1 00:00:00,180 --> 00:00:04,130 Right. We're going to South Africa, preferably on QM. 2 00:00:04,130 --> 00:00:10,610 That's a wonderfully elegant experience. So what was the problem in South Africa? 3 00:00:10,610 --> 00:00:15,830 In one word, it was apartheid. Apartheid itself was complex. 4 00:00:15,830 --> 00:00:22,160 It was not a simple. It's separated people, it literally means separateness. 5 00:00:22,160 --> 00:00:33,560 It didn't just separate black and white. It's separated black from black, Indian, from African and coloured or mixed race from everybody else. 6 00:00:33,560 --> 00:00:44,950 And it was cruel. Everything that had been segregated simply by custom before was now segregated by law. 7 00:00:44,950 --> 00:00:54,490 So where black people had, for example, been able to attend liberal English speaking universities, they were now prevented. 8 00:00:54,490 --> 00:01:04,720 Grand apartheid was the plan that set up ten tribal homelands and all Black Africans in South Africa 9 00:01:04,720 --> 00:01:18,390 consequently lost the South African citizenship and became putative citizens of the tiny homeland. 10 00:01:18,390 --> 00:01:28,050 Of which the return and they were supposed to take independence and become internationally recognised countries. 11 00:01:28,050 --> 00:01:35,040 Only South Africa ever recognised the for that doodles to independence independence meant that you got your 12 00:01:35,040 --> 00:01:42,390 own Defence Force and your own diplomats and the only place you could put your diplomats as Pretoria. 13 00:01:42,390 --> 00:01:48,030 And the consequence of having a small army is that three of the homelands. 14 00:01:48,030 --> 00:01:55,980 And I will get them up in a moment. Three of the four that opted for independence. 15 00:01:55,980 --> 00:02:08,510 Became. Military dictatorships having had a military coup plot South Africa before homelands adopted for independence with Cisco 16 00:02:08,510 --> 00:02:18,710 transcode vendor that black blob at the top and an archipelago of about seven pieces which form Bookout and so on. 17 00:02:18,710 --> 00:02:30,410 So you've got these objects recognised as independent by the apartheid government, and you'd got six other tribal tribal homelands to some degree. 18 00:02:30,410 --> 00:02:37,570 That meant that some black Africans had a stake in the system. 19 00:02:37,570 --> 00:02:48,430 So that's ground apartheid and under it, every black African was supposed to have the family eventually only in the homeland will Bantustan. 20 00:02:48,430 --> 00:02:54,970 And they would, if needed, as workers in the vast majority of South Africa, 21 00:02:54,970 --> 00:03:06,850 they would have to come as single migrant workers and huge hostels were built to house these single migrant workers single in inverted commas. 22 00:03:06,850 --> 00:03:18,820 There was also a to education, which was a an inferior education syllabus for to black African schools. 23 00:03:18,820 --> 00:03:24,910 This all came in in 1948 and was implemented through the fifties. 24 00:03:24,910 --> 00:03:30,430 In 1960, there was a big protest in a place called Sharpeville, south of Johannesburg. 25 00:03:30,430 --> 00:03:33,160 And that's when violence really set in. 26 00:03:33,160 --> 00:03:47,420 69 protesters were shot mainly in the back, running away by frightened police after a five hour standoff during which the police were. 27 00:03:47,420 --> 00:03:58,460 Reinforced so that led to, in response, the founding of Liberation Army by the African National Congress, the ANC, 28 00:03:58,460 --> 00:04:06,410 which had been founded in 1912 and had been a very gentlemanly operation up to that point all 29 00:04:06,410 --> 00:04:17,990 although young leaders like Mandela in the 1940s began to really organise protest against apartheid. 30 00:04:17,990 --> 00:04:29,120 So the RNC had been non-violent, but when armed resistance began and there were a couple of other small liberation armies as well, 31 00:04:29,120 --> 00:04:40,700 then South Africa became a security state with laws suppressing opposition under the name of, sounds familiar, communism and terrorism. 32 00:04:40,700 --> 00:04:47,570 So if you were against the government, you were a communist and probably a terrorist as well. 33 00:04:47,570 --> 00:04:59,030 So internal opposition was suppressed and a big external anti-apartheid movement began to come in to be. 34 00:04:59,030 --> 00:05:08,210 Internal risk unrest really was endemic from 1976 onwards, when in 1976, 35 00:05:08,210 --> 00:05:20,690 the two school children of Soweto began to rise up against forms to education, and in the 1980s there was really chaos. 36 00:05:20,690 --> 00:05:22,640 There was one major conflict. 37 00:05:22,640 --> 00:05:31,640 The majority against the apartheid government and there was another conflict as well, which had developed within it and alongside it. 38 00:05:31,640 --> 00:05:40,830 And that was the conflict within the black community, which pitted conservative Zulus organised by the encounter movement. 39 00:05:40,830 --> 00:05:49,170 Into in conflict with the progressives of the ANC, especially the younger comrades. 40 00:05:49,170 --> 00:05:54,750 So by 1990, both conflicts were raging. 41 00:05:54,750 --> 00:06:05,990 The people versus the government with its police force and army and the conservative Sulu in counter-party versus the ANC. 42 00:06:05,990 --> 00:06:10,910 Which, although it was banned, had internal support and movements, 43 00:06:10,910 --> 00:06:24,650 and the internal civil war was mainly was entirely first confined to KwaZulu Natal here on the coast. 44 00:06:24,650 --> 00:06:36,860 And so in 1990, in February, the new white president realising after the it was really collapsing and crumbling from within throughout the 1980s, 45 00:06:36,860 --> 00:06:46,370 realising that there had to be radical change, he unburdened the liberation movements, released Mandela and expected talks to begin. 46 00:06:46,370 --> 00:06:58,290 So there were two expectations. The. The talking would begin to formulate a new non-racial constitution. 47 00:06:58,290 --> 00:07:05,010 And to have the first Democratic election and the AMC encounter civil war should stop 48 00:07:05,010 --> 00:07:11,760 because both Mandela and the Carter later Buthelezi had known each other for many years. 49 00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:15,390 They did respect each other and the expectation was that they would meet. 50 00:07:15,390 --> 00:07:20,310 But hawks within the ANC prevented any meeting for a year. 51 00:07:20,310 --> 00:07:34,650 And meanwhile, that civil war spread up to the townships in the industrial area of Johannesburg and and its surrounds. 52 00:07:34,650 --> 00:07:42,840 So the crisis was reached when the AMC still announced that it would stop talking to the 53 00:07:42,840 --> 00:07:49,410 government if the government for which it blamed all the violence did not stop the violence. 54 00:07:49,410 --> 00:07:54,500 By May 1991. And at this point, 55 00:07:54,500 --> 00:08:07,670 a group of church and business leaders got together top leaders such as Desmond Tutu and the chair of the South African Chamber of Business. 56 00:08:07,670 --> 00:08:13,820 And here they are looking very pleased because they have managed to intervene in the political process. 57 00:08:13,820 --> 00:08:19,610 It's the 22nd of June and they've got everybody who mattered except the extreme 58 00:08:19,610 --> 00:08:27,830 right right into a meeting to discuss a peace agreement or peace agreements. 59 00:08:27,830 --> 00:08:39,320 And they are pictured at the smoke short photo opportunity for the media before this closed door discussion, 60 00:08:39,320 --> 00:08:45,020 which agreed to negotiate what became the National Peace Accord. 61 00:08:45,020 --> 00:08:51,680 So we have now a multi party multiracial committee forming under which working 62 00:08:51,680 --> 00:08:57,200 groups work on things like a code of conduct for the political parties and 63 00:08:57,200 --> 00:09:02,960 agreements for the police to become a police force that is governed by the 64 00:09:02,960 --> 00:09:12,350 philosophy of community policing and not a sort of colonial style repressive force. 65 00:09:12,350 --> 00:09:24,740 So from this moment on June 1991, we have the negotiation of the peace accord, and it only takes three and a half or so months, 66 00:09:24,740 --> 00:09:34,060 and in September the result was the National Peace Accord, which, when printed as a small booklet. 67 00:09:34,060 --> 00:09:48,800 Of 33 pages, a for life size. It was signed at the National Peace Convention on the 14th of September 1991 by 29 political and labour organisations, 68 00:09:48,800 --> 00:09:58,580 including the top three signatories to Clark Mandela. 69 00:09:58,580 --> 00:10:02,540 And Buthelezi. 70 00:10:02,540 --> 00:10:14,870 And here at the National Peace Convention World Convention was significant because South Africa was invented at the National Convention of 1998 to 09, 71 00:10:14,870 --> 00:10:25,100 when the Union of South Africa was formed out of the four colonies before the first South African colonies. 72 00:10:25,100 --> 00:10:29,990 So the idea was to have another convention, which would be inclusive. 73 00:10:29,990 --> 00:10:37,550 And this was the first one. They're all looking rather pleased, and I think it's because those men tutu. 74 00:10:37,550 --> 00:10:53,560 We led the crowd at the end of just told a funny story. However, although they're looking pleased, many of the followers and Mandela and Buthelezi, 75 00:10:53,560 --> 00:11:02,290 at least themselves at times still regarded themselves as being at war, it was still keeping their powder dry. 76 00:11:02,290 --> 00:11:07,690 There have been efforts at agreements before. Was anything going to be different this time? 77 00:11:07,690 --> 00:11:14,670 Well, it was. And the difference lies in one word implementation. 78 00:11:14,670 --> 00:11:21,900 So the National Peace Accord set up peace structures and infrastructure for peace to do peacemaking, 79 00:11:21,900 --> 00:11:29,790 peace building and peacekeeping with the authority of the accord in every corner and locality of South Africa. 80 00:11:29,790 --> 00:11:35,640 I think we've been hearing that peace is a messy process and it's hard work. 81 00:11:35,640 --> 00:11:43,590 It doesn't just happen. So these structures were home-grown in South Africa. 82 00:11:43,590 --> 00:11:49,350 They were based largely on the structures that had worked in industry, especially on the mines, 83 00:11:49,350 --> 00:11:57,680 when management and unions had come to agreements, as they did during the 1980s after unions were legalised. 84 00:11:57,680 --> 00:12:03,890 To recognise one another and to commit to codes of conduct and to implement 85 00:12:03,890 --> 00:12:11,480 these agreements and shop for shop floor level through shop stewards committees, 86 00:12:11,480 --> 00:12:21,300 so people management and unions knew that this kind of thing could work and they wanted to transfer it into the political realm. 87 00:12:21,300 --> 00:12:28,550 So. The National Peace Accord contains. 88 00:12:28,550 --> 00:12:36,710 Codes of conduct to codes of conduct, one for the political parties promising not to kill one another, 89 00:12:36,710 --> 00:12:48,110 not to take each other's posters, not to prevent others members going to meetings, et cetera, and one for the police. 90 00:12:48,110 --> 00:12:59,210 A code of conduct which commits every individual police person to be a servant to the community and a further set of undertakings by the police, 91 00:12:59,210 --> 00:13:03,290 which enshrines the new philosophy of community policing. 92 00:13:03,290 --> 00:13:09,770 It also contains a standing commission of enquiry into the prevention of public violence and intimidation. 93 00:13:09,770 --> 00:13:20,630 Note not a punitive enquiry, but a healing enquiry to come up with recommendations as to how to do things better in future, which it did. 94 00:13:20,630 --> 00:13:27,680 It was the Goldstone Commission and provisions for socioeconomic reconstruction and development. 95 00:13:27,680 --> 00:13:45,630 And vitally, the accord also contains the structures to implement itself, and we can get rid of this. 96 00:13:45,630 --> 00:13:57,920 Away. This is the piece structures, as they are first set up at the top, you've got the National Peace Committee, 97 00:13:57,920 --> 00:14:05,960 which is kind of presiding over the whole process and is the founder of Consensus Legitimacy. 98 00:14:05,960 --> 00:14:14,810 Then beside it, you've got the National Peace Secretariat. Its members are in part nominated by the National Peace Committee, 99 00:14:14,810 --> 00:14:21,680 but it channels government money, so it sits in fact, directly under the Department of Justice. 100 00:14:21,680 --> 00:14:29,540 First of all and then Home Affairs, the National Peace Secretariat had the responsibility to set up the regional committees, 101 00:14:29,540 --> 00:14:36,560 and so the whole country was divided into 11 regions and they were at first full dispute resolution committees. 102 00:14:36,560 --> 00:14:45,980 After a year or so, they decided to turn it into to turn their name into peace committees, which the press had already done and under them. 103 00:14:45,980 --> 00:14:53,240 Each region had the power to appoint to call together consultative meetings, 104 00:14:53,240 --> 00:14:58,550 which would appoint local dispute resolution committees or local peace committees. 105 00:14:58,550 --> 00:15:00,410 So you've got the national, 106 00:15:00,410 --> 00:15:11,690 the regional and the local committees with a good deal of subsidiarity because South Africa is a very varied place and each region. 107 00:15:11,690 --> 00:15:20,510 For example, the Western Cape would be very different from the Northern Cape and from the far north and from KwaZulu-Natal. 108 00:15:20,510 --> 00:15:27,980 So each region had a lot of power to decide what it how it would approach matters. 109 00:15:27,980 --> 00:15:34,590 And again, they each local committee also had a good deal of local power. 110 00:15:34,590 --> 00:15:46,260 And so it was a top down rolling out, but with a lot of consultation and in the end, a lot of buying across routes. 111 00:15:46,260 --> 00:15:51,270 So the Goldstone Commission had its own commissions of Enquiry and investigation unit. 112 00:15:51,270 --> 00:16:01,470 Beside this, this is the police board, which did a lot of workshopping and thinking the top, top police leaders and leaders of civil society, 113 00:16:01,470 --> 00:16:11,310 expert criminologists and so on, actually putting together the the strategy of community policing for the South African police. 114 00:16:11,310 --> 00:16:22,840 So. The structures developed and in particular added these divisions for communications, 115 00:16:22,840 --> 00:16:29,560 training of facilitation, full time facilitators working under the accord, 116 00:16:29,560 --> 00:16:36,550 some fundraising for social economic reconstruction and development and its own office and 117 00:16:36,550 --> 00:16:41,350 the National Peace Committee developed a complaint investigating committee of Lawyers, 118 00:16:41,350 --> 00:16:49,000 which helps to draw the sting of complaints about this party and that party had breached the accord. 119 00:16:49,000 --> 00:17:01,160 And so. The members important civil society is represented on the National Peace Committee and the regional and local committees, 120 00:17:01,160 --> 00:17:10,910 largely religious bodies of business and community groups, and also the security forces. 121 00:17:10,910 --> 00:17:20,930 And of course, the political parties. So coming together for the first time ever in the history of South Africa. 122 00:17:20,930 --> 00:17:35,170 Here is. Get rid of all this. 123 00:17:35,170 --> 00:18:03,060 You got to know. We're about to show you a picture of a typical local peace community. 124 00:18:03,060 --> 00:18:09,330 Having having a weekend away. So this is Alexandra Township, Johannesburg. 125 00:18:09,330 --> 00:18:15,920 And here you've got the IOC, the ANC, the army. 126 00:18:15,920 --> 00:18:26,600 The detective talked police, the internal security police, the internal stability unit, 127 00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:36,980 it was called or the instability unit, if you like the head of Women for Peace in Alexandra has a from business. 128 00:18:36,980 --> 00:18:51,540 Brought in from business, maybe from churches. Displaced people and the scars from the hostels in the culture dominated hostels. 129 00:18:51,540 --> 00:19:02,440 So this is September 1992. We've been going since April, and Alexandra is beginning to lose its violent image. 130 00:19:02,440 --> 00:19:09,370 Tasks of the communities were conflict resolution, so a lot of training in conflict resolution, mainly Harvard based. 131 00:19:09,370 --> 00:19:16,280 So a lot about positions and interests and needs and training and facilitation. 132 00:19:16,280 --> 00:19:25,730 And implementing the codes of conduct above all, by joint planning and monitoring of events such as rallies and marches and funerals, 133 00:19:25,730 --> 00:19:29,000 which had always been deadly flash points before, 134 00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:38,270 but now became an opportunity for joy and pre-planning and coordinated action to produce a peaceful event and debriefing afterwards. 135 00:19:38,270 --> 00:19:49,340 So this was the meaning of peace monitoring under the accord. 136 00:19:49,340 --> 00:19:57,950 And this is what it could look like on the ground. These are in Carter rally girls being separated from the AMC lot, 137 00:19:57,950 --> 00:20:07,250 and there were thousands in each crowd and they're passing each other at a crossroads by agreement with peace monitors and international observers. 138 00:20:07,250 --> 00:20:15,800 We have them from the UN, Commonwealth, Europe and the OAU working with the peace committees, and they're standing there, 139 00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:26,810 standing in a line to separate the otherwise warring groups or the culture and ANC rally girls. 140 00:20:26,810 --> 00:20:31,590 And monitor training developed. 141 00:20:31,590 --> 00:20:38,490 And so did what monitors wore. This is Election Day, 142 00:20:38,490 --> 00:20:44,910 when the peace structures fielded 18 and a half thousand locally trained peace 143 00:20:44,910 --> 00:20:53,010 monitors and had the best communications and logistics operation of any organisation, 144 00:20:53,010 --> 00:21:04,690 except perhaps the army. And materially helped with the peaceful election that South Africa had in April 1994. 145 00:21:04,690 --> 00:21:12,940 So this is Bishop Peter story of the Methodist Church and two monitors insulator on Election Day. 146 00:21:12,940 --> 00:21:22,510 We also begun to implement social economic reconstruction and development and expected to do a lot more after the 94 94 election. 147 00:21:22,510 --> 00:21:27,870 Now, the other thing that the peace structures did was publicity communicating the idea and the 148 00:21:27,870 --> 00:21:34,670 hope of peace and mobilising the whole nation to get involved in doing things for peace. 149 00:21:34,670 --> 00:21:43,280 So by September 1993, this was working, the peace song became a unifying anthem for the country, 150 00:21:43,280 --> 00:21:53,310 and the new Peace Doves symbol was everywhere and everyone wanted the T-shirt with literally millions were either given or sold. 151 00:21:53,310 --> 00:22:05,270 There was a peace day on the 2nd of September 1993, so it's taken two years to get to that point. 152 00:22:05,270 --> 00:22:23,620 Here's a clip of one of the TV adverts. 153 00:22:23,620 --> 00:22:45,020 So we. And that's what it was. 154 00:22:45,020 --> 00:22:55,970 Only if we all work together and spread a message of peace can we build the future for our children? 155 00:22:55,970 --> 00:23:11,130 Oh my God. And I think that's probably all I've got time for at the moment. 156 00:23:11,130 --> 00:23:20,111 Thank you.