Right. We're going to South Africa, preferably on QM.
That's a wonderfully elegant experience. So what was the problem in South Africa?
In one word, it was apartheid. Apartheid itself was complex.
It was not a simple. It's separated people, it literally means separateness.
It didn't just separate black and white. It's separated black from black, Indian, from African and coloured or mixed race from everybody else.
And it was cruel. Everything that had been segregated simply by custom before was now segregated by law.
So where black people had, for example, been able to attend liberal English speaking universities, they were now prevented.
Grand apartheid was the plan that set up ten tribal homelands and all Black Africans in South Africa
consequently lost the South African citizenship and became putative citizens of the tiny homeland.
Of which the return and they were supposed to take independence and become internationally recognised countries.
Only South Africa ever recognised the for that doodles to independence independence meant that you got your
own Defence Force and your own diplomats and the only place you could put your diplomats as Pretoria.
And the consequence of having a small army is that three of the homelands.
And I will get them up in a moment. Three of the four that opted for independence.
Became. Military dictatorships having had a military coup plot South Africa before homelands adopted for independence with Cisco
transcode vendor that black blob at the top and an archipelago of about seven pieces which form Bookout and so on.
So you've got these objects recognised as independent by the apartheid government, and you'd got six other tribal tribal homelands to some degree.
That meant that some black Africans had a stake in the system.
So that's ground apartheid and under it, every black African was supposed to have the family eventually only in the homeland will Bantustan.
And they would, if needed, as workers in the vast majority of South Africa,
they would have to come as single migrant workers and huge hostels were built to house these single migrant workers single in inverted commas.
There was also a to education, which was a an inferior education syllabus for to black African schools.
This all came in in 1948 and was implemented through the fifties.
In 1960, there was a big protest in a place called Sharpeville, south of Johannesburg.
And that's when violence really set in.
69 protesters were shot mainly in the back, running away by frightened police after a five hour standoff during which the police were.
Reinforced so that led to, in response, the founding of Liberation Army by the African National Congress, the ANC,
which had been founded in 1912 and had been a very gentlemanly operation up to that point all
although young leaders like Mandela in the 1940s began to really organise protest against apartheid.
So the RNC had been non-violent, but when armed resistance began and there were a couple of other small liberation armies as well,
then South Africa became a security state with laws suppressing opposition under the name of, sounds familiar, communism and terrorism.
So if you were against the government, you were a communist and probably a terrorist as well.
So internal opposition was suppressed and a big external anti-apartheid movement began to come in to be.
Internal risk unrest really was endemic from 1976 onwards, when in 1976,
the two school children of Soweto began to rise up against forms to education, and in the 1980s there was really chaos.
There was one major conflict.
The majority against the apartheid government and there was another conflict as well, which had developed within it and alongside it.
And that was the conflict within the black community, which pitted conservative Zulus organised by the encounter movement.
Into in conflict with the progressives of the ANC, especially the younger comrades.
So by 1990, both conflicts were raging.
The people versus the government with its police force and army and the conservative Sulu in counter-party versus the ANC.
Which, although it was banned, had internal support and movements,
and the internal civil war was mainly was entirely first confined to KwaZulu Natal here on the coast.
And so in 1990, in February, the new white president realising after the it was really collapsing and crumbling from within throughout the 1980s,
realising that there had to be radical change, he unburdened the liberation movements, released Mandela and expected talks to begin.
So there were two expectations. The. The talking would begin to formulate a new non-racial constitution.
And to have the first Democratic election and the AMC encounter civil war should stop
because both Mandela and the Carter later Buthelezi had known each other for many years.
They did respect each other and the expectation was that they would meet.
But hawks within the ANC prevented any meeting for a year.
And meanwhile, that civil war spread up to the townships in the industrial area of Johannesburg and and its surrounds.
So the crisis was reached when the AMC still announced that it would stop talking to the
government if the government for which it blamed all the violence did not stop the violence.
By May 1991. And at this point,
a group of church and business leaders got together top leaders such as Desmond Tutu and the chair of the South African Chamber of Business.
And here they are looking very pleased because they have managed to intervene in the political process.
It's the 22nd of June and they've got everybody who mattered except the extreme
right right into a meeting to discuss a peace agreement or peace agreements.
And they are pictured at the smoke short photo opportunity for the media before this closed door discussion,
which agreed to negotiate what became the National Peace Accord.
So we have now a multi party multiracial committee forming under which working
groups work on things like a code of conduct for the political parties and
agreements for the police to become a police force that is governed by the
philosophy of community policing and not a sort of colonial style repressive force.
So from this moment on June 1991, we have the negotiation of the peace accord, and it only takes three and a half or so months,
and in September the result was the National Peace Accord, which, when printed as a small booklet.
Of 33 pages, a for life size. It was signed at the National Peace Convention on the 14th of September 1991 by 29 political and labour organisations,
including the top three signatories to Clark Mandela.
And Buthelezi.
And here at the National Peace Convention World Convention was significant because South Africa was invented at the National Convention of 1998 to 09,
when the Union of South Africa was formed out of the four colonies before the first South African colonies.
So the idea was to have another convention, which would be inclusive.
And this was the first one. They're all looking rather pleased, and I think it's because those men tutu.
We led the crowd at the end of just told a funny story. However, although they're looking pleased, many of the followers and Mandela and Buthelezi,
at least themselves at times still regarded themselves as being at war, it was still keeping their powder dry.
There have been efforts at agreements before. Was anything going to be different this time?
Well, it was. And the difference lies in one word implementation.
So the National Peace Accord set up peace structures and infrastructure for peace to do peacemaking,
peace building and peacekeeping with the authority of the accord in every corner and locality of South Africa.
I think we've been hearing that peace is a messy process and it's hard work.
It doesn't just happen. So these structures were home-grown in South Africa.
They were based largely on the structures that had worked in industry, especially on the mines,
when management and unions had come to agreements, as they did during the 1980s after unions were legalised.
To recognise one another and to commit to codes of conduct and to implement
these agreements and shop for shop floor level through shop stewards committees,
so people management and unions knew that this kind of thing could work and they wanted to transfer it into the political realm.
So. The National Peace Accord contains.
Codes of conduct to codes of conduct, one for the political parties promising not to kill one another,
not to take each other's posters, not to prevent others members going to meetings, et cetera, and one for the police.
A code of conduct which commits every individual police person to be a servant to the community and a further set of undertakings by the police,
which enshrines the new philosophy of community policing.
It also contains a standing commission of enquiry into the prevention of public violence and intimidation.
Note not a punitive enquiry, but a healing enquiry to come up with recommendations as to how to do things better in future, which it did.
It was the Goldstone Commission and provisions for socioeconomic reconstruction and development.
And vitally, the accord also contains the structures to implement itself, and we can get rid of this.
Away. This is the piece structures, as they are first set up at the top, you've got the National Peace Committee,
which is kind of presiding over the whole process and is the founder of Consensus Legitimacy.
Then beside it, you've got the National Peace Secretariat. Its members are in part nominated by the National Peace Committee,
but it channels government money, so it sits in fact, directly under the Department of Justice.
First of all and then Home Affairs, the National Peace Secretariat had the responsibility to set up the regional committees,
and so the whole country was divided into 11 regions and they were at first full dispute resolution committees.
After a year or so, they decided to turn it into to turn their name into peace committees, which the press had already done and under them.
Each region had the power to appoint to call together consultative meetings,
which would appoint local dispute resolution committees or local peace committees.
So you've got the national,
the regional and the local committees with a good deal of subsidiarity because South Africa is a very varied place and each region.
For example, the Western Cape would be very different from the Northern Cape and from the far north and from KwaZulu-Natal.
So each region had a lot of power to decide what it how it would approach matters.
And again, they each local committee also had a good deal of local power.
And so it was a top down rolling out, but with a lot of consultation and in the end, a lot of buying across routes.
So the Goldstone Commission had its own commissions of Enquiry and investigation unit.
Beside this, this is the police board, which did a lot of workshopping and thinking the top, top police leaders and leaders of civil society,
expert criminologists and so on, actually putting together the the strategy of community policing for the South African police.
So. The structures developed and in particular added these divisions for communications,
training of facilitation, full time facilitators working under the accord,
some fundraising for social economic reconstruction and development and its own office and
the National Peace Committee developed a complaint investigating committee of Lawyers,
which helps to draw the sting of complaints about this party and that party had breached the accord.
And so. The members important civil society is represented on the National Peace Committee and the regional and local committees,
largely religious bodies of business and community groups, and also the security forces.
And of course, the political parties. So coming together for the first time ever in the history of South Africa.
Here is. Get rid of all this.
You got to know. We're about to show you a picture of a typical local peace community.
Having having a weekend away. So this is Alexandra Township, Johannesburg.
And here you've got the IOC, the ANC, the army.
The detective talked police, the internal security police, the internal stability unit,
it was called or the instability unit, if you like the head of Women for Peace in Alexandra has a from business.
Brought in from business, maybe from churches. Displaced people and the scars from the hostels in the culture dominated hostels.
So this is September 1992. We've been going since April, and Alexandra is beginning to lose its violent image.
Tasks of the communities were conflict resolution, so a lot of training in conflict resolution, mainly Harvard based.
So a lot about positions and interests and needs and training and facilitation.
And implementing the codes of conduct above all, by joint planning and monitoring of events such as rallies and marches and funerals,
which had always been deadly flash points before,
but now became an opportunity for joy and pre-planning and coordinated action to produce a peaceful event and debriefing afterwards.
So this was the meaning of peace monitoring under the accord.
And this is what it could look like on the ground. These are in Carter rally girls being separated from the AMC lot,
and there were thousands in each crowd and they're passing each other at a crossroads by agreement with peace monitors and international observers.
We have them from the UN, Commonwealth, Europe and the OAU working with the peace committees, and they're standing there,
standing in a line to separate the otherwise warring groups or the culture and ANC rally girls.
And monitor training developed.
And so did what monitors wore. This is Election Day,
when the peace structures fielded 18 and a half thousand locally trained peace
monitors and had the best communications and logistics operation of any organisation,
except perhaps the army. And materially helped with the peaceful election that South Africa had in April 1994.
So this is Bishop Peter story of the Methodist Church and two monitors insulator on Election Day.
We also begun to implement social economic reconstruction and development and expected to do a lot more after the 94 94 election.
Now, the other thing that the peace structures did was publicity communicating the idea and the
hope of peace and mobilising the whole nation to get involved in doing things for peace.
So by September 1993, this was working, the peace song became a unifying anthem for the country,
and the new Peace Doves symbol was everywhere and everyone wanted the T-shirt with literally millions were either given or sold.
There was a peace day on the 2nd of September 1993, so it's taken two years to get to that point.
Here's a clip of one of the TV adverts.
So we. And that's what it was.
Only if we all work together and spread a message of peace can we build the future for our children?
Oh my God. And I think that's probably all I've got time for at the moment.
Thank you.