1 00:00:00,270 --> 00:00:04,530 It is now my distinct pleasure to introduce to you our panel. 2 00:00:04,530 --> 00:00:07,050 We have first Dr. Kevin Technical. 3 00:00:07,050 --> 00:00:13,230 Kevin is a post-doctoral research fellow working on the Difford funded focussed on this research programme, in effect. 4 00:00:13,230 --> 00:00:21,110 One of my and Laura's colleagues, whose work focuses on inclusion and polke power sharing and peace agreements, 5 00:00:21,110 --> 00:00:28,290 is Puchi at Queen's University, Belfast Motor Cross Community Identities in Deeply Divided Societies. 6 00:00:28,290 --> 00:00:36,070 The case of the Northern Irish Identity. He also has three interest in national identity, Clearlake psychology. 7 00:00:36,070 --> 00:00:41,170 Northern Ireland and Brexit Cabinet will be speaking about using the Paris Peace 8 00:00:41,170 --> 00:00:46,180 Agreement database to understand gender perspectives in peace agreements. 9 00:00:46,180 --> 00:00:51,080 Thanks very much for attending the conference today. 10 00:00:51,080 --> 00:00:57,250 Could do some much thanks to everyone that Tim and everyone else organising the conference today under such difficult time. 11 00:00:57,250 --> 00:01:01,220 Really horrible circumstances. So thanks very much for that. 12 00:01:01,220 --> 00:01:09,370 I will be talking to you about the tax database and you can be used to try and evaluate the extent to which gender perspectives, 13 00:01:09,370 --> 00:01:15,880 existence, secure peace agreements. And I as Tim says, I'm part of the Political Settlements Research Programme, 14 00:01:15,880 --> 00:01:21,970 and you can find out more about that under the tax database at the Web site at the bottom of the page there. 15 00:01:21,970 --> 00:01:26,560 But the main part of the work is Political Settlements Programme, a research programme. 16 00:01:26,560 --> 00:01:32,540 Is this tax database. And that's a collection of. 17 00:01:32,540 --> 00:01:37,890 Almost 2000 peace agreements from between 1990 and the present day. 18 00:01:37,890 --> 00:01:46,760 And it said these are collected. And the organisers that categorised in a range of different ways they'll be talking about. 19 00:01:46,760 --> 00:01:50,180 But we also have various thematic streams. 20 00:01:50,180 --> 00:01:59,000 One of those is one major area of work is gender and trying to evaluate gender perspectives in peace processes. 21 00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:02,400 So, yes, I say the taxpayers have in this current form, 22 00:02:02,400 --> 00:02:09,760 in the current version of 1832 peace agreements since the entire Cold War, post-Cold War period. 23 00:02:09,760 --> 00:02:16,670 And this is covers around about 140 for peace processes around the world. 24 00:02:16,670 --> 00:02:24,650 These are available in full text in their original language text translated into English. 25 00:02:24,650 --> 00:02:26,420 In one of the current versions, 26 00:02:26,420 --> 00:02:35,870 you're able to download the text in such a way that you can actually analysing using the types of qualitative analysis software. 27 00:02:35,870 --> 00:02:44,450 But. Were the major part of work was done and mercifully was done before I arrived there, it was done by Lorena and her colleagues. 28 00:02:44,450 --> 00:02:52,910 These were coded meticulously line by line, all over 250 variables to say whether it contains, let's say, virus sharing. 29 00:02:52,910 --> 00:02:54,890 If it does, what kind of power sharing? 30 00:02:54,890 --> 00:03:03,110 It had references to international human rights law, etc., etc., etc. So these can be categorised in a variety of ways. 31 00:03:03,110 --> 00:03:07,670 We've also categorised them in such a way that we've created sub databases. 32 00:03:07,670 --> 00:03:15,080 So there's actually a pox gender which only contains those agreements that contain references to women, girls and gender. 33 00:03:15,080 --> 00:03:21,560 And just recently we've just started. And Tim was a huge part of this project for local peace agreements. 34 00:03:21,560 --> 00:03:27,320 These are agreements that are specifically about ones, a subset of the country, 35 00:03:27,320 --> 00:03:32,850 one particular part of the country, rather than a than for the entire country itself. 36 00:03:32,850 --> 00:03:37,580 And I've just included this timeline at the bottom. I'm not going to fully explain it, but really, 37 00:03:37,580 --> 00:03:42,710 it's one of the things that we try and do is try and use visualisation methods to try and explain peace 38 00:03:42,710 --> 00:03:51,090 processes and just show how messy and complex they are and try and bring unexpected results for way. 39 00:03:51,090 --> 00:03:57,100 So what are we talking about when we talk about the gender perspective, because we're all here 20 years after 13, 40 00:03:57,100 --> 00:04:02,190 25, which insists on a gender perspective and peace processes of peace agreements. 41 00:04:02,190 --> 00:04:12,400 But it doesn't really define it very well. If you want to try and find a similarly supranational organisation that does have a definition, 42 00:04:12,400 --> 00:04:19,230 the International Criminal Court does talk about it, requiring an understanding of different societies and rules. 43 00:04:19,230 --> 00:04:24,800 These three males and females. And this is a reasonably good definition. 44 00:04:24,800 --> 00:04:31,450 But whenever we are actually studying the peace agreements and themselves, 45 00:04:31,450 --> 00:04:37,750 the kinds of things that we're looking for are whether or not women inputted into the peace process and the agreement. 46 00:04:37,750 --> 00:04:45,140 And that in particular is one of the most difficult things to evaluate. Many peace agreements don't even have signature stand of them. 47 00:04:45,140 --> 00:04:49,340 So you can't even see the names that were put through them. 48 00:04:49,340 --> 00:04:55,190 Only very, very few will have a photo opportunity where there's a handshake moment that you can actually 49 00:04:55,190 --> 00:05:01,160 maybe identify that the women that were in the peace process was much easier to find out, 50 00:05:01,160 --> 00:05:06,440 as if the peace agreement itself contains provisions for material gains for women. 51 00:05:06,440 --> 00:05:10,110 And whether it's a structured around gender empire imbalances. 52 00:05:10,110 --> 00:05:14,430 One of the interesting pieces of work I'm actually looking at at the minute is in the piece that 53 00:05:14,430 --> 00:05:20,540 I've worked on recently is this difference between provisions that are material gains for women, 54 00:05:20,540 --> 00:05:28,220 almost as if they are charitable donations from on high vs. provisions that really make Empire women's organisations. 55 00:05:28,220 --> 00:05:33,090 This is a slightly different thing with credit comes in different contexts. 56 00:05:33,090 --> 00:05:39,120 I just want to highlight some of the pieces of work that have been done as part of the political settlements research programme, really? 57 00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:49,610 There are fifty three fifty three pieces of published work on our on our Web site that refer to gender specifically. 58 00:05:49,610 --> 00:05:57,440 And so I've just chosen these as a way of highlighting some of the spread of different things that we're things we're interested in. 59 00:05:57,440 --> 00:06:02,190 So there's the local peace processes and the opportunities and challenges for 60 00:06:02,190 --> 00:06:07,220 women's engagement that Laura was working on with Rob Foster and Christine Ali. 61 00:06:07,220 --> 00:06:14,520 If you upset, I'm talking about the different strategies these women can employ to try and that leverage themselves 62 00:06:14,520 --> 00:06:20,170 into local peace processes because there are particularly difficulties with those kinds of agreements. 63 00:06:20,170 --> 00:06:27,870 Similarly, with ceasefires, as we find ceasefires tend to have a low level of inclusion of women and understanding the kinds of 64 00:06:27,870 --> 00:06:34,470 examples that do exist there and ways in which women can serve itself into the process are useful. 65 00:06:34,470 --> 00:06:42,880 Similarly, with accessing political power and power sharing, peace processes and sharing is a particular avenue that I'm interested in. 66 00:06:42,880 --> 00:06:48,540 And that is particularly controversial from a gender perspective because there are very good testimony, 67 00:06:48,540 --> 00:06:56,610 very good stories of exclusion of women in political power sharing, where there where the elites. 68 00:06:56,610 --> 00:07:01,320 It'll be an elite pack that excludes various other constituencies, 69 00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:06,240 but also the peace agreements themselves sometimes have some very interesting provisions for women. 70 00:07:06,240 --> 00:07:14,150 And when talking about published work and PSAP, I always talk about Monica Williams and Jessica Doyle's work on intimate partner violence. 71 00:07:14,150 --> 00:07:18,420 I really do recommend looking at that, even though it doesn't focus on the FOX database itself. 72 00:07:18,420 --> 00:07:23,070 It's one of the most important in terms of the findings. 73 00:07:23,070 --> 00:07:27,100 I don't think the findings have necessarily been obvious that it wasn't for this research. 74 00:07:27,100 --> 00:07:34,770 The findings are important for policymakers in a post-conflict society, but also from an academic perspective. 75 00:07:34,770 --> 00:07:40,150 I think the methods that are really good and it's likely to replicate Sophie's work from many decades ago. 76 00:07:40,150 --> 00:07:49,450 I definitely recommend any of those. We just got one of the benefits of the PAX database is that it means that things like 13 twenty five where it 77 00:07:49,450 --> 00:07:56,020 actually makes calls for provisions for gender perspectives and you can actually start putting numbers to them. 78 00:07:56,020 --> 00:07:59,950 So in paragraph, if A it says the special needs of women, 79 00:07:59,950 --> 00:08:07,960 girls and during repatriation or resettlement and rehabilitation and rehabilitation, it can take into consideration. 80 00:08:07,960 --> 00:08:13,690 Well, if we actually look at the other, we see only two percent of agreements actually refer to women in reconstruction. 81 00:08:13,690 --> 00:08:17,110 Only one percent of agreements were referred to women as refugees. 82 00:08:17,110 --> 00:08:25,510 And as we go on, we actually find a very, very few agreements, do makes make provisions for women and women. 83 00:08:25,510 --> 00:08:32,680 It's quite disappointing. But what we do find is if we plot them across a long time, we do see an upward trend. 84 00:08:32,680 --> 00:08:41,480 So whereas in 1990, we would only seem to by less than 10 percent of these agreements, referring to women, girls and gender at all, these days, 85 00:08:41,480 --> 00:08:49,660 we'll be closer to 50 percent and is a market in the various U.N. Security Council resolutions that that provide for these things. 86 00:08:49,660 --> 00:08:53,470 But I'll let you decide for yourself what that looks like, a cause and effect. 87 00:08:53,470 --> 00:09:03,200 I'm not entirely sure if that is a preferred massive effect of 13, 25 or rather, was there already a Sloup occurring there? 88 00:09:03,200 --> 00:09:10,110 Maybe 13, 25 was a manifestation of the norms that were already pre-existing at that time. 89 00:09:10,110 --> 00:09:14,820 This graph on its own isn't very useful because it referred. 90 00:09:14,820 --> 00:09:21,330 It suggests that any agreement that makes any reference to women, girls and gender is as good as the age as another. 91 00:09:21,330 --> 00:09:23,580 And that's certainly not the case. 92 00:09:23,580 --> 00:09:32,100 But if we don't give each agreement a gender score, which goes between zero, meaning it doesn't refer to women, girls or gender. 93 00:09:32,100 --> 00:09:38,420 Oh. Allow them. Meaning refers to every single one of these different variables. 94 00:09:38,420 --> 00:09:45,690 Does it include women's equality, particular groups of women, violence against woman development, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera? 95 00:09:45,690 --> 00:09:52,020 We find that only one agreement out of the database comes up with a score of eleven, and that's the sums of the agreement in the DRC. 96 00:09:52,020 --> 00:09:56,310 But if we were to take an average every year, we also see an upward trend over time, 97 00:09:56,310 --> 00:10:03,840 which looks good until you look at the y axis and find very rarely does it actually overcall over one, 98 00:10:03,840 --> 00:10:07,830 which means on average, a peace agreement will only mention one of these things. 99 00:10:07,830 --> 00:10:16,240 And generally it's quite a passing comment anyway. If we break down the agreements by stage of the peace process. 100 00:10:16,240 --> 00:10:18,110 We find that there are big differences there. 101 00:10:18,110 --> 00:10:27,440 So we talk about cease fires and agreements that just bring conflict to an end and they make up a sizeable proportion of the database, 102 00:10:27,440 --> 00:10:32,960 but they only make up. Eleven are only 11 percent of them will make reference to women, girls and gender. 103 00:10:32,960 --> 00:10:35,420 Similarly, pre negotiation agreements. 104 00:10:35,420 --> 00:10:42,130 But once we get to substantive, comprehensive agreements, which are really your at your handshake moments where the words media come, 105 00:10:42,130 --> 00:10:49,000 you could Friday agreement, state and agreements, things like that, 60 percent of them will make reference to women, girls and gender. 106 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:54,230 And it indicates that when peace processes don't follow a logical trajectory, 107 00:10:54,230 --> 00:11:00,200 it does appear that those agreements at the latter end of the peace process are more likely to refer to women. 108 00:11:00,200 --> 00:11:04,100 But whenever it's the early stages, especially ceasefires of pre negotiations, 109 00:11:04,100 --> 00:11:10,290 when these kind of norms could really be normalised and the the arts, they're very, very rare. 110 00:11:10,290 --> 00:11:17,230 And whenever you see when they are, they do exist there. You can see just how important those provisions can be. 111 00:11:17,230 --> 00:11:23,640 And how much more time can. OK, good. 112 00:11:23,640 --> 00:11:29,500 Right. So there is a there has been a perspective that perhaps if women, 113 00:11:29,500 --> 00:11:36,520 girls and gender are inserted into the peace process and the peace process and a peace agreement has a gender perspective, 114 00:11:36,520 --> 00:11:41,780 what this might do is exclude other non dominant groups. 115 00:11:41,780 --> 00:11:48,430 It's almost as if there's a competition between groups, not dominant groups, to try to insert themselves into the peace process. 116 00:11:48,430 --> 00:11:55,210 And if one group is included, others are marginalised. Well, what this graph indicates is that it's not the case. 117 00:11:55,210 --> 00:12:02,380 So, for example, disabled people in peace processes that have no agreements referring to women, girls and gender. 118 00:12:02,380 --> 00:12:06,230 Only two percent of them refer to disabled people at all. 119 00:12:06,230 --> 00:12:12,580 But amongst those peace processes that do refer to women, over 60 percent are almost 60 percent. 120 00:12:12,580 --> 00:12:20,470 So there is a really large correlation here between the inclusion of women and the inclusion of other non dominant groups. 121 00:12:20,470 --> 00:12:24,490 It seems as if some agreements and some processes have a norm of inclusion. 122 00:12:24,490 --> 00:12:32,320 But doesn't that goes beyond just women and girls and gender and includes a lot of other non dominant groups of people? 123 00:12:32,320 --> 00:12:35,710 This graph does come with a heavy caveat, though, 124 00:12:35,710 --> 00:12:43,370 which is in a large proportion of agreements to make these references the use an almost identical sentence to each other. 125 00:12:43,370 --> 00:12:52,540 And that sentence runs along the lines of this peace agreement will provide provisions for women, children, the elderly, disabled. 126 00:12:52,540 --> 00:12:58,450 And it's rather it's a rather tokenistic tick box exercise of different vulnerable 127 00:12:58,450 --> 00:13:04,840 constituencies rather than a more holistic way of having a gender perspective. 128 00:13:04,840 --> 00:13:13,000 And in all types of provisions, you can really see the difference in some agreements where there's a gender perspective 129 00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:19,530 that runs through the entire document as opposed to a one off sentence here or there. 130 00:13:19,530 --> 00:13:22,500 If I've got time to explain something in this boring looking graph, 131 00:13:22,500 --> 00:13:28,380 but the interesting thing for me is the one line at the bottom to try and find here is by gender quotas and direct 132 00:13:28,380 --> 00:13:34,540 correlation with power sharing as power sharing agreements like you have in Northern Ireland are what really interest me. 133 00:13:34,540 --> 00:13:40,210 What you find is curiously, whereas B, whether or not the U. 134 00:13:40,210 --> 00:13:46,420 N was involved correlates with this, or about twice as many of them make reference to gender quotas. 135 00:13:46,420 --> 00:13:53,490 But power sharing agreements are made seven times more likely to contain reference to to gender quotas. 136 00:13:53,490 --> 00:13:58,050 Not only that, they're also much more likely to be implemented in reality. 137 00:13:58,050 --> 00:14:03,390 If you actually look up to see if these ever came to the light of day after they were written into the agreement, 138 00:14:03,390 --> 00:14:11,980 which is for some reason, power sharing seems to correlate very highly with inclusion of women in the document. 139 00:14:11,980 --> 00:14:15,060 No, I can't comment on what happens in reality. 140 00:14:15,060 --> 00:14:22,830 And that necessarily afterwards, except for the fact that these quotas are do seem to be executed in the majority of times. 141 00:14:22,830 --> 00:14:26,550 I think it is an important area for future research. And that's something I'm looking at. 142 00:14:26,550 --> 00:14:30,670 Some of it is. One minute remaining. 143 00:14:30,670 --> 00:14:34,030 Thank you very much, sir. Yes. 144 00:14:34,030 --> 00:14:39,400 So I think it's an important avenue for you for for further research and identify what kind of 145 00:14:39,400 --> 00:14:45,980 power sharing agreements are more amenable to the inclusion of women and which ones are not. 146 00:14:45,980 --> 00:14:54,130 And I think I've identified some of these trends. And that is beyond the scope of this presentation to kind of finish up with 147 00:14:54,130 --> 00:14:59,110 a few recommendations that come not just from the piece that I wrote there, 148 00:14:59,110 --> 00:15:07,220 is that these have come from some of the more wider streams of gender research within PSAP. 149 00:15:07,220 --> 00:15:12,870 And the most important message from any of this is, if you take home nothing else, 150 00:15:12,870 --> 00:15:19,020 is that peace agreements tends not to refer to women, girls or gender at all. 151 00:15:19,020 --> 00:15:26,290 They just don't. And any information that them at all is it is better than the average at it. 152 00:15:26,290 --> 00:15:33,370 There should be more attention to including provisions from in the early stages, especially in the cease fire and pre negotiation stages, 153 00:15:33,370 --> 00:15:39,640 because these can could develop a norm of inclusion that continues on throughout the process. 154 00:15:39,640 --> 00:15:45,520 And finally, it's really important to not just have recommendations or provisions for women. 155 00:15:45,520 --> 00:15:57,010 It has to have a way of supporting organisations of women themselves to be able to video of marginalised within marginalised communities themselves. 156 00:15:57,010 --> 00:16:05,350 So I have to leave it there. Thank you very much. Very much indeed, Kevin, for taking the time for preparing these slides. 157 00:16:05,350 --> 00:16:09,038 Really bringing the PEX data to life. Thank you very much.