. 55 00:06:52,990 --> 00:06:55,100 Parties have a, you know, 56 00:06:55,100 --> 00:07:05,570 good control over which candidates are being elected because are you going to be elected because they can shape the lists, Right? 57 00:07:05,590 --> 00:07:14,809 They determine the candidates place and interest. And the candidates who are ranked first in that list are most likely to be elected. 58 00:07:14,810 --> 00:07:18,139 Whereas in, you know, depending on your position, 59 00:07:18,140 --> 00:07:27,350 you may have like zero chance to be re-elected if you are at a lower ranking 60 00:07:28,160 --> 00:07:37,700 for political candidates in this placement lists and enclose lists PR systems. 61 00:07:37,700 --> 00:07:45,529 Of course, what matters in terms of re-election is just your position in the list. 62 00:07:45,530 --> 00:07:47,959 Okay, so this position is critical. 63 00:07:47,960 --> 00:07:53,630 This position is the only thing that determines your chance of being re-elected or not because there are no open lists. 64 00:07:53,990 --> 00:07:59,870 So party will basically put the women candidates at the top if they want women to be elected, 65 00:08:00,170 --> 00:08:06,709 and they can even like preserve the gender balance across different electoral districts and, 66 00:08:06,710 --> 00:08:12,500 you know, have a gender balance, equal gender balance in terms of gender equality, 67 00:08:12,500 --> 00:08:16,459 representation of women in parts of lists, if they really want that. 68 00:08:16,460 --> 00:08:22,730 So they have they have a higher, stronger control over who will be re-elected. 69 00:08:23,030 --> 00:08:28,670 Thanks to the closed nature of the candidate lists in closed list systems. 70 00:08:30,230 --> 00:08:42,740 On the other hand, there's a question with regards to whether parties actually care about politicians performance or politician's competence. 71 00:08:43,130 --> 00:08:47,120 We know that of course, in particular, 72 00:08:47,120 --> 00:08:57,800 actually the openness systems parties tend to nominate the most popular candidates to maximise the number of votes because of the relative rule. 73 00:08:58,220 --> 00:09:08,270 But in closed systems, because the, you know, the re-election chances are going to be initially determined by the order in this list, 74 00:09:09,770 --> 00:09:15,200 the party has the actual control over whether this list is going to be balanced or not. 75 00:09:16,340 --> 00:09:20,210 And again, another characteristic of this clause, 76 00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:30,770 this system is that usually voters do not know the specific ranks of like specific politicians in a given electoral districts. 77 00:09:31,040 --> 00:09:37,129 They just vote for the party and they leave the decision to choose the candidates to the party itself. 78 00:09:37,130 --> 00:09:46,730 Right? Oh, and a recent study Focus on the European Contexts finds that parties indeed tend to assign more competent candidate, 79 00:09:46,730 --> 00:09:53,480 competent candidates to higher ranks in candidates lists. 80 00:09:54,230 --> 00:09:56,390 And this is particularly strong. 81 00:09:56,420 --> 00:10:05,390 This effect is particularly strong in electorally competitive districts, which make sense because they probably want to nominate the most competent, 82 00:10:05,660 --> 00:10:14,750 competent candidates in most competitive districts for them or in most important electoral districts for them. 83 00:10:15,470 --> 00:10:27,200 On the other hand, while the current research looks at the effect of competence as measured by indicators like education, in this study, 84 00:10:27,200 --> 00:10:33,679 we wanted to focus on the actual performance of the coalition legislative performance, 85 00:10:33,680 --> 00:10:44,810 specifically during an election term and how that affects its position in candidacy placement in the in the list in the next election. 86 00:10:45,590 --> 00:10:52,520 How basically does do politicians who show higher performance during an election term, 87 00:10:52,910 --> 00:10:58,730 do they are they being nominated from higher ranks in the next election? 88 00:10:58,790 --> 00:11:02,270 Do they get promoted by parts of the others? 89 00:11:03,380 --> 00:11:05,900 If if we put it more intuitively, 90 00:11:06,860 --> 00:11:17,330 and because there is little evidence on the effect of parliamentary efforts and on like this re-election or on candidacy in the next election, 91 00:11:17,720 --> 00:11:25,160 we focus on this aspect of the candidates characteristics instead of like pre-existing competence, 92 00:11:25,160 --> 00:11:32,510 which so these usually measure by education level of politicians or other skills. 93 00:11:34,490 --> 00:11:38,450 Okay. So as I said, yes, I do think so. They focus on that. 94 00:11:38,520 --> 00:11:42,750 Are parties to more competent candidates for certain districts. 95 00:11:43,620 --> 00:11:54,390 There are also findings that show that actually in more actually competitive districts are in more important electoral districts. 96 00:11:55,290 --> 00:12:05,550 There is a tendency to care more about competence for parties, so we know that they value the competence of candidates. 97 00:12:06,160 --> 00:12:12,989 And given that they actually nominate these more competent candidates in more competitive districts, 98 00:12:12,990 --> 00:12:18,120 means that politicians unaware of the advantage that competent candidates bring. 99 00:12:18,150 --> 00:12:18,510 Right. 100 00:12:18,870 --> 00:12:29,010 So they assume like having more competent candidates in these lists, in part from this will increase their vote share in that electoral district. 101 00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:36,510 So that's the assumption they're making. And they're assigning the more competitive candidates to more important electoral districts. 102 00:12:36,540 --> 00:12:44,399 They care about competence. However, given the opaque decision making processes within parties, 103 00:12:44,400 --> 00:12:51,270 which is we change a lot from context to context as well as from even like at the top national level, 104 00:12:51,960 --> 00:12:55,350 the procedures used to choose candidates may change. 105 00:12:55,710 --> 00:13:02,520 And therefore, this question has not received much attention so far. 106 00:13:02,880 --> 00:13:11,340 In addition to that, we also want to redirect the attention to gender biased gender bias in candidate list placements 107 00:13:11,550 --> 00:13:18,780 and whether effort plays any role in candidate less mis placements in the next elections. 108 00:13:19,170 --> 00:13:28,920 So basically in this project we are going to look at whether the current time performance of a candidate increases its chance, 109 00:13:29,940 --> 00:13:35,040 increases the security of its position in the next elections list. 110 00:13:35,460 --> 00:13:46,590 Okay. And with respect to the research question we are addressing here, there are two questions, but we will focus rather on the second. 111 00:13:46,920 --> 00:13:55,370 First, we look at how politicians efforts during the election term affects their placement in the following elections. 112 00:13:55,370 --> 00:13:59,040 So do we see any trend of part to meritocracy? 113 00:13:59,340 --> 00:14:07,980 And in addition to that, how does the affect of legislative effort on candidates placements vary between women and men? 114 00:14:08,770 --> 00:14:18,000 And for example, if they reward certain groups for their effort but not others, 115 00:14:18,240 --> 00:14:24,000 that means that there are double standards with regards to decisions in candidate list placements. 116 00:14:24,870 --> 00:14:34,350 So our questions include questions such as Do party leaders apply a double standard for woman candidates just like voters do? 117 00:14:34,530 --> 00:14:42,839 You know, as we know from existing literature, because voters actually have a mean woman, 118 00:14:42,840 --> 00:14:47,970 candidates have a disadvantage in terms of their competence because of the perception of voters about women candidates. 119 00:14:48,720 --> 00:14:54,780 Do we see the same double standard here as well in the party's own internal selection processes? 120 00:14:56,220 --> 00:14:56,970 And in addition, 121 00:14:56,970 --> 00:15:03,970 do they expect the higher performance from women candidates in order to promote them to a more secure in this position in the next election? 122 00:15:03,990 --> 00:15:07,140 So these are the specific questions we are addressing in this research. 123 00:15:07,770 --> 00:15:15,180 And accordingly, we came up with three hypotheses, although I will focus on the second and third one today, 124 00:15:16,140 --> 00:15:23,520 because you will see that the steps are actually the, you know, the point that we are interested in. 125 00:15:23,910 --> 00:15:35,129 And in addition, of course, you will see that on average the we we found that on average the candidates, 126 00:15:35,130 --> 00:15:40,800 like the candidates effort, don't seem to have an effect on their positions in the next election. 127 00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:45,270 But it has some effect among women. 128 00:15:45,630 --> 00:15:55,440 In other words, men are not judged based on their performance when the upcoming elections lists are determined, 129 00:15:55,980 --> 00:15:59,850 but women are based on their performance, are chosen. 130 00:15:59,850 --> 00:16:03,210 Selected based on their performance and ranked based on their performance. 131 00:16:03,630 --> 00:16:07,320 So basically, this meritocracy criteria only apply to women. 132 00:16:08,550 --> 00:16:19,920 And we think that probably other non meritocracy criteria apply to men like patronage network at the local level or party leaders. 133 00:16:19,920 --> 00:16:25,770 Personal relationships with some of the candidates like loyalty. 134 00:16:26,550 --> 00:16:29,790 And therefore, we expect a gender difference. 135 00:16:29,790 --> 00:16:36,060 And we find that enable us to present our findings in the upcoming flights. 136 00:16:36,660 --> 00:16:38,380 And the second hypothesis. 137 00:16:38,480 --> 00:16:47,690 We will specifically test is whether female employees face higher benchmarks for legislative effort to achieve secure lift positions. 138 00:16:48,290 --> 00:16:57,980 In other words, do women need a show high effort in order to secure a good position in the next election? 139 00:16:58,280 --> 00:17:04,280 And a second a third thing we are looking at is a vote for electoral 140 00:17:04,280 --> 00:17:09,710 competitiveness intensifies the meritocratic criteria for list placement positions. 141 00:17:09,950 --> 00:17:22,400 And of course, given that we don't find an effort effect for men politicians, we think that this will only be valid and applied to women politicians. 142 00:17:23,480 --> 00:17:34,040 Okay. So now I'm going to talk a little bit about the setting, which is Turkey, which is a multi-party system with a proportional representation rule. 143 00:17:34,490 --> 00:17:39,680 And as you can see in general, the trend is a woman. 144 00:17:40,490 --> 00:17:48,229 Of course, the number of women candidates as well as employees is much lower compared to men, candidates and MPs. 145 00:17:48,230 --> 00:18:00,049 And there is a tendency to probably nominate women from lower ranking positions because when you look at the, 146 00:18:00,050 --> 00:18:09,260 you know, number of women candidates, the person described, it is higher than number of woman and piece. 147 00:18:09,710 --> 00:18:16,040 So it means that they were I mean, many women were actually put in like not electoral positions. 148 00:18:16,280 --> 00:18:24,559 And therefore we are seeing this discrepancy between women in elected woman in placement less versus 149 00:18:24,560 --> 00:18:31,970 woman in actual who and woman that were actually that actually won the election and became an MP. 150 00:18:34,760 --> 00:18:46,010 And with regard to the percentages, like descriptive information on women politicians in the Parliament, we have a branch. 151 00:18:47,050 --> 00:18:58,970 I mean, the party with the highest woman representation is Justice and Development Party headed by Erdogan and the main secular opposition party, 152 00:18:58,970 --> 00:19:05,690 CHP, and they have overall similar numbers of women representation. 153 00:19:06,210 --> 00:19:14,090 And this is the Kurdish party where we see a much higher woman representation, 154 00:19:14,090 --> 00:19:20,209 and that's also in their party program due to their like socialist agenda. 155 00:19:20,210 --> 00:19:24,740 Let's say it's a more socialist party propaganda that puts more emphasis on equality. 156 00:19:25,550 --> 00:19:31,160 And this is a nationalist party, and it is not surprising that we have a lower percentage of women here. 157 00:19:33,590 --> 00:19:39,590 Okay. So this is the main four main parties in Turkey and the representation of woman in these parties. 158 00:19:41,120 --> 00:19:43,040 In order to conduct the analysis, 159 00:19:43,040 --> 00:19:54,880 we will use a quantitative approach and we will specifically use panel data from multiple election terms to see whether a certain and 160 00:19:54,890 --> 00:20:03,080 given candidate's performance during an election term increases this position in the last election election in parties candidate lists. 161 00:20:04,580 --> 00:20:11,750 And for that, we collected data from basically the Parliament's main website. 162 00:20:11,750 --> 00:20:14,510 We collected parliamentary speech data. 163 00:20:14,720 --> 00:20:25,220 In addition to that, we compiled the number of legislative proposals, verbal or written questions submitted by MPs, 164 00:20:26,120 --> 00:20:34,879 general debates, requests, parliamentary inquiry signatures, as well as a number of sessions. 165 00:20:34,880 --> 00:20:39,590 A certain a given MP spoke and the length of speech. 166 00:20:39,980 --> 00:20:46,520 These all come from the official website of the Turkish Parliament, was scraped from them, from these websites. 167 00:20:47,510 --> 00:20:56,240 And in addition to that, we also used data on national election candidates and election results between June 2022 and 2018, 168 00:20:57,080 --> 00:21:00,800 using the electronic database of the High election Court. 169 00:21:01,220 --> 00:21:04,460 And finally, we also have some province level characteristics. 170 00:21:04,640 --> 00:21:12,680 Prices are like the electoral districts in Turkey. So in each province there are a like like, for example, in Istanbul, 171 00:21:13,040 --> 00:21:19,610 Iran's probably like 100 and police are elected just from Istanbul because of the population. 172 00:21:20,990 --> 00:21:27,650 So in each multi-member district, we Turkey selects like a number of candidates. 173 00:21:27,980 --> 00:21:31,730 And in similar provinces, of course, the number of seats is much lower. 174 00:21:34,370 --> 00:21:38,210 Okay. So as I mentioned, the. 175 00:21:38,530 --> 00:21:45,009 Critical design draws on the panel design with two way fixed effects, 176 00:21:45,010 --> 00:21:55,240 which means we compiled this panel dataset where we have all the candidates in a certain election term. 177 00:21:55,480 --> 00:21:59,770 Of course, some of them drop out from the list if they are not nominated again. 178 00:22:00,160 --> 00:22:06,640 So that's something we are still considering. And if you had suggestions about that, it would be very welcome. 179 00:22:08,050 --> 00:22:15,879 But in general, our approach is to just compile these multiple election trends and calculate the performance of each politician for 180 00:22:15,880 --> 00:22:23,020 each election term based on the number of legislative proposals or other activities they did in the Parliament. 181 00:22:23,410 --> 00:22:28,930 And then we use that as an independent variable indicator to show politicians, 182 00:22:29,020 --> 00:22:35,770 in particular the MP performance legislative performance during the election term. 183 00:22:36,040 --> 00:22:43,659 And then the dependent variable is it is it is a it is an indicator called see security. 184 00:22:43,660 --> 00:22:53,470 And specifically that shows based on the previous studies on the on similar topics like candidate list placements, 185 00:22:53,860 --> 00:22:59,739 we measure seats rank security by the number of seats the candidates party won in 186 00:22:59,740 --> 00:23:06,370 province in the prior election minus the candidates list rank in the current election. 187 00:23:06,910 --> 00:23:12,430 In other words, the higher the number is, the more likely the candidate is to be elected. 188 00:23:12,730 --> 00:23:19,660 Because, for example, if there are 15 MP elected from Istanbul, from CHP, 189 00:23:20,440 --> 00:23:28,900 and if you are ranked one likes you, this value will be 14 and you are very likely to be elected. 190 00:23:32,110 --> 00:23:41,520 Okay. So with regard to some descriptive findings, uh, can I check the time? 191 00:23:41,530 --> 00:23:45,360 Like, you're like, 20 minutes. Okay. 192 00:23:47,470 --> 00:23:54,280 So with regard to the descriptive findings, as you can see, this is just descriptive. 193 00:23:54,280 --> 00:23:56,379 So it just shows the distribution. 194 00:23:56,380 --> 00:24:04,840 The numbers of written questions generate the average numbers off like vision editing questions, general debate requests, 195 00:24:04,840 --> 00:24:13,750 legislative proposals, parliamentary inquiry session spoken and verbal questions across men and woman. 196 00:24:14,920 --> 00:24:18,890 And in general, the mean except maybe this one. 197 00:24:20,020 --> 00:24:26,409 The level of activity is very similar between women and men. 198 00:24:26,410 --> 00:24:30,220 Sorry, this is actually count. Okay, so this is counts. 199 00:24:30,370 --> 00:24:35,319 There was another graph I wanted to show you, but I wanted to show this one because it's very impressive. 200 00:24:35,320 --> 00:24:47,640 Because despite the lower number of women, I mean, the number of activities they're doing is almost equal to men's activities. 201 00:24:47,680 --> 00:24:53,650 What time frame? This is from 2004 to 2018 to just the final. 202 00:24:54,010 --> 00:24:57,160 Yes. All yes, all pulled in the same data. 203 00:24:59,230 --> 00:25:02,970 Okay. So, I mean, with respect to me, there's scripted statistics. 204 00:25:03,040 --> 00:25:10,600 There is a clear, clearly impressive performance by employees who are women. 205 00:25:12,010 --> 00:25:20,320 And when we look at like the descriptive statistics about the candidates and list orders, 206 00:25:20,620 --> 00:25:26,940 we are seeing that of course, here high ranking means a lower position. 207 00:25:27,280 --> 00:25:30,730 And one is the, you know, the most electable position. 208 00:25:31,330 --> 00:25:39,070 And here you are seeing that women on average have are lower ranked in candidates lists. 209 00:25:39,550 --> 00:25:51,190 And in the next election, we are seeing a similar trend, although it's not probably statistically significant lead different. 210 00:25:51,580 --> 00:25:57,520 And finally, in terms of the see security in the next election, in other words, 211 00:25:57,520 --> 00:26:05,950 if we deduct the like the guaranteed number of seats from the rank of the candidate, 212 00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:15,640 then in that case, we are not seeing much difference between electability of women and man politicians. 213 00:26:18,550 --> 00:26:24,010 And this just shows the like pure survival rate in the next election, 214 00:26:24,010 --> 00:26:35,919 which means 22% of women politicians were re-elected, while in the case of man, it was much higher. 215 00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:46,870 26 which means probably they were, uh, they were actually assigned to more secure positions. 216 00:26:46,870 --> 00:27:01,570 Probably. Okay, so I'm not going to show the overall results because it just masks the impact of performance that's caused by women. 217 00:27:01,960 --> 00:27:12,580 So basically, if you look at the pooled data and if you check if effort by legislative effort by parliamentary entry, 218 00:27:12,580 --> 00:27:25,629 wins have an effect on on their secure seat index in the next election, we do not see a strongly enough finding. 219 00:27:25,630 --> 00:27:34,690 But then when we interact with that very which is like the, you know, the variable that shows the effort when we interact, 220 00:27:34,690 --> 00:27:50,920 that's variable with a gender, with a woman man indicator, then we find that actually parliamentary activities by women increase their positions. 221 00:27:50,950 --> 00:27:54,159 I mean the security of their positions in the next election. 222 00:27:54,160 --> 00:27:57,460 So meritocracy works for women candidates. 223 00:27:57,820 --> 00:28:06,160 On the other hand, male politicians effort has like zero effect on their placement in the next election, 224 00:28:06,730 --> 00:28:17,559 and we are going to conduct additional allowances to analyse the mechanism through which men candidates are not judged by their performance. 225 00:28:17,560 --> 00:28:25,690 But we assume this is due to due to loyalty to like important parts of the users as well as, 226 00:28:27,040 --> 00:28:31,600 as well as their local patronage networks, which women many were. 227 00:28:31,670 --> 00:28:36,490 I do not have. Okay. 228 00:28:36,500 --> 00:28:46,760 So if you look at the specific results, you will see that except for the case of except for the mean, 229 00:28:46,760 --> 00:28:50,479 we have different effort indicators here Sessions spoken, 230 00:28:50,480 --> 00:28:55,790 which shows the number of sessions in which are given quotations for written questions, 231 00:28:55,790 --> 00:29:01,850 which shows the number of written questions submitted today in Parliament. 232 00:29:02,240 --> 00:29:10,190 And there are also another indicator that just shows the questions that were asked verbally in the Parliament. 233 00:29:10,670 --> 00:29:13,640 And then we have a number of legislative proposals. 234 00:29:14,510 --> 00:29:24,560 And finally we have to more indicate effort, indicators, general debate request and parliamentary inquiry, 235 00:29:26,720 --> 00:29:32,780 which is also something like like along with legislative proposals, 236 00:29:32,780 --> 00:29:40,189 it's also one of the most critical, most critical things that a politician can do in a parliament. 237 00:29:40,190 --> 00:29:45,200 So those two indicators may be, you know, 238 00:29:45,470 --> 00:29:53,570 maybe conducted by like more high level party positions rather than the newly elected, like recently elected politicians. 239 00:29:53,570 --> 00:30:00,740 But still, I think they all show legislative effort in a accurate way, you know, in a huge way. 240 00:30:01,700 --> 00:30:11,420 And we are seeing that. I mean, the results are very strong, except for the case of general debates request and special spoken. 241 00:30:12,170 --> 00:30:22,850 So these like number of written questions or verbal questions or written legislative proposals or parliamentary inquiries, 242 00:30:23,870 --> 00:30:30,200 they have a strong effect in the candidate list placement of four woman candidates. 243 00:30:30,740 --> 00:30:40,130 They have, as you can see. I mean, the numbers in the first six roles shows the impact for man. 244 00:30:40,520 --> 00:30:51,919 While these shows the effect for women, as you can see for men, this have almost like I mean, 245 00:30:51,920 --> 00:30:54,860 this doesn't have any significant effects of a significant effect. 246 00:30:55,100 --> 00:31:04,270 None of the parliamentary activities in form impact their electability and their position in the next elections list. 247 00:31:05,090 --> 00:31:13,100 But for women, their performance in the parliament is very important and increases their position in the next elections. 248 00:31:13,100 --> 00:31:18,320 Candidate list. We also wanted to see. 249 00:31:19,640 --> 00:31:25,549 I will, of course, talk about what that means normatively in the conclusion part. 250 00:31:25,550 --> 00:31:31,010 But before getting into that, I also want to talk about the role of electoral competition. 251 00:31:31,460 --> 00:31:38,210 First, I think we are focusing on the size of provinces, for example, provinces like Istanbul or Ankara or Izmir. 252 00:31:38,990 --> 00:31:44,090 These are like big metropolitan cities and therefore there are so many politicians and 253 00:31:44,090 --> 00:31:49,430 they are also more competitive because all parties get votes from these provinces. 254 00:31:49,460 --> 00:31:54,440 There is no let core districts in these provinces almost. 255 00:31:55,670 --> 00:32:03,050 And therefore, we are focusing on big provinces as an example, far more competitive and more demanded, of course, 256 00:32:03,860 --> 00:32:09,679 provinces because of course someone meet at Turkish MP will like will love to I 257 00:32:09,680 --> 00:32:13,819 guess prefer to be an MP of Istanbul rather than an MP of a smaller province. 258 00:32:13,820 --> 00:32:21,200 So it's also, of course it provides more access to resources if you are an MP of a big metropolitan city. 259 00:32:21,770 --> 00:32:27,770 So in these big electoral districts which have very large populations, 260 00:32:28,160 --> 00:32:38,360 we are seeing that the gap between men and women, as you can see by the bar, is highlighted in pink. 261 00:32:38,630 --> 00:32:44,690 The pink bars are showing the ones the results for the big provinces, big and actual districts. 262 00:32:44,740 --> 00:32:50,540 You are seeing that in general, the meritocracy, the importance of meritocracy criteria, 263 00:32:50,540 --> 00:33:03,919 the effect of candidates effort on its on her placement in the next election is much more important in these large scale provinces, 264 00:33:03,920 --> 00:33:11,990 electoral districts, which are also the most economically developed regions of the country. 265 00:33:12,260 --> 00:33:22,250 So basically, this gap between women and men, politicians and this reward gap is much more prevalent. 266 00:33:22,580 --> 00:33:26,510 And for the employees of the biggest provinces. 267 00:33:27,470 --> 00:33:37,070 And in addition to that, we also check whether the important the impact of effort on women's position and the 268 00:33:37,070 --> 00:33:44,389 list changes depending by the level of electoral competition in the electoral district. 269 00:33:44,390 --> 00:33:53,780 And for that, we divide our sample into two, where the first category is the, you know, 270 00:33:53,930 --> 00:34:04,610 the ones with high competition as shown as paying here, and the ones with blue bar means shown in blue have lower competition. 271 00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:11,720 And as you can see, except this puzzling case of legislative proposals in general, 272 00:34:12,440 --> 00:34:26,570 the efforts of women are and are actually affecting the their order in the candidate list, especially in most competitive districts. 273 00:34:27,380 --> 00:34:37,700 So that to me is that like that this translates to an implication which is that in most competitive districts, 274 00:34:39,110 --> 00:34:44,240 the decision about candidate placements are very different for women and men. 275 00:34:44,630 --> 00:34:50,150 So for women, they look at their parliamentary effort and they really reward it when it's, 276 00:34:50,300 --> 00:34:54,500 you know, when when a woman politician shows a high parliamentary performance. 277 00:34:54,890 --> 00:34:59,900 But then in the case of women, there is no effect of parliamentary performance. 278 00:35:00,200 --> 00:35:08,510 And that's why the gap between women's and men's performance is even higher in these most electorally competitive districts. 279 00:35:10,610 --> 00:35:15,010 Okay. So I think, you know, 280 00:35:15,020 --> 00:35:27,590 I will conclude with a discussion of the like main findings as well as the importance in terms of like the contribution to the literature. 281 00:35:27,830 --> 00:35:34,639 But also I will also talk about the next steps we are planning to conduct in order to learn 282 00:35:34,640 --> 00:35:48,320 more about why men or male politicians are not being promoted or maybe even like a mate. 283 00:35:48,560 --> 00:35:52,730 They can even lose their existing position based on their performance. 284 00:35:52,730 --> 00:35:59,719 Their performance doesn't have an impact. And why is that the case? For that we are planning in the next that is a next step. 285 00:35:59,720 --> 00:36:13,880 We are planning to focus on the hometowns of politicians and whether for male politicians, their hometowns or networks. 286 00:36:13,990 --> 00:36:21,390 Play a bigger role compared to man because, you know, some employees are born there and live there, 287 00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:24,070 but some employees, especially the ones are in Istanbul. 288 00:36:24,370 --> 00:36:32,530 Yeah, they are born like and in any like region of Turkey migrated to Istanbul so they don't have a local connection. 289 00:36:32,770 --> 00:36:38,200 But we are going to see if men are actually rewarded based on their local connections, 290 00:36:38,410 --> 00:36:45,280 based on their hometown status and the overlap between their hometown and the actual district they represent. 291 00:36:45,730 --> 00:36:52,690 The second thing we want to look at is the history of a certain candidate within the party, 292 00:36:52,900 --> 00:36:58,810 because of course, some of the party members started working for this party at a very young age. 293 00:36:59,590 --> 00:37:04,120 So it might be the case that men and men actually started to work for the party at 294 00:37:04,120 --> 00:37:08,620 a young age and became basically the loyal supporters of the party leadership, 295 00:37:09,430 --> 00:37:17,800 which is why some of them might be promoted based on other criteria, such as loyalty rather than criteria such as performance. 296 00:37:18,670 --> 00:37:21,729 So these are the next steps we are going to conduct. 297 00:37:21,730 --> 00:37:30,640 But of course, after day, after I comes to the findings, please let me know if you have additional suggestions regarding additional analysis. 298 00:37:31,810 --> 00:37:41,110 But in conclusion, we find that parliamentary after legislative effort on its own doesn't significantly influence and politicians 299 00:37:41,110 --> 00:37:49,300 prospects of obtaining coalitions likelihood of getting a higher ranked list position in the next election. 300 00:37:49,680 --> 00:37:49,960 Okay. 301 00:37:50,020 --> 00:38:02,470 But when we look at the region between women and men, we find that women are subject to this, you know, high effort criteria, meritocratic criteria. 302 00:38:02,830 --> 00:38:10,480 Meritocracy works for women candidates, and they are held to these standards. 303 00:38:11,530 --> 00:38:18,160 However, in the case of male politicians, effort doesn't seem to have an effect, 304 00:38:18,400 --> 00:38:29,800 which means meritocratic criteria don't really play a role in the selection or in the promotion and within part promotion of male candidates. 305 00:38:30,430 --> 00:38:33,729 And it's like a double edged sword because, I mean, 306 00:38:33,730 --> 00:38:41,680 you might think that it is a good thing that at least women are being promoted based on like meritocratic criteria. 307 00:38:41,890 --> 00:38:45,550 But on the other hand, that means that they are faced with a double standard. 308 00:38:46,450 --> 00:38:54,280 And in order to make the, like, party leadership happy, they have to show a much higher effort compared to their male counterparts. 309 00:38:55,810 --> 00:39:07,180 And in addition to that, I mean, the other side of this double edged sword is that, of course, men, some meritocracy is better than no meritocracy. 310 00:39:07,510 --> 00:39:14,740 But that comes at the expense of gender inequality in representation and in promotion of politicians. 311 00:39:17,470 --> 00:39:30,220 Okay. And, yes, as I reminder in part, in particularly electoral combat in districts which actually produced the upcoming leaders in the party, 312 00:39:30,220 --> 00:39:36,610 in most cases because MP serving for Istanbul or in Ankara always, you know, 313 00:39:36,880 --> 00:39:42,640 are more likely to become a prime minister one day compared to those employees in other places. 314 00:39:43,180 --> 00:39:48,729 So in general, the fact that in more competitive and more important electoral districts, 315 00:39:48,730 --> 00:39:57,040 this gender disparity is even stronger shows us that the gender disparity might be even more substantial 316 00:39:57,040 --> 00:40:03,910 with regard to promotion criteria within the party in these critical electoral districts like Istanbul, 317 00:40:04,060 --> 00:40:08,200 which includes like 20% of Turkey's population. 318 00:40:10,430 --> 00:40:13,670 Okay. With regard to theoretical contributions, 319 00:40:14,030 --> 00:40:18,950 this study showed the relationship between the legislative effort and political 320 00:40:19,790 --> 00:40:25,310 career prospects of employees in closely proportional representation systems. 321 00:40:25,730 --> 00:40:34,280 And instead of studies that focus on like pre-existing competence using indicators such as education, we focus on the effect of effort. 322 00:40:34,280 --> 00:40:45,200 So we don't instead of focusing on a stated concept of competence like education model, we are looking at the actual level of effort of candidates. 323 00:40:45,650 --> 00:40:55,130 And the second, a contribution we believe is basically the, you know, the double standard thing that we talk about. 324 00:40:55,580 --> 00:41:02,930 A woman can be promoted to higher ranks in the lists only if they show high performance, 325 00:41:02,930 --> 00:41:16,010 whereas for men there is no such necessity and that is the, you know, the more like gender related implication of this study. 326 00:41:16,730 --> 00:41:21,710 And in addition to that, of course there is a difference me, 327 00:41:22,100 --> 00:41:30,860 me thinking about the importance of large metropolitan areas, important districts like large districts, 328 00:41:30,860 --> 00:41:36,200 electoral districts with large populations in politics, for example, 329 00:41:36,200 --> 00:41:43,220 probably employees that represent London are maybe more likely to become a prime minister one day. 330 00:41:44,600 --> 00:41:49,909 The fact that we have this disparity more pronounced in actually more important electoral 331 00:41:49,910 --> 00:42:01,040 districts may lead to faster gender disparities at higher levels of party positions, 332 00:42:02,300 --> 00:42:10,820 which we wanted to highlight. As I've said, this is my first presentation for this project, and it's a you know, 333 00:42:10,820 --> 00:42:18,890 it's a draft and we want to extend it in the coming weeks and we really will benefit from your comments or questions. 334 00:42:19,730 --> 00:42:23,480 Thanks a lot for listening and we'll look forward to your comments. 335 00:42:28,760 --> 00:42:29,540 Thank you so much. 336 00:42:29,570 --> 00:42:44,450 Talk about this is a lot to think about and sort of yeah, think about like the surrounding and the context more so if I may kick off the questions, 337 00:42:45,290 --> 00:42:52,940 I was wondering if you can tell us about a more about the nature of the list that each party presents for each election. 338 00:42:53,780 --> 00:43:02,260 Are we talking about I assume that's not the case, but hypothetically, a fixed list with a certain number of individuals that only change, right? 339 00:43:02,750 --> 00:43:12,080 Mm hmm. Or are we talking about like some being dropped out and some like added from like a larger pool of potential candidates? 340 00:43:12,470 --> 00:43:19,580 And also, is there agenda for out on the list that they have to meet or they want to meet informally? 341 00:43:19,580 --> 00:43:34,790 So because when you talk about how legislative performance affects or how basically legislative effort affects women's security more than that of men, 342 00:43:36,530 --> 00:43:40,939 I keep thinking about how how else can it be? 343 00:43:40,940 --> 00:43:49,639 Is it the fact that there are fewer seats in general in that list dedicated to women to begin with so that there's a 344 00:43:49,640 --> 00:43:58,910 more competitive pool so that so that they so they can replace the few female candidates on the list more easily. 345 00:43:59,150 --> 00:44:09,650 The fact that the effect is heightened when we are in a competitive electoral district or when we are in like large cities, 346 00:44:10,160 --> 00:44:19,100 kind of like implies so so so I think it's very rewarding to know the nature of the list AS Yeah, yeah, yeah. 347 00:44:19,100 --> 00:44:22,700 The list size I can answer immediately. Are you going to go? 348 00:44:23,720 --> 00:44:32,330 Okay, So yes, the lists are separate for each electoral district and of course it depends on the population because there is, 349 00:44:32,570 --> 00:44:40,150 there is a maximum number of one piece to be elected. So every party provides a list that includes the maximum number of employees to be elected, 350 00:44:40,160 --> 00:44:45,080 affirmed that district, you know, in case everyone wants for the same party. 351 00:44:46,070 --> 00:44:50,210 And of course, the size of the list changes depending on the population of the electoral district. 352 00:44:51,320 --> 00:45:00,370 So, yeah, I mean, what you said is actually an important consideration because we may need to do additional checks to see whether what you know, 353 00:45:00,380 --> 00:45:04,880 the difference we find between more or bigger actual districts versus others. 354 00:45:05,240 --> 00:45:06,410 It might also result. 355 00:45:06,410 --> 00:45:13,820 Yeah, it might also result from this, you know, lower number of positions in smaller electoral districts, which is something good to think about. 356 00:45:14,290 --> 00:45:18,830 And I'm a physician, but also so when we when you're talking like in the panel data. 357 00:45:18,860 --> 00:45:22,250 Yeah say is that more has that the maximum of 38. 358 00:45:22,670 --> 00:45:30,500 Yeah right and they're like I don't know ten women and 20 men are elected in 2004. 359 00:45:30,650 --> 00:45:35,420 Now we're looking at 2018. It's not the same list, only rank or change, right. 360 00:45:35,420 --> 00:45:39,079 It's a list. Of course, the list content change. Yes. 361 00:45:39,080 --> 00:45:51,229 So sounds great. Yeah. And I'm asking whether there's a if there is a gender quota on the list and there is a A and 362 00:45:51,230 --> 00:45:58,340 no quota pool of applicants outside that can be selected and put on that list does that. 363 00:45:58,670 --> 00:46:07,940 It's like for instance. Yeah, it's like the labour market when there's like a high demand outside. 364 00:46:07,940 --> 00:46:11,090 Yeah, there's more competition to get in so the performance matters more. 365 00:46:11,300 --> 00:46:15,980 So if competition is higher amongst women themselves than amongst men. 366 00:46:16,430 --> 00:46:18,320 Okay. Got it. Yeah. Yes. 367 00:46:18,350 --> 00:46:27,919 So you're saying okay, the pre-existing as the pool of aspirants may influence If they don't have a lot of women as parents, then they may have to. 368 00:46:27,920 --> 00:46:31,790 And if they had an idea of how many women we should ideally have on the list. 369 00:46:31,970 --> 00:46:40,040 Yeah. Yeah. I mean, with regard to statistics, of course, I need to check the statistics more accurately to make sure that's not the case. 370 00:46:40,040 --> 00:46:45,559 But in general, actually, I know the number of candidates. 371 00:46:45,560 --> 00:46:52,280 I mean, the likelihood to be in the list is higher for men because, I mean, 372 00:46:52,280 --> 00:46:57,800 women are still applying, but they're not usually elected for the list unless they're. 373 00:46:58,060 --> 00:47:04,700 Yeah, unless they have really like a high Valium valence level, like high competence level, for example, 374 00:47:04,700 --> 00:47:09,950 like currently we have may mean even some of there is going to be a mayor attended with a 375 00:47:09,950 --> 00:47:19,309 woman but who was also the head of like the you know engineering organisation in Turkey. 376 00:47:19,310 --> 00:47:23,420 So there are of course them some competent women that are being nominated. 377 00:47:23,870 --> 00:47:27,350 But in addition to that, I think. 378 00:47:28,820 --> 00:47:38,120 In general, women are having a hard time to find a position for themselves in part in this, but I think it's worth to double check. 379 00:47:38,120 --> 00:47:44,530 Maybe we can find some data on like the number of nominations, like number of volunteers, like pirates. 380 00:47:45,140 --> 00:47:47,360 That will be very helpful. Thank you.