1 00:00:00,360 --> 00:00:09,750 Everyone, thank you so, so much for coming on the Monday of the last week of term and for this sort of 2 00:00:09,760 --> 00:00:14,280 irregularly scheduled women's rights in the Middle East Research seminar event. 3 00:00:14,520 --> 00:00:18,680 This is the last event in our term. Tomorrow we'll have a book talk. 4 00:00:18,690 --> 00:00:23,639 Don't forget about that with Dr. Associate, who's currently here with us today as well. 5 00:00:23,640 --> 00:00:27,930 And you all probably know that we have another event, 6 00:00:27,930 --> 00:00:35,910 the last session of the Israel-Palestine seminar that we've had this term tonight at five as well. 7 00:00:36,270 --> 00:00:45,180 So make sure to show up for those two. So while you enjoy your lunch, introduce our very dear guest, Dr. Magnus out. 8 00:00:46,410 --> 00:00:53,430 Dr. Mazel is an assistant professor at State University, and she received her Ph.D. from the University of Exeter. 9 00:00:54,360 --> 00:01:02,249 Her work looks at the relevance of good years theory of practice for relationally capturing various organisational practices, 10 00:01:02,250 --> 00:01:07,830 mechanisms and dynamics in sociocultural organisations and in particular social movements. 11 00:01:08,580 --> 00:01:13,229 Her research interests include intersectionality theory, feminist organising, 12 00:01:13,230 --> 00:01:18,480 social capital, social networking theory and new social media and organisations. 13 00:01:20,810 --> 00:01:27,410 Her research is also driven by constructing realities and the perceptions of agents and social actors through 14 00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:34,250 incorporating different interpretive methods which include in the interviewee and participant observation. 15 00:01:34,880 --> 00:01:41,270 She is also interested in new research methods such as digital ethnography and social media content analysis. 16 00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:45,410 We are very thrilled to have you here today. Please join me in welcoming. 17 00:01:50,240 --> 00:01:56,299 And thank you so much for attending this seminar and really happy to be here and to take part 18 00:01:56,300 --> 00:02:00,290 of the women's Flight research seminars and to be Oxford University is such a privilege. 19 00:02:01,370 --> 00:02:11,480 And before I start anything and start before I start also introducing myself, I will just send my salute and your salute, I guess, 20 00:02:11,930 --> 00:02:19,339 to all the people that have been killed in Gaza and still are are being killed in Gaza to the mass starvation that's 21 00:02:19,340 --> 00:02:26,510 happening at the moment and to the ongoing non-stop genocide that's happening and has definitely after my presentation, 22 00:02:26,510 --> 00:02:31,819 I will be speaking more about this because I don't think we can speak about any topic related to 23 00:02:31,820 --> 00:02:39,470 Palestine without speaking about the Gaza and what's happening in Gaza on different levels and skills. 24 00:02:40,610 --> 00:02:44,569 My name is Eman Mizell and I was born in Palestine. 25 00:02:44,570 --> 00:02:47,959 I lived in Palestine. I went to schooling system in Palestine. 26 00:02:47,960 --> 00:02:56,990 I finished my bachelor degree in Palestine. Both Mom and Dad are from Palestine and I finished my bachelor and my first master degree in Palestine. 27 00:02:56,990 --> 00:03:06,139 And then I went to Exeter University of Exeter, where I finished my second master's degree on my Ph.D. And then since 2016, 28 00:03:06,140 --> 00:03:12,650 I went back to Business University and I'm working at Music University as an assistant 29 00:03:12,650 --> 00:03:19,670 professor and being engaged with different activism communities and organisations, 30 00:03:19,670 --> 00:03:21,860 especially feminist activism also in Palestine. 31 00:03:22,550 --> 00:03:34,550 Um, and the context of this research started as a part of my Ph.D. work where after the Syrian and Egyptian revolution started back in 2007, 32 00:03:35,630 --> 00:03:43,790 many Palestinian activities and communities started to go out to the streets and support revolutions in Syria and in Egypt. 33 00:03:44,360 --> 00:03:47,839 And lots have happened there. 34 00:03:47,840 --> 00:03:50,990 And because I was part of these communities, 35 00:03:51,410 --> 00:03:59,330 the feminist question of what's happening to the Palestinian women activists was very interesting for me to explore, 36 00:03:59,690 --> 00:04:03,709 because these women have experienced oppression and oppression, 37 00:04:03,710 --> 00:04:09,890 both from the Israeli occupation and the Palestinian Authority and its apparatus security system, 38 00:04:09,890 --> 00:04:16,130 which is the Palestinian security forces in different fashion and different shapes. 39 00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:19,340 So this is the context. 40 00:04:19,340 --> 00:04:32,120 Back in 2011, I interviewed around 43 Palestinian activists since then who have been participating in different activism in Ramallah, where I do live, 41 00:04:32,120 --> 00:04:41,390 and in Palestine in the West Bank, which helped me to get to better understand what do we mean by Palestinian feminist organising in Palestine? 42 00:04:41,750 --> 00:04:46,340 How do Palestinian women can participate in political activism? 43 00:04:46,340 --> 00:04:53,629 In social activism? What are the obstacles, challenges, plus opportunities and privileges for some, 44 00:04:53,630 --> 00:05:02,540 which is the intersectionality kind of lens of looking at what's happening in terms of these different disadvantaged positions, 45 00:05:02,540 --> 00:05:07,430 plus the privileges that some of these women do have. 46 00:05:08,180 --> 00:05:13,430 So and I know that this is also part of the International Women's Day, 47 00:05:13,430 --> 00:05:20,089 and I would be very happy to speak about what a Palestinian woman day would mean to us as as Palestinians, 48 00:05:20,090 --> 00:05:30,770 because it's not a struggle only against patriarchy in Palestine, which is also an orientalist thoughts of what's happening in this country. 49 00:05:31,370 --> 00:05:38,719 Feminist struggles in Palestine are facing Israeli colonisation and occupation and are facing 50 00:05:38,720 --> 00:05:43,250 also patriarchy and authoritarianism from the Palestinian Authority and its security forces. 51 00:05:43,490 --> 00:05:49,340 So I would be coming and pressing upon these different topics. 52 00:05:49,640 --> 00:05:57,140 So first of all, let me start by saying that we can't understand what's happening in Palestine now without understanding what's happening, 53 00:05:57,140 --> 00:05:58,370 what happened in the history. 54 00:05:58,760 --> 00:06:06,770 Even we can understand what's happening in the moment without understanding what happened back in time and how the Israeli colonisation have started, 55 00:06:07,430 --> 00:06:11,420 and ethnic cleansing and ethnic cleansing, also historic Palestine. 56 00:06:11,570 --> 00:06:16,040 So I will be touching upon the history of women movement and how it started. 57 00:06:16,400 --> 00:06:20,810 And then I will be also speaking about the emergence of the progressive leftist 58 00:06:21,050 --> 00:06:26,270 politicisation and the progressive leftist political parties inside Palestine. 59 00:06:26,810 --> 00:06:36,650 There isn't much said about the left political parties in Palestine and how did they emerge in the seventies and how the left's 60 00:06:36,920 --> 00:06:47,180 Marxist Palestinian political parties have effected resistance and gender in Palestine and women issues in Palestine as well, 61 00:06:47,180 --> 00:06:50,830 which we are still witnessing in Palestine? Until now, 62 00:06:51,400 --> 00:06:59,800 I will be speaking about the Palestinian Authority that we have many problems with and about the creation of the Palestinian security forces. 63 00:07:00,550 --> 00:07:12,400 And how was that build in collaboration with the U.S. and the Israeli occupation to manage occupation from a very near point, 64 00:07:12,610 --> 00:07:16,210 which is near to the Palestinian social social fabric, 65 00:07:16,300 --> 00:07:25,090 which will make it less costly for an occupier dislike to build and created this entity of oppression inside the West Bank. 66 00:07:25,090 --> 00:07:33,970 For example, dislike to oppress, suppress, collect intelligence to silence people actually and stop any form of resistance. 67 00:07:35,240 --> 00:07:41,230 Um, and I will be also a little bit talking about the noise of the Palestinian women movement. 68 00:07:41,680 --> 00:07:47,650 This is a flux that different Palestinian that different women organisations now are facing. 69 00:07:47,830 --> 00:07:54,219 But how is this taking place? The new ization taking place with the help and the politicised agenda of the 70 00:07:54,220 --> 00:07:58,780 international aid upon the Palestinian about upon the Palestinian women case? 71 00:07:59,050 --> 00:08:05,290 And definitely there will be no talk without speaking about this and without speaking about what's happening, because at the moment, 72 00:08:05,290 --> 00:08:08,739 from a feminist perspective and from a non feminist perspective, 73 00:08:08,740 --> 00:08:18,129 from a humanitarian perspective, So let me just open my staff and everybody out, okay? 74 00:08:18,130 --> 00:08:21,910 Or should I preserve my voice usually a little bit low or. 75 00:08:22,420 --> 00:08:26,650 But can you hear me? Good. Perfect. If you want to. Just, like, raise your thumbs up and then. 76 00:08:27,190 --> 00:08:36,250 Okay. So Palestinian Women movement have a very rich counter hegemonic feminist organising, organising. 77 00:08:36,580 --> 00:08:47,650 And this goes back to 1921 when the first Palestinian Women's Union was established as a first body of the Palestinian women's activist. 78 00:08:47,950 --> 00:08:48,549 Since then, 79 00:08:48,550 --> 00:08:57,400 the Palestinian women continuously felt empowered to engage in the struggle of national liberation against the British mandate and later on, 80 00:08:57,400 --> 00:08:58,990 the Israeli occupation. 81 00:08:59,290 --> 00:09:11,049 So Palestinian women have frequently been steamed by nationalism versus feminism paradox, implying that they must strive to convince a patriarchal, 82 00:09:11,050 --> 00:09:18,310 masculine society of the significance of their social rights and equalities and the right to defend their country. 83 00:09:18,340 --> 00:09:25,180 At the same time, the Palestinian women's movement emerged from an unsettled political situation in Palestine for sure, 84 00:09:25,390 --> 00:09:31,180 which triggered the Palestinian national movement back in time in 1920s and 1930. 85 00:09:31,210 --> 00:09:37,330 So to that extent, it was back in time when the Palestinian movement were activist and activist, 86 00:09:37,540 --> 00:09:43,750 and they were trying their best to organise all of these efforts and institutionalise that as well. 87 00:09:44,260 --> 00:09:52,839 For example, in 1936, it was a very it was a historic turning point for the Palestinian women when women's start to activism 88 00:09:52,840 --> 00:09:59,640 become very politicised owing to women distributing food and medicine to besides villages in, 89 00:10:00,040 --> 00:10:03,309 in and in Palestine during the Great Revolt. 90 00:10:03,310 --> 00:10:15,640 And that was in 1936. And this was the Great Revolt, a very popular uprising against Jewish immigration and expansion of their of their settlements. 91 00:10:16,390 --> 00:10:19,590 So, for example, this photo goes to 1920. 92 00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:26,770 This is the Palestinian Women's Association in 1921, which worked in supporting resistance in Palestine and volunteer to work. 93 00:10:27,070 --> 00:10:33,220 And what I want to do that since the starting point of establishing woman activism in Palestine, 94 00:10:33,460 --> 00:10:39,040 it was working in parallel with what's happening in Palestine and the political engagement in Palestine as well. 95 00:10:39,370 --> 00:10:41,650 This was the first demonstration, 96 00:10:41,980 --> 00:10:51,010 the women demonstration that happened in Jerusalem back in 1929 against the Balfour Declaration and the Jewish Immigration. 97 00:10:51,220 --> 00:10:57,070 And the woman Association took a very crucial role in this demonstration back, back in time. 98 00:10:57,310 --> 00:11:03,160 So we were speaking about very well-known Palestinian activist back in time who 99 00:11:03,160 --> 00:11:10,389 established this important women movement that we are engaged as Palestinian women in it, 100 00:11:10,390 --> 00:11:15,220 like Elizabeth Nasser Hendel, Hassan Wahab, for example. 101 00:11:16,900 --> 00:11:26,500 And I just like this example of Zilla Shehadeh, because she is the co-founder of the of the Palestinian Women a movement. 102 00:11:26,500 --> 00:11:30,950 She was very active. She was engaged. Is there someone okay? 103 00:11:31,150 --> 00:11:39,770 She was also engaged. Who was also engaged in giving in teaching Palestinian young ladies and and first aid. 104 00:11:39,780 --> 00:11:49,570 She was very keen to educate Palestinian young ladies back then in in time am like a woman and a female activist. 105 00:11:49,620 --> 00:11:56,820 Which which should be also a memorised Palestinian woman's participation became visible. 106 00:11:57,450 --> 00:12:11,640 And from 1929 until 1947, women's activism was recognised in various media outlets, gaining more prominence following the Great Revolt in 1936. 107 00:12:11,850 --> 00:12:18,810 The Palestinian leadership was exiled and many Palestinians were arrested, wounded and killed. 108 00:12:19,350 --> 00:12:27,540 Against this backdrop, Jewish forces in the 1947 experience experienced a relatively easy route through the Palestinian countryside, 109 00:12:27,720 --> 00:12:34,410 and in 1948 it was enacted that the Declaration of Israel Palestinian refers to this definitely 110 00:12:34,410 --> 00:12:42,330 as and that could be the catastrophe in which upwards of around 800,000 Palestinians, 111 00:12:42,810 --> 00:12:52,560 which accounts for 80% of the native Palestinian population back then, were forcibly displaced from their homes and from their lands. 112 00:12:52,860 --> 00:13:00,239 And as you can see here in the act and the slides, around 15,000 also Palestinians have been killed. 113 00:13:00,240 --> 00:13:03,780 And here we're talking about 1948. 114 00:13:04,050 --> 00:13:10,020 So it's very needed to understand the history of Israeli colonisation so we can understand what's happening at the moment. 115 00:13:10,020 --> 00:13:14,879 Right. And it's very interesting to understand the ethnic, the historic ethnic cleansing of Palestine, 116 00:13:14,880 --> 00:13:20,680 to understand what's happening in Gaza at the moment and the continuous ethnic cleansing. 117 00:13:20,680 --> 00:13:23,790 But it's becoming a brutal port for is there. 118 00:13:24,000 --> 00:13:31,920 And this is a book from the Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, written by a Jewish historian that I'm pretty sure you, you know, you know about. 119 00:13:33,340 --> 00:13:43,090 Plus the destruction, not only the destruction, the ethnic cleansing of around 530 villages in historic Palestine. 120 00:13:43,390 --> 00:13:47,420 So you can see this, these photos back in time. They're becoming also familiar. 121 00:13:47,420 --> 00:13:54,160 And now, you know, with the tens and refugees that that happening in Gaza at the moment about all of these photos. 122 00:13:54,340 --> 00:13:59,680 We're back in a back in 1948. But this is also happening in another city at the moment. 123 00:13:59,680 --> 00:14:09,430 So it's history repeating itself. In other important part, the progressive Marxist political emergence in Palestine, 124 00:14:09,520 --> 00:14:19,870 which is also a very important political understanding and perspective to speak to speak to speak about the diversity of politics in Palestine. 125 00:14:19,900 --> 00:14:23,770 Right. So it's not it's not it's not white and black. 126 00:14:23,770 --> 00:14:28,680 It's not this group that we have to to to demolish and whatsoever. 127 00:14:28,690 --> 00:14:37,750 No, There's a long, rich history with diverse ideologies and different philosophical political thoughts. 128 00:14:38,110 --> 00:14:41,709 And I will be talking about the progressive leftist politicisation of Palestine. 129 00:14:41,710 --> 00:14:47,710 So after in October in 1948, the emergence of the nationalist movement shaped by the Palestinian identity and 130 00:14:48,280 --> 00:14:52,480 proved the importance and the vivid role of political activism for Palestinians, 131 00:14:52,780 --> 00:15:01,809 in particular, for women as well. In 1964, the Arab League founded the Palestinian Liberation Organisation, the PLO, to control. 132 00:15:01,810 --> 00:15:05,650 And, you know. Shaped the Palestinian activism. 133 00:15:05,980 --> 00:15:13,360 The general Union of Palestinian Human, which is the PLO affiliated women's organisation, was found in 1965. 134 00:15:13,780 --> 00:15:19,000 I'm citing a slight hazards here. If Palestinian academics and feminist revolution, 135 00:15:19,360 --> 00:15:24,790 armed resistance and armed struggle and steadfastness were not only political 136 00:15:24,790 --> 00:15:31,149 strategies but became crucial to crucial principles of nationhood and served as the 137 00:15:31,150 --> 00:15:37,960 main discursive touchstones that formed the Palestinian identity alongside a 138 00:15:38,020 --> 00:15:44,230 military revolutionary culture right back in time in the sixties and the seventies. 139 00:15:44,350 --> 00:15:50,830 Because there was rebel, there was the Israeli colonisation ongoing and the Palestinian people were resisting. 140 00:15:51,130 --> 00:15:55,090 Right. And resistance and revolution. This is not something new for us. 141 00:15:55,600 --> 00:16:01,030 The Palestinian political struggle fragmented into different political parties and organisations. 142 00:16:01,030 --> 00:16:02,050 For example, Fatah, 143 00:16:02,320 --> 00:16:14,530 which is the PLO largest faction dominating Palestinian politics after its establishment in 1950 until Yasser Arafat's death in 2004. 144 00:16:14,860 --> 00:16:21,550 This period opened doors for political engagement, creating space for including women in leadership. 145 00:16:22,360 --> 00:16:30,009 A lot of women leaders were taking and playing very vivid roles back in time in this period. 146 00:16:30,010 --> 00:16:37,600 And employment's leading to increased economic independence, internal autonomy and gender consciousness. 147 00:16:38,500 --> 00:16:47,800 In 1967, Marxist Secular Party called Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine was formed 148 00:16:48,250 --> 00:16:55,720 followed by further political Marxist and leftist parties in 1970s in historic Palestine. 149 00:16:56,080 --> 00:17:03,460 These organisations engendered a self-consciously modernising progressive civic ideology, 150 00:17:03,700 --> 00:17:13,180 creating discursive openings for men and women to discuss nationalism and feminism, because we can separate between them too. 151 00:17:13,420 --> 00:17:17,440 If you're working in feminism issues in Palestine, 152 00:17:17,440 --> 00:17:24,240 definitely you will be engaged in politics and what's happening in Palestine from your different political perspective and ideological thoughts. 153 00:17:24,610 --> 00:17:32,020 These parties, the Marxist parties in Palestine for women's fought for women's social and political rights through associations, 154 00:17:32,410 --> 00:17:34,330 through associated women's committees. 155 00:17:34,330 --> 00:17:42,120 So each and every political party in Palestine back then, they have this woman association that speaks more about the women issues, 156 00:17:42,220 --> 00:17:48,010 which will be part of the whole political left organisation or political party. 157 00:17:48,310 --> 00:17:59,050 And from 1978 to 1993, so just before Oslo Accords, a new generation of progressive left Palestinians mobilised. 158 00:18:00,010 --> 00:18:06,220 In other examples, the Palestinian Federation Women Action Committee, which was formed in 1982, 159 00:18:06,490 --> 00:18:12,520 was one of the largest organisations demanding equal rights for women in the public spaces through wages, 160 00:18:12,670 --> 00:18:17,020 job opportunities, education and political participation. 161 00:18:18,710 --> 00:18:23,390 This left organisation focus on the practical, very tiny, practical needs of women, 162 00:18:23,390 --> 00:18:30,680 including income generation and the provision even of day-care for their children so they can go and participate politically. 163 00:18:31,070 --> 00:18:37,430 It achieved success in mobilising academics and professionals and recruiting working class women through 164 00:18:37,430 --> 00:18:45,650 income generating projects aimed at socialising and politically motivating women to acquire an assertive, 165 00:18:45,890 --> 00:18:53,060 independent, self independent sense of the self of being career yet strong. 166 00:18:54,170 --> 00:18:59,120 This organisation fostered a collective identity and strong feminist consciousness in 167 00:18:59,120 --> 00:19:06,230 which women referred to themselves as the net enamel Al-Watan Daughters of Women's Action. 168 00:19:06,440 --> 00:19:15,200 This collective identity was fuelled by the revolutionary praxis of smooth steadfastness in confronting Israeli organisation. 169 00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:23,299 And I'm talking here about the seventies to now the spread of someone's steadfastness reached a broader community of Palestinians and 170 00:19:23,300 --> 00:19:34,280 engaged the social reality in a way that regenerate Palestinian social relations and asserted the intersection in between political, 171 00:19:34,280 --> 00:19:38,840 the political, the social, the familial and the personal. 172 00:19:39,050 --> 00:19:42,920 So this is kind of the intersectionality that we do have to understand. 173 00:19:42,920 --> 00:19:48,740 If you want to knock the door and understand what Palestinian feminist movement means. 174 00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:57,000 So the angel ization a feminist movement as well. 175 00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:04,980 And, uh, sorry. And you know, the ization of Palestinian movement also has been affected by. 176 00:20:07,260 --> 00:20:18,330 International politicised the nation of turning the Palestinian woman movement into specialised, professionalised, institutionalised jobs. 177 00:20:19,650 --> 00:20:26,969 And I would be talking about also accurate, also accurate, which took place in 1993, and I personally consider it, 178 00:20:26,970 --> 00:20:37,200 among others in other new colonial times, that we're still trapped in another critical turning point in here, 179 00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:42,750 which is the extent the extensively criticised 1993 Oslo Accords, 180 00:20:42,930 --> 00:20:46,979 the Palestinian Authority and I would be referring to you as the P.A. the Palestinian 181 00:20:46,980 --> 00:20:56,010 Authority was designated as an interim self-governing body established to govern specific, 182 00:20:56,010 --> 00:20:57,900 limited Palestinian territories. 183 00:20:58,440 --> 00:21:07,860 Within this political arrangement, the Palestinian Authority became economically dependent on donations and guardianship of Israel and the US. 184 00:21:08,250 --> 00:21:16,950 The influx of foreign funding led and led many left to just woman committees to follow the agendas of 185 00:21:16,950 --> 00:21:23,880 their international donors through a process called This was through a process called into ization. 186 00:21:24,120 --> 00:21:32,430 Middle class leaders who had previously led the Palestinian resistance movement assumed a bureaucratic, institutionalised role, 187 00:21:32,610 --> 00:21:43,410 and the grassroots women's movement was de mobilised which affected what's happening in the in the feminist scene and not now in Palestine. 188 00:21:43,650 --> 00:21:53,820 Palestinian feminists characterised characterised these as elitist movements that institutionalised and professionalised women's activism, 189 00:21:53,820 --> 00:21:59,220 transforming it into specialised, deep politicised work. 190 00:22:01,480 --> 00:22:09,340 Sadly, and I think this is this is a global issue that's happening in different women movements across the world. 191 00:22:09,940 --> 00:22:17,050 Following the Oslo Accords, evidence emerge on the growing security cooperation and between the P.A., 192 00:22:17,260 --> 00:22:25,899 the Palestinian Authority, the USA and Israel, the associated evolution of the Palestinian security forces. 193 00:22:25,900 --> 00:22:32,440 The P. S. S. Greatly impacted Palestinian activism. 194 00:22:33,190 --> 00:22:41,169 In 2002, the Palestinian Authority was forced to start the Road to Reform charter and aimed 195 00:22:41,170 --> 00:22:49,810 at providing Palestinians at proving Palestinians were credible partners for peace, 196 00:22:50,170 --> 00:22:56,230 paving the way for a further reinvention of the Palestinian security forces. 197 00:22:56,650 --> 00:23:06,070 These reforms created a monopoly of violence as she threw a weapon cleansing process, 198 00:23:06,520 --> 00:23:14,650 formed the armed resistance in Palestine, deepening of of authoritarianism, 199 00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:28,240 and that this armour, this armament of military groups committed to the armed resistance of Israeli occupation under the presidency of Mahmoud Abbas, 200 00:23:28,690 --> 00:23:35,580 our current president. So this is like some of the photos, right? 201 00:23:35,710 --> 00:23:43,000 These are not the Israeli soldiers. I mean, we I mean, definitely this will not by any mean downplay. 202 00:23:43,120 --> 00:23:49,290 Right. What's happening in terms of violation and killing from the Israeli occupation part. 203 00:23:49,660 --> 00:23:55,180 But it's very important to understand how the Palestinian security forces are also 204 00:23:55,180 --> 00:24:03,040 exercising violence upon Palestinian people when they will go out and protest. 205 00:24:05,910 --> 00:24:09,330 A primary American Israeli strategy concerned. 206 00:24:09,750 --> 00:24:15,570 So it's an American Israeli strategy, the diet and plan, if you heard about it. 207 00:24:16,070 --> 00:24:26,070 Concern, funding, manpower and weaponizing the Palestinian security forces by implementing Biden's plan in the West Bank, 208 00:24:26,490 --> 00:24:29,610 the Palestinian security forces were trained right. 209 00:24:29,880 --> 00:24:40,890 To persuade the resistance elements and gather as much intelligence as possible for arrests to ensure Israel's security in the West Bank. 210 00:24:41,460 --> 00:24:47,130 The historical challenges Palestinians have faced impact on more recent activism in the region, 211 00:24:47,430 --> 00:24:52,710 including organisation of spontaneous protests following the Arab Spring. 212 00:24:52,720 --> 00:24:59,550 And this is exactly how the context of this research, because I will be speaking also about the findings of this research have started 213 00:25:00,540 --> 00:25:07,109 demanding waves of politically motivated activism emerged in Palestine after 2011. 214 00:25:07,110 --> 00:25:12,120 So after the revolution happened in Tunisia and Egypt, demanding free speech, 215 00:25:12,330 --> 00:25:17,720 social justice and an end of the security coordination and collaboration. 216 00:25:18,030 --> 00:25:25,650 And in between the Palestinian Authority and Israel and the economic dependency on Israel, the Palestinian security forces. 217 00:25:26,370 --> 00:25:32,280 One minute the Palestinian security forces is considered increasingly, increasingly authoritarian, 218 00:25:32,550 --> 00:25:40,500 encouraging a culture of militarised policing and lack of respect for human rights and the rule of law. 219 00:25:40,710 --> 00:25:48,990 It has arrested members of groups who oppose the officials, who oppose the official's peace process politically, 220 00:25:48,990 --> 00:25:55,500 particularly suspected supporters of the sending political parties, including Hamas in the West Bank. 221 00:25:55,800 --> 00:26:02,820 Hundreds of civilians have been transferred, transparent, transferred, transferred into military, 222 00:26:03,090 --> 00:26:13,469 into military detention without due process, sparking claims of torture and assassination in June 2021. 223 00:26:13,470 --> 00:26:24,450 I will never forget this date. A Palestinian political activist, Nizar Banat, was arrested by the Palestinian security forces and tortured to death. 224 00:26:24,690 --> 00:26:31,379 He was tortured to death by the Palestinian security forces. Thousands of Palestinians, the protesters and the Palestinian security forces. 225 00:26:31,380 --> 00:26:36,900 Intelligence officers reportedly dragged protesters in the street harassing women. 226 00:26:36,900 --> 00:26:41,880 And then here we'll be talking about the intersectionality of feminism, political activism in Palestine, 227 00:26:42,120 --> 00:26:49,139 harassing women, stealing their own phones and threatening them to publish intimate pictures on social media. 228 00:26:49,140 --> 00:26:57,900 And yes, it's happened with my friend. Violence and surveillance enacted literally or discursive and maintained, 229 00:26:57,900 --> 00:27:06,719 manifested in digital or physical forms, are routinely exercised over Palestinian citizens, in particular women. 230 00:27:06,720 --> 00:27:08,460 Because women will be the taboo. 231 00:27:08,490 --> 00:27:16,740 Women will be the place where this demonstration might end, because it will be a very frightening place that women can go to. 232 00:27:16,950 --> 00:27:25,410 So they should they should terrorise this public place so female activists wouldn't go there and participate. 233 00:27:25,740 --> 00:27:30,930 So this is the context. Exactly of of of my research, because it was really important, just like, 234 00:27:30,930 --> 00:27:35,580 to lay down and speak about the long history of the Palestinian woman woman movement, 235 00:27:35,790 --> 00:27:40,589 what happened exactly after Oslo and what is the current situation that we are 236 00:27:40,590 --> 00:27:49,050 suffering from as Palestinians in general and as female and feminist Palestinians? 237 00:27:49,410 --> 00:27:55,020 So to give you a just like general idea about the findings and this research, by the way, 238 00:27:55,020 --> 00:28:00,479 it was published in a very well, Q1 four Stars Journal called Human Relations. 239 00:28:00,480 --> 00:28:06,510 It took me four years, two years to write the paper and two years to go through very tough three rounds of revision. 240 00:28:06,510 --> 00:28:10,440 But finally it was published on the 7th of January last year. 241 00:28:10,440 --> 00:28:20,550 So I'm done with this with this research. But still, I think it's it's it's a milestone that I want to just like build on for further research. 242 00:28:20,940 --> 00:28:26,129 So as I told you, data collected in this research from 43 feminist activists in Palestine, 243 00:28:26,130 --> 00:28:33,060 in the West Bank, not in Gaza, about their activism in different protest since 2011 until 2019, 244 00:28:33,780 --> 00:28:42,810 which has revealed that woman activist activists experience various forms of oppression practised by the Palestinian security forces and its thugs. 245 00:28:43,170 --> 00:28:48,270 Thugs. It was a word that was repeated by the Palestinian activists who are the plain 246 00:28:48,270 --> 00:28:55,440 clothes and uncovered police employed by the Palestinian security forces, 247 00:28:55,740 --> 00:28:59,969 taking the form of physical violence and sexual harassment, the Palestinian security forces. 248 00:28:59,970 --> 00:29:03,750 So to challenge activist intentions Diamond. 249 00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:13,389 Their political credibility in different ways and tarnish their reputation and question their moral integrity Exactly as Selma, 250 00:29:13,390 --> 00:29:20,560 if you can just like go ahead the the the coats and and breathe that she has experienced physical violence. 251 00:29:20,560 --> 00:29:29,740 Yasmeen and as well she was dragged in the streets why she is protesting in one of these demonstration so 252 00:29:29,740 --> 00:29:35,050 physical violence sexual harassment were not only practised by the Palestinian security forces member, 253 00:29:35,710 --> 00:29:41,860 but also by plainclothes police officers, officers, the thugs, as also Reem is saying. 254 00:29:42,040 --> 00:29:46,810 So these are like very popular pictures in here. 255 00:29:46,840 --> 00:29:49,239 This is a journalist called Nasrallah, 256 00:29:49,240 --> 00:29:56,950 and she was beaten harshly in one of the demonstrations that went out in Ramallah after the assassination of Mr. Bennett. 257 00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:09,069 And this so that woman who wearing red pants, she is employed by the Palestinian security forces as a female, plainclothes. 258 00:30:09,070 --> 00:30:14,830 So she can be you know, she can practice her violence may be easier among women. 259 00:30:15,250 --> 00:30:16,989 And this was one of the code that being said, 260 00:30:16,990 --> 00:30:25,270 that she was completely shocked when she realised that there was another woman dragging her and pulling her hair and she was a woman. 261 00:30:25,270 --> 00:30:31,780 And it took a while, just like to understand what's happening. I mean, she, she, she she got used that they are males. 262 00:30:31,780 --> 00:30:41,200 But what's happening you hear. So this also feminist understanding of how violence is also treated upon upon these women. 263 00:30:41,980 --> 00:30:43,270 Most importantly, 264 00:30:43,270 --> 00:30:53,410 and this is how I will will we will make this link in between the collaboration of the Palestinian security forces and the Israeli intelligence units. 265 00:30:53,770 --> 00:31:00,340 This tactic right, of recruiting uncovered Palestinian security force members to harass and the rest. 266 00:31:00,370 --> 00:31:08,860 Women activists resembles methods reportedly used by the Israeli undercover security agents called mystery being right. 267 00:31:09,130 --> 00:31:15,070 So the mystery being they are Israeli intelligence units who would be wearing just like normal clothes. 268 00:31:15,340 --> 00:31:20,800 Enter my own campus, which is Birzeit University, and arrest students from there. 269 00:31:21,010 --> 00:31:25,030 So our students would be arrested by these mystery being without knowing. 270 00:31:25,870 --> 00:31:33,640 Sorry about what's what's happening. The security agents are trained by Israeli security units to think, act, 271 00:31:33,880 --> 00:31:41,110 dress and emulate the speech of Palestinian dialect so that it would be easier for an an activist who is in a demonstration, 272 00:31:41,110 --> 00:31:50,050 just like to speak with you, supposing that you are another Palestinian protesters and then you will be arrested easily, 273 00:31:50,470 --> 00:31:59,050 their mission is to continuously gather intelligence or to arrest Palestinians while pretending to demonstrate with them against Israeli forces. 274 00:31:59,290 --> 00:32:02,499 This underlines the growing and non-stop. 275 00:32:02,500 --> 00:32:10,569 Until now, security cooperation between the PA and Israel since 2005 to create an Abbas 276 00:32:10,570 --> 00:32:16,660 loyal Palestinian security forces directly confronting any dissenting voice, 277 00:32:16,990 --> 00:32:21,850 any dissenting party association, or any form of mobilisation. 278 00:32:22,930 --> 00:32:32,620 So silencing any voices. Practically Palestinian female activists face a range of measure to control them, exclude them, 279 00:32:32,620 --> 00:32:41,860 and shame their bodies by means of proposed dress code, the way they dress up death threats, violence and sexual assaults. 280 00:32:42,040 --> 00:32:50,410 The aim of this is clear disciplinary right to disempower woman activists by making them feel unsafe in these public spaces, 281 00:32:50,650 --> 00:32:55,049 limiting their mobility and use of spaces. 282 00:32:55,050 --> 00:32:58,090 So just like go home, go to university and go work politics. 283 00:32:58,090 --> 00:33:06,970 We have nothing to do with this. Although the first Palestinian Union movement was established in 1921, which was also politicised. 284 00:33:07,390 --> 00:33:13,120 So techniques of surveillance and defamation are also taking place digitally. 285 00:33:13,120 --> 00:33:19,120 And that was like, Can you attack this tactic practised by the Palestinian security forces, which was, to be honest, 286 00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:25,540 shocking for me as an interviewer when I heard that from my participants and just 287 00:33:25,540 --> 00:33:30,580 to not all of these names are not the real names and they are anonymous names. 288 00:33:31,990 --> 00:33:37,180 So techniques of surveillance and information were also taking place digitally with the Palestinian security 289 00:33:37,180 --> 00:33:46,850 forces using social media to spread accusations of shame and question the honour of some woman activists and not. 290 00:33:46,900 --> 00:33:55,870 All right. In a minute I will be speaking how the Palestinian security forces treated women inside these movements differently, 291 00:33:55,870 --> 00:34:03,550 where we can also better understand intersectionality inside a political mobilisation organisation, activists shared. 292 00:34:03,730 --> 00:34:07,809 The tactics adopted by the Palestinian security forces to tarnish their reputation 293 00:34:07,810 --> 00:34:16,030 online by spreading fabricated sex videos of specific female activists. 294 00:34:16,600 --> 00:34:27,070 And we've seen it. So look. Ex is practising sex with someone and she is an activist in this movement. 295 00:34:27,400 --> 00:34:37,750 All the social media. So you can just like imagine how hard it was for this female, for this activist on day one. 296 00:34:38,380 --> 00:34:46,810 Such sexual techniques. Again, the collaboration in between Israel and Palestinian security were employed by the Israeli 297 00:34:46,810 --> 00:34:55,210 occupation forces during interrogations to subjugate Palestinian women political prisoners. 298 00:34:55,600 --> 00:35:07,959 Right. The sexual abuse, the sexual assaults, the sexual violation, the harassment that we also heard a lot about from the Palestinian women, 299 00:35:07,960 --> 00:35:13,570 females who were arrested from the palace, from the Israeli prisons and jails. 300 00:35:14,560 --> 00:35:20,470 Moreover, violence and oppression against women activists did not cease after the demonstrations. 301 00:35:20,740 --> 00:35:23,920 So the demonstrations was not the final step. 302 00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:32,469 Some activists explained this was when it really started with the Palestinian security forces and its intelligence units investigating, 303 00:35:32,470 --> 00:35:41,410 investigating personal information about them, including their social status, job situation, political background, friends, 304 00:35:41,620 --> 00:35:48,400 associates and and and relationship to black male them and intimidate them for sure. 305 00:35:49,240 --> 00:35:55,450 It is now very interesting to speak about intersectionality and how it took place inside this movement, 306 00:35:56,110 --> 00:36:04,360 as some activists accounts were made from relatively privileged positions where modes of expression, 307 00:36:04,360 --> 00:36:12,490 appearance and domestic situations meant they enjoyed slightly better positions in the patriarchal system, 308 00:36:13,060 --> 00:36:19,330 affording them a little bit of protection inside the movement from the Palestinian security forces. 309 00:36:19,840 --> 00:36:23,590 So observations were made such as and I'm quoting the participants here, 310 00:36:23,740 --> 00:36:31,360 although she and other female activists was harshly beaten in the demonstration, no one chased her or abused her. 311 00:36:31,510 --> 00:36:36,450 She is married. She had two sons and one girl. 312 00:36:37,300 --> 00:36:43,000 Relatedly, Neda, another participant, explained, I think I wasn't abused that much afterwards. 313 00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:50,650 So after the demonstration, as I am a married woman with a child, my family is a politically well-known family in Palestine. 314 00:36:50,710 --> 00:36:57,910 No one can touch me. These comments highlight how different patriarchal positions and this is the new intersection. 315 00:36:59,090 --> 00:37:02,870 As a Palestinian researcher looking at the fear of intersectionality. 316 00:37:02,870 --> 00:37:06,470 I was trapped by fear at this what I would put this intersection. 317 00:37:06,740 --> 00:37:13,100 So intersection is telling me about gender, sexuality, race, but patriarchy. 318 00:37:13,880 --> 00:37:18,200 My participants are speaking about patriarchal positioning in a different way. 319 00:37:18,440 --> 00:37:27,950 And I will be speaking about the the limitations, both of the theoretical and the methodological limitations of intersectionality as a theory, 320 00:37:28,220 --> 00:37:32,870 theoretical framework implied in a context like Palestine. 321 00:37:36,030 --> 00:37:44,459 So these comments by Nader and the other the other participants highlight how different patriotic positions resonate, 322 00:37:44,460 --> 00:37:53,640 whereby multiple this advantages advantaged individuals can experience advantage and this advantage together at the same time, 323 00:37:53,970 --> 00:38:02,010 someone, an activist, believe they were personally targeted because they failed to embody these patriarchal positions. 324 00:38:02,700 --> 00:38:12,540 Now, for example, I think your comment and coat was was very clear too, to better understand what's happening. 325 00:38:12,540 --> 00:38:15,810 Sorry, I should have just put this light on. 326 00:38:21,060 --> 00:38:29,250 So. So another said because she felt like completely this advantage of having any of these privileged patriarchal positions. 327 00:38:29,550 --> 00:38:38,130 So first, I'm a divorced woman with two kids. Second, both of my male brothers are political prisoners in the Israeli jails. 328 00:38:38,460 --> 00:38:46,290 Third, my dad is an old man, so he's not very well established politician in the Palestinian Authority, for example. 329 00:38:47,730 --> 00:38:54,990 So my dad's an old man. Fourth, I know that I'm not that typical traditional woman in the way I live. 330 00:38:55,290 --> 00:39:01,230 All of what I listed could be considered socially as my vulnerable spots. 331 00:39:01,440 --> 00:39:05,960 That might. We can be the security apparatus exploited all of that. 332 00:39:05,970 --> 00:39:09,180 It is like I don't have that support system. 333 00:39:09,510 --> 00:39:13,829 So this is exactly how I try to understand patriarchy in Palestine. 334 00:39:13,830 --> 00:39:20,790 So first of all, it's not generalise and get from an Oriental perspective of yeah, there's patriarchy happening everywhere. 335 00:39:20,970 --> 00:39:29,220 Because in a minute I will show you how also patriarchal positioning was also supportive in mobilising some of these 336 00:39:29,220 --> 00:39:35,580 women because the dad was there in the demonstration and the dad stood in front of one of the police and tell them, 337 00:39:35,580 --> 00:39:37,920 Yo, this is my my daughter. 338 00:39:45,690 --> 00:39:54,060 Moreover, and this was something also new, something happened internally inside the movement, in between the male activist and the female activist. 339 00:39:54,690 --> 00:40:01,030 Gender equalities and power relations were not only produced by institutional social structures, 340 00:40:01,030 --> 00:40:10,620 so the Palestinian security forces and the P.A., but also were sometimes reproduced within protest groups themselves. 341 00:40:10,830 --> 00:40:18,299 And here I'm quoting Nadia and Zainab, who are speaking about how the male activists inside the movement were gathering, 342 00:40:18,300 --> 00:40:22,920 for example, in a male cafe after the demonstration and taking some decisions. 343 00:40:23,130 --> 00:40:28,290 So this was also marginalisation and exclusion of them as females. 344 00:40:28,500 --> 00:40:34,319 So it's not enough what they are experiencing from the Palestinian Authority and their security officers. 345 00:40:34,320 --> 00:40:37,200 But still, what's happening, what's happening inside. 346 00:40:37,680 --> 00:40:44,250 So women activists would occasionally find themselves subject to male domination in the form of exclusion. 347 00:40:44,490 --> 00:40:51,480 Woman Participant stated that some male activists within protest groups exploited their positions as males. 348 00:40:51,960 --> 00:40:54,870 So, for example, they would be the first one who would just like, 349 00:40:54,870 --> 00:41:03,450 go to the media and speak about the demonstration or just like decide where to go when the demonstration will start, when it ends. 350 00:41:03,460 --> 00:41:13,910 Oh, this jacket looks a little bit short, make it a little bit long, and all of these small details and like meeting up in in male only cafe. 351 00:41:13,920 --> 00:41:19,709 So in Palestine, back home, we do have this type of map on the cafes where you can enter into it. 352 00:41:19,710 --> 00:41:24,160 One just like to explore what's happening there, but it's just like very dominated by our. 353 00:41:24,570 --> 00:41:29,490 It's like coffee. It's like are women male dominated kind of public space. 354 00:41:30,270 --> 00:41:36,150 Some woman activists recount the recounted also and here I would be coming to speaking about the. 355 00:41:38,270 --> 00:41:41,600 The relative, the sorry, the family. 356 00:41:42,800 --> 00:41:50,600 The family. So as as a as a as a unit, that forbidden activism for some women, 357 00:41:50,630 --> 00:41:57,620 but still as a system that supports some women, as a system that protect these women and mobilise this woman. 358 00:41:57,860 --> 00:42:07,729 And this part has to do with the emergence of the progressive Marxist political parties that I spoke about in 1970s. 359 00:42:07,730 --> 00:42:15,559 It was very clear in the data collection. So some woman activist recounted how their family, especially male members, prevented their activism. 360 00:42:15,560 --> 00:42:26,600 So you can go out. Or like my mom stopped, stopped speaking with me if I, if I would just, like, leave this kind of activism and all of that. 361 00:42:27,020 --> 00:42:36,080 But most interestingly, others told alternative narratives that consider the family as a protector, even as a motivator for activism. 362 00:42:36,350 --> 00:42:43,000 The counter hegemonic patriarchal discourse of experiencing family support while remaining politically active. 363 00:42:43,010 --> 00:42:51,020 The woman was shaped by family histories and their varied experiences of colonisation and political involvement. 364 00:42:51,380 --> 00:42:56,510 Propelling this further, it was found that these women activists were influenced by their family, 365 00:42:56,750 --> 00:43:02,000 their heterogeneous experiences of political activism and associated networks. 366 00:43:02,570 --> 00:43:08,480 Most belong to the Palestinian lower and middle, lower, middle, lower, middle or working class. 367 00:43:08,780 --> 00:43:13,970 Some might come as such as like my mom was demonstrating next, demonstrating next to me. 368 00:43:14,240 --> 00:43:24,469 And I will never, ever forget how she was almost going to slap that policeman when he hits me on my head or when my father. 369 00:43:24,470 --> 00:43:25,580 So in here I'm speaking. 370 00:43:25,580 --> 00:43:34,430 I'm just like trying to analyse how patriarchal system could be looked at from different perspective in Palestine, in political activism. 371 00:43:34,580 --> 00:43:37,730 When my father knew that I might be harassed, 372 00:43:37,880 --> 00:43:45,020 he stepped out with me in the next demonstration supporting me or my dad again told a Palestinian security 373 00:43:45,020 --> 00:43:54,649 force unclosed member after he threatened him that he is proud of his daughter and one let anyone hurt me. 374 00:43:54,650 --> 00:43:58,639 That was so cheerful also to hear from the participants. So I'm an activist. 375 00:43:58,640 --> 00:44:05,930 So I'm an activist born into a politicised family, right into a politicised family, 376 00:44:05,930 --> 00:44:14,300 particular particularly a left leaning one where oppressed by rich, varied experiences of political socialisation. 377 00:44:14,310 --> 00:44:20,810 I think this is very important to speak about when we're speaking about political activism in Palestine or feminism activism in Palestine. 378 00:44:21,140 --> 00:44:29,900 Such experiences should be viewed in relation to the history of women's activism in Palestine, right, which under the shadow of occupation, 379 00:44:29,900 --> 00:44:37,940 has cultivated a highly educated, politically aware population and a strong feminist movement that still alive. 380 00:44:38,120 --> 00:44:43,820 Until now, the leftist movement has a history of inspiring and mobilising the leaders, 381 00:44:44,060 --> 00:44:50,840 writers, voices and actions of Palestinian resistance and promoting women's activism. 382 00:44:51,140 --> 00:44:54,260 In addition, and in relation to feminist organising, 383 00:44:54,260 --> 00:45:05,809 these activists described how they could be privileged by their leftwing politicised family support, benefiting from practices and informal know how. 384 00:45:05,810 --> 00:45:14,510 And this is the quote of Abir. I will be citing it again, which enabled them to invade masculinity inside the demonstration, 385 00:45:14,510 --> 00:45:23,360 right to invade masculine domination and other organisational biases of this movement, including exclusion, armour and marginalisation. 386 00:45:23,720 --> 00:45:34,160 So Abir said, I may not have studied in prestigious schools and universities, but I know I know quite well how to act on the ground, how to confront, 387 00:45:34,340 --> 00:45:40,819 handle dilemmas and mobilise the streets is the barometer of your know how in political activism, 388 00:45:40,820 --> 00:45:49,790 because she is a politicised activist coming from a politicised left wing family in Palestine. 389 00:45:50,180 --> 00:45:58,790 So this is all about my findings, I think, because I've heard that some some of the audience also is interested in intersectionality, 390 00:45:58,790 --> 00:46:05,839 feminist intersectionality and I think intersectionality in in the Global South and how we can apply intersectionality in a 391 00:46:05,840 --> 00:46:13,940 global and the global south south and in Palestine under Israeli occupation of the Palestine and the Palestinian Authority, 392 00:46:13,970 --> 00:46:18,410 authoritarianism needs further discussion. 393 00:46:19,730 --> 00:46:26,600 So intersectionality and this is what I try to do in my human relations paper, which is this research. 394 00:46:26,900 --> 00:46:36,469 Intersectionality calls into question the treatment of single identity categories, right, such as gender, class, race, religion and sexuality. 395 00:46:36,470 --> 00:46:47,230 As. Mutually exclusive and instead proposes that such categories intersect to create different forms of inequality and opportunity. 396 00:46:49,140 --> 00:46:57,480 Simultaneously. Our so going together kind of oppression has been emphasised as an important dimension of 397 00:46:57,480 --> 00:47:02,940 intersectionality that captures these intersect intersections as processes of identity, 398 00:47:03,180 --> 00:47:11,069 institutional and social practice. How of it and I think this is very important for review and assessment of this fruitful, 399 00:47:11,070 --> 00:47:18,809 yet challenging merge between intersectionality and diverse fields like gender studies, politics, education and organisational studies. 400 00:47:18,810 --> 00:47:28,160 Where I came from can tell us that the theoretical knowledge and the development of intersectionality is moving faster as a knowledge and as a theory. 401 00:47:28,170 --> 00:47:35,100 This is my own assumption in comparison to the ontological and logical advancement of intersectionality as a method. 402 00:47:35,580 --> 00:47:42,240 And to be honest, when I write about intersectionality, about the theory of intersectionality, I didn't know how to apply intersectionality. 403 00:47:43,160 --> 00:47:47,180 And I would love to hear from you. So where I start from, I collected all of this data. 404 00:47:47,390 --> 00:47:52,730 After I did, I conducted the 43 interviews with these women. 405 00:47:53,150 --> 00:47:57,860 I ended up with different battery output positioning, but intersectionality. 406 00:47:57,890 --> 00:48:00,950 Where does this fit within the intersectionality framework? 407 00:48:01,280 --> 00:48:07,340 Israeli colonisation. Where does that fit in in the intersectionality framework? 408 00:48:07,550 --> 00:48:15,650 How can I validate how I can validate as a research from Palestine Global South to the intersectionality theory theory, 409 00:48:15,860 --> 00:48:19,729 because it's not about race and it's not about class, 410 00:48:19,730 --> 00:48:30,590 it's more about something else which has to do with the historic, you know, with the historic political long history of these of these women. 411 00:48:31,220 --> 00:48:34,250 So that was a crucial question for me. 412 00:48:34,760 --> 00:48:40,880 So it's an issue that has been raised by many scholars who call intersectionality a theoretical buzzword nowadays. 413 00:48:40,890 --> 00:48:50,150 So we have to know how to imply it. Yet with an unrealised analytical and methodological understanding. 414 00:48:50,150 --> 00:48:54,740 Therefore, we might be knowing more about this buzzword of intersectionality. 415 00:48:54,740 --> 00:49:03,560 And yeah, I'm implying intersectionality, but what do we really have to do is to expand our analytical understanding by questioning 416 00:49:03,860 --> 00:49:07,370 how we can further expand our knowledge about intersectionality as a method, 417 00:49:08,090 --> 00:49:09,260 by questioning the tool, 418 00:49:09,500 --> 00:49:18,170 by questioning the tool that researcher are just like having and putting as lenses as intersectionality when they go to the field and explore more. 419 00:49:18,350 --> 00:49:24,920 We are using the tools that we are using to analyse our data categories, categorise our intersections, 420 00:49:25,160 --> 00:49:30,739 define access of privilege and discrimination, which is going to contribute to that. 421 00:49:30,740 --> 00:49:37,130 Definitely to the future of intersectionality in different scholarly and and fields. 422 00:49:37,430 --> 00:49:46,399 This research, we assume in this research, advances a theoretical understanding of intersectionality by exploring how systems of gender 423 00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:51,960 inequalities are manifested and institutionalised within different organisational aspects. 424 00:49:52,190 --> 00:49:57,980 So I can't be looking only at the Palestinian security forces as a separate structural entity. 425 00:49:58,220 --> 00:50:05,810 I have to better understand how this power is manifested differently in the everyday life of these of these women. 426 00:50:06,710 --> 00:50:11,410 So how gender inequalities are manifested and institutionalised within different organisational aspects, 427 00:50:11,660 --> 00:50:19,570 uncovering multiple and much way complex intersectional subjectivities among Palestinian woman activists. 428 00:50:21,800 --> 00:50:24,709 I don't think I would be covering this. So yeah, 429 00:50:24,710 --> 00:50:34,190 I think we can open the conversation more about the challenges and the limitations of intersectionality as a theoretical and methodological framework. 430 00:50:34,460 --> 00:50:40,940 When we are studying, I would say, different fields, when we are studying specific politically, 431 00:50:40,940 --> 00:50:46,610 economically, socially, social fields that we are, that we are exploring. 432 00:50:48,020 --> 00:50:53,360 As I told you, there is no way to speak about any topic in Palestine without speaking about us, 433 00:50:53,510 --> 00:51:02,120 because it's very crucial to what's happening in the US. It has to do with what happened in Palestine back in time in 19, in 1948. 434 00:51:02,450 --> 00:51:07,430 It's the day 149 of continuous non-stop genocide. 435 00:51:07,670 --> 00:51:14,810 There's that only three. 30,410 people who have been killed. 436 00:51:15,170 --> 00:51:22,850 One third of them are babies. And babies are children that are around 71,007 hundred wounded people. 437 00:51:22,850 --> 00:51:28,820 And when I'm talking about wounded people, they're not just like simple wounds. They're just like limbs, cuts of some of some people. 438 00:51:29,210 --> 00:51:33,530 Israel has conducted and has committed for 16 massacres in Gaza. 439 00:51:33,860 --> 00:51:36,980 40 hospitals so far have been bombed. 440 00:51:37,130 --> 00:51:40,390 They are out of service. And definitely you know more about this. 441 00:51:40,400 --> 00:51:44,960 And you've seen like horrifying videos all over the social media. 442 00:51:45,320 --> 00:51:48,880 There are 130 journalists who have been killed also in. 443 00:51:50,960 --> 00:51:56,600 In terms of the amount of bombs, it just like traumatic and horrific. 444 00:51:56,780 --> 00:52:05,210 Israel has dropped more than 45,000 bombs in Gaza, waiting more than 65,000 tons. 445 00:52:06,410 --> 00:52:16,850 Making one of the most intense bombing in history against a very, very populated area like us, completely destroyed. 446 00:52:19,160 --> 00:52:26,980 I think there's a terminology now which is due sides speaking about how the Israeli occupation, 447 00:52:27,000 --> 00:52:35,120 the Israeli forces are completely demolishing and destroying the educational system in Palestine. 448 00:52:35,360 --> 00:52:43,220 So it's a Jew from education, a Jew side. There's a systematic destruction of the Palestinian universities, almost all universities. 449 00:52:43,520 --> 00:52:45,709 This is a photo of Gaza University, 450 00:52:45,710 --> 00:52:55,550 which has just like been taken just like few seconds before the whole university was just like, demolished on on the ground. 451 00:52:56,450 --> 00:53:02,690 So almost all the universities in Gaza have been completely destroyed. 452 00:53:03,230 --> 00:53:10,370 There are more than 100 Gazan academics and professors who have been killed and they have been targeted, killed. 453 00:53:10,760 --> 00:53:21,710 There's a lot of not research but media now speaking about the use of intelligence units by the Israeli forces in killing specific Palestinians, 454 00:53:22,190 --> 00:53:26,090 including doctors, academics and professors. 455 00:53:26,690 --> 00:53:34,580 And what's more heartbreaking, that now we're witnessing a humanitarian crisis, seriously, a humanitarian crisis. 456 00:53:34,820 --> 00:53:39,290 There is nothing death and there is continuous starvation in Gaza. 457 00:53:39,710 --> 00:53:42,620 There's children that they don't have even food. 458 00:53:42,620 --> 00:53:50,990 And there are around 100 children who have been killed, that innocent innocents who are just like eating dates because there is no milk formula. 459 00:53:51,200 --> 00:53:57,620 To this situation, the situation is very hard. Now, while we are listening to this presentation, people are starving in Gaza. 460 00:53:59,380 --> 00:54:03,370 And definitely maybe you heard about the the flower massacre where people were 461 00:54:03,370 --> 00:54:07,780 just like waiting for food coming out of the truck and they were killed. 462 00:54:08,140 --> 00:54:11,180 And then they will be telling you that defending yourself. 463 00:54:11,200 --> 00:54:15,950 How come? I don't know. What we can do. 464 00:54:15,950 --> 00:54:22,850 I think we can do a lot. We can bring awareness. We can bring awareness in different shapes and in different venues. 465 00:54:23,060 --> 00:54:28,219 We can boycotts. We can boycott any affiliation that can support Israel. 466 00:54:28,220 --> 00:54:36,050 In terms of militarisation, yes, we can boycott countries, for example, like Japan and the Danish, the Danish government. 467 00:54:36,560 --> 00:54:40,219 They stop the trade, the trading of military to Israel. 468 00:54:40,220 --> 00:54:44,870 Governments can do this. A lot of diplomatic issues can be done on this scale. 469 00:54:44,870 --> 00:54:50,210 And as individual, we can bring awareness and we can boycott because we know that this is an economic play. 470 00:54:50,240 --> 00:54:51,920 We know that it has to do with profits. 471 00:54:52,130 --> 00:55:00,980 We know that to keep on going with this ongoing, non-stop genocide, there should be money poured in this violence and this different form of violence. 472 00:55:01,220 --> 00:55:08,200 So we have to keep on going, speaking about this and not to be ashamed of speaking it politically. 473 00:55:08,210 --> 00:55:12,410 Right. It's Israeli colonisation. It's not a war. 474 00:55:12,440 --> 00:55:17,629 It's a genocide. Right. Killing people, not randomly, systematically. 475 00:55:17,630 --> 00:55:22,370 They know that what they are doing there are ethnic cleansing because they are depopulating. 476 00:55:22,670 --> 00:55:30,320 What else could be done? When we're speaking about this amount of sorry, all this number of innocents and people have been killed. 477 00:55:30,530 --> 00:55:36,200 There is a systematic destruction of making living in Gaza. 478 00:55:36,500 --> 00:55:39,620 After this, I don't know when this will end. This kind of impossible. 479 00:55:40,100 --> 00:55:42,950 Kind of impossible. Thank you.