1 00:00:00,090 --> 00:00:01,890 Good morning, everyone. Thank you very much for coming. 2 00:00:02,280 --> 00:00:07,980 Well, let's just begin by giving you a sense of the sort of the pattern of this morning what we're going to be doing. 3 00:00:08,370 --> 00:00:10,770 I'd say a little bit about why we're here. 4 00:00:11,370 --> 00:00:17,460 And to some extent, at least, what we're doing here is continuing a conversation that Al and I have been having for some years now, 5 00:00:18,000 --> 00:00:25,440 seems very many years about the different things that we do and the overlaps between the materials, the places that we work on. 6 00:00:26,610 --> 00:00:31,230 Now, just to put it in context, I'm an archaeologist. Archaeologists deal with old things. 7 00:00:31,680 --> 00:00:40,680 And time was when most archaeologists dealt with objects with a fairly limited number of questions in mind whether from how old is it? 8 00:00:41,130 --> 00:00:44,550 What was it for? The function of things often the most important. 9 00:00:44,820 --> 00:00:48,000 And of course then there's also the question that we're asked more commonly than any other. 10 00:00:48,360 --> 00:00:49,260 How much is it worth? 11 00:00:50,780 --> 00:00:58,310 So there's been a sort of fairly sort of common thread through a lot of archaeological work on objects from the historic and the prehistoric past. 12 00:00:58,850 --> 00:01:00,680 But over the last ten, 20 years, 13 00:01:00,890 --> 00:01:07,430 archaeologists have started to sort of stretch themselves a little bit and started to ask very different kinds of questions of their material, 14 00:01:08,120 --> 00:01:11,630 because things aren't just for particular purpose. 15 00:01:12,140 --> 00:01:14,780 Things just aren't from a particular time. 16 00:01:15,440 --> 00:01:21,560 Objects, as we know, from our kitchen drawers and our mantel pieces, have all sorts of funny connections with ourselves, 17 00:01:22,160 --> 00:01:30,290 ideas that connect people through objects, people from our families, from distant generations, or other members of families of other connections. 18 00:01:30,800 --> 00:01:37,490 And so there is a connection between objects and biographies, which is starting to snap into focus in a lot of archaeological writing. 19 00:01:38,310 --> 00:01:44,070 And essentially what a lot of people are trying to experiment, though, is the idea that objects tell stories. 20 00:01:44,550 --> 00:01:54,000 Objects have histories. They have biographies. Sometimes they act on people and encourage them to remember certain things places, people, ideas. 21 00:01:55,050 --> 00:02:01,980 Now as archaeologists have started to stretch themselves, maybe a little more imaginative in the way that they approach the things that they excavate. 22 00:02:02,640 --> 00:02:10,320 So they begin to realise that the language that they use, the forms of expression that they commonly use to try and explain, 23 00:02:10,320 --> 00:02:15,280 describe or put across what's important about those objects. Now that language comes up short. 24 00:02:15,300 --> 00:02:22,800 That language is found wanting because I'm sure some of you at least may have read one or two archaeology books occasionally a long time ago. 25 00:02:22,980 --> 00:02:27,210 They were absolutely thrilling to read, but a lot of them are very, very boring. 26 00:02:27,900 --> 00:02:31,530 This thing is ten centimetres long and weighs after a kilogram, whatever. 27 00:02:32,310 --> 00:02:38,130 But as we started to look at different qualities to things, so we begin to realise that we need to write about them in different ways. 28 00:02:38,310 --> 00:02:45,240 And that's where the conversations that Alan and I have been having over the last few years have really started to explore overlaps. 29 00:02:45,240 --> 00:02:50,130 Because in Alan's work, work that I've certainly been reading since I was a child, 30 00:02:51,390 --> 00:02:57,690 you find just that sense of the connections between things and people and things and places. 31 00:02:58,940 --> 00:03:01,040 So I'm not going to turn into an academic. 32 00:03:02,480 --> 00:03:10,100 The way the pattern of today is going to run is that we're going to look at three plate, three objects, three places and three books. 33 00:03:10,550 --> 00:03:17,210 In each case, we're going to look at an artefact which has loomed large in the imagination of our own writing, three of three of these books. 34 00:03:17,600 --> 00:03:19,400 We'll get to talk about those for a few minutes. 35 00:03:19,610 --> 00:03:26,630 And then Roberts is very kindly agreed to read passages from each of those books and will introduce those passages. 36 00:03:27,110 --> 00:03:29,660 So we're going to talk for a few minutes about each object and then move on. 37 00:03:29,870 --> 00:03:38,000 And because some of the objects are relatively small, we will have them up there on the screen and I'll sort of scroll through those. 38 00:03:40,190 --> 00:03:43,160 We'll deal with first two objects and then we'll move to the third. 39 00:03:43,610 --> 00:03:49,280 And after we finish talking about the third book for Robert Rees, the final passage, which is slightly longer, 40 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:54,139 it's probably a good idea if we have a couple of minutes just for people to stretch their legs, 41 00:03:54,140 --> 00:04:01,060 because I'm sure I probably already don't need to tell you that these benches are a little unforgiving and I've got a very comfortable seat here. 42 00:04:02,690 --> 00:04:06,670 So perhaps we should have that set to something. 43 00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:16,940 Okay. So we're going to begin by looking at this thing and perhaps if you'd like to start by hand, how did this come to you? 44 00:04:19,190 --> 00:04:29,060 I'll tell you how it came to me a bit later. But I knew of this thing and things like it all my life. 45 00:04:30,830 --> 00:04:39,800 My family live at the foot of Alderley edge and these often used doorstops that nobody 46 00:04:39,860 --> 00:04:45,260 else asked questions about and they were just doorstops and very efficiently are. 47 00:04:45,770 --> 00:04:52,910 Then in 1901, the typical gentleman and trickery of the day, 48 00:04:53,610 --> 00:05:01,100 I started to ask questions of these things because he was finding them in specific places on Alderley edge, 49 00:05:01,550 --> 00:05:05,720 which were associated he felt intuitively with. 50 00:05:06,690 --> 00:05:12,810 Pre-history. And in his paper of 1901. 51 00:05:13,500 --> 00:05:16,710 Dozens of these things are illustrated. 52 00:05:18,000 --> 00:05:28,980 And how I came to find it was that I was running up the 400 foot screen of Alderley edge, 53 00:05:31,080 --> 00:05:38,820 which is it consists of the spillage from various periods of mining. 54 00:05:39,930 --> 00:05:44,430 And if you grow up on the edge, you you don't have to do what you're doing. 55 00:05:44,910 --> 00:05:49,050 And I was going up on all fours it so steep. 56 00:05:50,080 --> 00:05:54,070 And I wasn't looking where I was putting my hand because I knew where I was. 57 00:05:54,810 --> 00:05:58,710 Yeah, I did that. I froze. 58 00:05:58,860 --> 00:06:05,500 I just don't look. Because I could feel this polish. 59 00:06:07,090 --> 00:06:12,630 Well, then I did look. And then I covered it over with grass. 60 00:06:13,740 --> 00:06:23,690 And run all the way back home and got a camera. And before I lifted it like a good archaeologist, I photographed it. 61 00:06:24,530 --> 00:06:29,390 It's a fascinating photograph. And in my lifetime, I found two. 62 00:06:31,550 --> 00:06:36,850 And I've also found. A stone hammer that makes the groove. 63 00:06:38,020 --> 00:06:42,460 So for me, until I was 18. 64 00:06:43,980 --> 00:06:49,260 This was a doorstop and probably a very effective doorstop as well. 65 00:06:50,260 --> 00:06:53,780 And just a little bit about how how old it is and. 66 00:06:55,150 --> 00:07:01,030 It's basically it's a it's a hammer a ball dates to the early to the middle part of the Bronze Age. 67 00:07:01,300 --> 00:07:11,440 So best part of about 4000 years old. And it's one of thousands that are found both around Audley and around other 68 00:07:11,590 --> 00:07:16,020 natural sources of copper in the British Isles and elsewhere and indeed elsewhere. 69 00:07:16,030 --> 00:07:21,130 I've handled identical ones in Armenia and in Ohio. 70 00:07:23,460 --> 00:07:29,370 It looks up there and in the hand like a fairly crude and ill shape and piece of stone. 71 00:07:29,370 --> 00:07:33,860 But the fact that you find things like this at mines, particularly places where there's copper working, 72 00:07:33,900 --> 00:07:37,380 going on in pre-history, and they all look so similar, broadly, very similar. 73 00:07:37,740 --> 00:07:40,830 It's telling us that actually this is a really good shape to do the work. 74 00:07:40,980 --> 00:07:42,180 The thing is made for. 75 00:07:43,920 --> 00:07:50,370 You may be thinking, why haven't we turned up here with a really pretty object, very fine polished blade and jade or something like that. 76 00:07:50,700 --> 00:07:53,700 The thing about this is that when you actually start to look at it and look closely, 77 00:07:54,150 --> 00:08:01,140 it has its own kind of beauty and has its own kind of story that draws you in because it's a fairly simple tool, 78 00:08:01,350 --> 00:08:06,720 but it carries on it the marks of its use and the marks of its making very, very clearly. 79 00:08:07,260 --> 00:08:10,950 As Allen says, the hand just drops straight onto this group, 80 00:08:10,950 --> 00:08:17,280 which was packed with other stone hammers to create a recess around which with a some kind of strap 81 00:08:17,550 --> 00:08:22,620 would have been that would have been bound in order for this to be used as a sort of large hammer, 82 00:08:23,010 --> 00:08:30,190 but also sometimes suspended. I was trying to think of an analogy like those Oval Office toys where you knock the 83 00:08:30,390 --> 00:08:35,220 bowls together and there's no archaeological evidence suggests that did not happen. 84 00:08:35,460 --> 00:08:43,020 But it's been it's been work very effectively to create this very heavy, very dense, massive tool with extraordinary amounts of pecking and scarring. 85 00:08:43,020 --> 00:08:51,570 On the end, you can see up there and these dents in the surface are the dents created by this being pounded against the stone. 86 00:08:53,960 --> 00:08:58,760 Now, the interesting thing about this is that these are the things that survive. 87 00:08:59,180 --> 00:09:06,440 They're made of stone. So they're very durable, but they are the tip of the iceberg because associated with this would have been a lot of timber 88 00:09:07,100 --> 00:09:12,230 framed was for holding the hammers when they're being used ladders for getting up the rock face, 89 00:09:13,070 --> 00:09:17,780 bonfires that would have been lit to split the stone and crack it and prepare it for extraction. 90 00:09:18,110 --> 00:09:25,430 And these things are littered around all over the over the of the edge where there is this natural outcrop of copper coming through. 91 00:09:26,210 --> 00:09:31,310 And one of the things, again, that as an archaeologist we got very interested in is the idea that. 92 00:09:32,350 --> 00:09:33,980 Rather than just saying there's a cop. 93 00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:38,740 I saw some people who wanted to make metal objects, went and extracted the copper and smelted it to mix it to that, 94 00:09:38,800 --> 00:09:43,900 to make bronze that people were coming to a place that had a greater significance than that, 95 00:09:44,680 --> 00:09:50,500 that actually the people in the beginning of the Bronze Age, Bronze was not just a useful material for making tools. 96 00:09:50,860 --> 00:09:56,590 It was something that was working, was shrouded in magic prescription, perhaps even taboos. 97 00:09:57,280 --> 00:10:01,900 It was a material that could only be found in certain places, places that required journeys. 98 00:10:02,770 --> 00:10:06,670 And certainly from the point of view of you growing up near the edge, I mean, 99 00:10:06,910 --> 00:10:10,630 the stories that are attached to the place and to some of the workings as well. 100 00:10:11,290 --> 00:10:16,480 Give us a sense of just how complex those ideas can be. Very complex. 101 00:10:19,620 --> 00:10:28,560 If you're born to a place and you're actually at a disadvantage because everything's so obvious, you don't ask questions about it. 102 00:10:30,950 --> 00:10:36,640 So I came rather late to being intelligent about I am inside a lot. 103 00:10:37,520 --> 00:10:50,290 My grandfather, who was a Smith, he had an intuitive knowledge and feel for a place and he would talk about things in terms of the late 19th century. 104 00:10:50,300 --> 00:10:54,390 Smith. Which I now know she was. 105 00:10:55,940 --> 00:11:01,490 Remembering from a great deal further back in time. 106 00:11:02,030 --> 00:11:10,520 And if you want to know more about that, you will have to turn up at 5:00 this evening when I shall be extremely fascinating on the subject. 107 00:11:16,400 --> 00:11:21,440 Excellent. What are the other things that I think is quite interesting about subjects like this is, again, 108 00:11:21,440 --> 00:11:26,960 is it holds up a bit of a lens to the way that archaeologists think commonly think problems. 109 00:11:27,290 --> 00:11:34,970 And a lot of us, when we find prehistoric or historical objects, we concentrate on the moment when it was made and when it was first used. 110 00:11:35,510 --> 00:11:39,739 But actually, an object like this has a life that carries on right the way through to the present. 111 00:11:39,740 --> 00:11:45,110 And actually it's the way that things are being picked up, then recognised in different ways and given different meanings. 112 00:11:45,110 --> 00:11:50,600 It's often just as interesting as what that piece may have meant during that during the course of the Bronze Age. 113 00:11:51,260 --> 00:11:53,149 One of the things that is really interesting, though, 114 00:11:53,150 --> 00:12:00,860 is the fact that there are hundreds of these scattered around all sources of opportunities, like those found an orderly. 115 00:12:01,550 --> 00:12:07,340 And for a long time it was common for archaeologists to recognise this lettering 116 00:12:07,760 --> 00:12:13,309 of stones of roughly hewn shape as indicative of them being largely disposable, 117 00:12:13,310 --> 00:12:16,310 the sort of polystyrene cups of the day you'd use them, 118 00:12:16,490 --> 00:12:24,650 and then you toss them to one side, which wasn't that small, because when eventually these things are taken seriously, 119 00:12:25,340 --> 00:12:35,930 it upsets a lot of modern living still working academics who didn't want there to be a Bronze Age on Alderley Edge. 120 00:12:36,230 --> 00:12:40,280 In fact, Alderley Edge is the oldest dated. 121 00:12:41,350 --> 00:12:51,040 Metalworking site in England as a result of these things are the arguments of what they what they were by the people who didn't want, 122 00:12:51,040 --> 00:13:02,320 for their own reasons, to be a Bronze Age alderley edge where they were used to hold down the temporary heather. 123 00:13:04,740 --> 00:13:07,740 Covering the of the bothers that the miners work. 124 00:13:08,210 --> 00:13:12,700 There's no evidence of these structures. But that's what these must be. 125 00:13:14,180 --> 00:13:19,790 That's hold down the roof. And of course, once they would do it. 126 00:13:20,900 --> 00:13:26,750 But there was no evidence of there were ever structures to be used on and on. 127 00:13:27,560 --> 00:13:30,740 Mark is in the world where he has to suffer this. 128 00:13:31,310 --> 00:13:34,400 People become fanatical and they do not want stories. 129 00:13:35,180 --> 00:13:41,040 They simply want to know that they are right. And that's very, very sad. 130 00:13:41,730 --> 00:13:49,740 But I think if we move on to the next one, Mark, that's the one that really brings everything together very smartly, I think. 131 00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:55,410 Ken Before Robert does his reading, it is the one other thing that I think is nice about about these objects is that although they 132 00:13:55,410 --> 00:14:01,140 look rough and we imagine we used to imagine that they were disposed that found at the source. 133 00:14:01,660 --> 00:14:06,930 And one of the things that this tells us is that people left the tools where they were at the source, at the rock place, 134 00:14:06,930 --> 00:14:11,910 where they were working, so that when they left back to the settlements, they anticipated returning. 135 00:14:12,360 --> 00:14:15,870 They were going to come back and pick up the tools again and use them again. So again, 136 00:14:15,870 --> 00:14:19,649 you can sometimes find there are hints of people's relationships with places that can be 137 00:14:19,650 --> 00:14:23,580 found not only in the materials and things made from the way they've been attended to, 138 00:14:23,580 --> 00:14:32,190 the way it's been left in certain settings. And so to move this out of reality into fiction. 139 00:14:33,390 --> 00:14:42,600 When I came to write the way to Southern England and I was aware of the power of these things in my imagination, they really did get to me. 140 00:14:43,320 --> 00:14:52,870 And so I use them. And in the centre of a single moment, there are some very unpleasant creatures that live underground. 141 00:14:52,890 --> 00:14:58,440 They are a SWAT Alpha, and they have weapons. 142 00:15:00,180 --> 00:15:08,790 And Robert, if you will now go and read, we shall see how I use it because of the way it's shown. 143 00:15:10,470 --> 00:15:13,620 Ahead of them are lights flickered red on the channel wall. 144 00:15:14,370 --> 00:15:20,040 What would you do now, cousin? Said, dear, after all, do we run like shadows or do we snuffing out? 145 00:15:20,340 --> 00:15:24,210 We are too near said they know the tree. We must not turn back. 146 00:15:25,020 --> 00:15:29,459 Good. Then we shall do this. Now the men children stand here. 147 00:15:29,460 --> 00:15:34,410 You go forward to that opening and stay hidden with Widowmaker drawn till I call. 148 00:15:35,100 --> 00:15:38,910 I shall wait behind this boulder. Hold your ground, stone maiden. Be not afraid. 149 00:15:39,150 --> 00:15:42,060 No smart shall touch you that I can promise. 150 00:15:43,470 --> 00:15:53,910 The light grew stronger and cast shadows on the wall Spindly shadows with broad heads and hands and around the bend in the tunnel came the swats. 151 00:15:54,690 --> 00:16:00,809 There were ten of them. Each carried a pine torch that had been dipped in the flames of the fire dregs. 152 00:16:00,810 --> 00:16:06,990 Blood from a girl around each of their waists hung a crude axe or hammer. 153 00:16:07,740 --> 00:16:12,180 The head was a roughly worked stone, kidney or dumbbell shaped. 154 00:16:12,750 --> 00:16:18,060 There was a groove about the middle round which was bent a withI lashed tight with songs. 155 00:16:19,090 --> 00:16:26,680 The lamp trembled in Colin's hand. The smarts halted inside, and slowly they began to advance. 156 00:16:27,520 --> 00:16:32,740 Colin flushed the lamp into their eyes, but they did not do more than blink and laugh. 157 00:16:33,670 --> 00:16:39,620 The children retreated. The Swats rushed and your Astros step from behind the Boulder. 158 00:16:39,620 --> 00:16:45,000 His sword Derwin in his hand. He bowed low before them and spoke in their own tongue. 159 00:16:45,020 --> 00:16:54,680 Greetings. We are well met. The spots fell back, hissing like lizards and those to the rear had more courage. 160 00:16:55,310 --> 00:16:58,600 See? It is he whom we must kill. 161 00:16:58,610 --> 00:17:03,560 The men children are of no matter. But our Lord's have long wanted his life. 162 00:17:04,580 --> 00:17:09,220 So there is courage in SWAT of our high said roar. 163 00:17:09,830 --> 00:17:15,950 This is a day of marvels. Let my sword test the mettle of your new found backbones. 164 00:17:16,490 --> 00:17:23,600 We come, we come. Gun them are cried jaw after all, and he well done when above his head with both hands. 165 00:17:23,870 --> 00:17:28,820 Two swats died under that stroke. They buckled at the knees and crumbled into dust. 166 00:17:29,390 --> 00:17:39,020 Gundam are the sparks flew from iron on stone, but they were now six spots in the tunnel and four torches guttering on the sand. 167 00:17:39,680 --> 00:17:43,430 The sparks wrapped. Giraffe's roar rested on his sword. 168 00:17:44,340 --> 00:17:47,830 Cousin. It would seem that done. One is too bitter for their taste. 169 00:17:47,850 --> 00:17:52,970 Let them save a widow maker. Then either we came from hiding. 170 00:17:53,150 --> 00:17:56,600 He lied about him in silence. He did not share duress. 171 00:17:56,600 --> 00:18:04,370 Rose Joy and the uproar grew less then ordered his helmet spun on the foot and his mail shirt rang. 172 00:18:04,730 --> 00:18:12,620 But not for long. The dwarfs stood gazing at each other across a litter of torches and stone hammers. 173 00:18:13,670 --> 00:18:19,040 We don't make her as well named, said Dorothy Rule. She is going to upon me in this fight. 174 00:18:19,820 --> 00:18:24,660 I must find me more spots. Come away, cousin said for another. 175 00:18:25,310 --> 00:18:30,020 We must not turn from the past, nor rest till we are beyond their reach. 176 00:18:30,800 --> 00:18:33,950 Colin picked up a hammer. It was heavy, but balanced. 177 00:18:33,950 --> 00:18:37,100 Well. Shall we take some? They could be useful. 178 00:18:37,970 --> 00:18:42,620 They would drag you to your death. Where we are going said for now, they re leave them. 179 00:18:43,190 --> 00:18:46,220 We do not need such tainted things. 180 00:18:48,330 --> 00:19:01,770 Okay. We'll move on to the second object and object that when Allen, with all due ceremony dropped into my hand, created quite a spark. 181 00:19:03,120 --> 00:19:10,470 It's an extraordinary, rather small thing. And the pictures up here and again, perhaps if you want to just start us off, 182 00:19:12,300 --> 00:19:21,180 this is perhaps one of the most exciting and important archaeological objects that resonates. 183 00:19:22,360 --> 00:19:25,960 Forever. And it came into my hands. 184 00:19:25,990 --> 00:19:41,550 1950. And a mile and a half from Alderley Edge is the reduced peat moss of lindow, which is used for extraction peat to provide you with grow bags. 185 00:19:43,080 --> 00:19:51,360 And in 1950, a peach digger who were and this is the important part was digging by hand, 186 00:19:51,420 --> 00:20:01,920 not by machine at a depth of about 4 to 6 feet in his trench in the peat found this. 187 00:20:05,750 --> 00:20:14,870 He recognised that it was important and he took it to the Museum of Manchester, who, 188 00:20:14,870 --> 00:20:23,900 without any recognition of his extraordinary sense of duty or without his permission, 189 00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:33,770 filed pieces of the document and the report says it's a piece of haematite with cork crystals on it. 190 00:20:35,510 --> 00:20:39,680 And because they'd done it without his permission, this untutored piece, 191 00:20:39,710 --> 00:20:53,180 Digger took it back and said to his drinking mate, The postman, give it to our alma. 192 00:20:56,240 --> 00:21:10,700 We look after it better, which I did, because it's an extraordinary object that was 1950 and because it was dug by hand. 193 00:21:11,990 --> 00:21:17,420 We know the approximate depth and the peat where it was found. 194 00:21:19,580 --> 00:21:31,760 And to make it short, it was found at the same depth and within 100 metres of Lindow man who was discovered 195 00:21:31,760 --> 00:21:42,229 in 1984 the first really significant by by that I mean studied bog body in 196 00:21:42,230 --> 00:21:50,980 Britain so a piece of haematite Manchester University got that bit right and of 197 00:21:50,980 --> 00:21:57,380 course and they totally missed the question how on earth did it get 4 to 6 feet? 198 00:21:58,250 --> 00:22:03,170 And the people in Cheshire expect me to answer that. 199 00:22:03,290 --> 00:22:13,940 Yep. And it's an extraordinary object because again, with my archaeological hat on an object like this, 200 00:22:14,270 --> 00:22:19,820 the details of which you can see up there, really challenges, really basic taken for granted. 201 00:22:20,390 --> 00:22:27,800 I work in a discipline, a discipline that was formed out of antiquarian interests in the later 18th and certainly particularly the 19th century. 202 00:22:28,130 --> 00:22:31,610 And it's a discipline that formed alongside others like geology. 203 00:22:32,420 --> 00:22:38,540 And that means that quite often when we're working as archaeologists, we say, well, these objects belong with us because we're archaeologists. 204 00:22:38,810 --> 00:22:40,610 Those objects along with geologists. 205 00:22:40,820 --> 00:22:49,790 So artefacts that have been fashioned by people in the past that for us, objects like this belong in the world of geology and geological discussion. 206 00:22:50,870 --> 00:22:57,529 The very fact of the placement of this object in the peat at the same depth as the as the bulk body 207 00:22:57,530 --> 00:23:02,840 that's become known as Lindow man tells us that this was also an object of thought in the past, 208 00:23:03,140 --> 00:23:07,130 that people perceived it, they thought about it, they gave it some form of significance. 209 00:23:07,670 --> 00:23:13,850 And that kind of significance, whatever it was, completely cuts across the boundaries between our disciplines. 210 00:23:14,480 --> 00:23:21,980 We see history on the one side and geology on the other. People in the past may have understood the world around them in very, very different ways. 211 00:23:22,460 --> 00:23:28,370 And actually, if you start to ask yourself, you realise that we do that to just have a glance on Ordnance Survey map and just 212 00:23:28,370 --> 00:23:32,180 see how many named places there are out in what appears to be the middle of nowhere. 213 00:23:32,930 --> 00:23:38,209 So we have a very complicated relationship with nature and that's what this piece really does to me, 214 00:23:38,210 --> 00:23:41,510 is to bring out some of those ideas, some of those qualities. 215 00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:51,590 Now, there are parallels for this, not in the sense of other pieces of quartz and haematite laid to rest with bodies in box, 216 00:23:51,890 --> 00:23:55,760 bodies that appear to have been placed there as various forms of sacrifice. 217 00:23:56,240 --> 00:24:00,379 Sometimes the person has been has been killed and then placed into the boat. 218 00:24:00,380 --> 00:24:03,200 And that seems to have been something that was done with due ceremony. 219 00:24:03,590 --> 00:24:09,590 So objects have been placed in or near the boat with the body or near the body, perhaps part of that same process. 220 00:24:10,280 --> 00:24:15,500 But there are other sites where we find quartz used in other kinds of arrangements. 221 00:24:15,950 --> 00:24:24,770 For example, there's there's a number of tombs, Neolithic and Bronze Age tombs, where the entire surface of the floor too is coated in quartz. 222 00:24:26,360 --> 00:24:33,890 There are other places where you find quartz has been rammed into the interstices of the stone warning that defines defines a tomb. 223 00:24:34,280 --> 00:24:40,130 And there were stone circles, particularly in Scotland, where quartz again is laid out as a carpet around the circle, 224 00:24:41,240 --> 00:24:46,720 which would create a very dramatic visual effect, but also much of what's what's it called, peaceful. 225 00:24:47,030 --> 00:24:47,450 Thank you. 226 00:24:48,110 --> 00:24:55,910 Piezo electricity, the rubbing, of course, the crushing and the crunching quartz, particularly at night, can create a light like pale moonlight. 227 00:24:56,750 --> 00:25:02,870 And so again, there may well be all sorts of qualities to the way in which this material reacts when people. 228 00:25:03,750 --> 00:25:12,230 Which may be important to folk at the time. If you dance on a floor of this stuff underground. 229 00:25:13,510 --> 00:25:17,100 It can light up. Your feet catch fire? Yeah. 230 00:25:17,970 --> 00:25:22,800 Just think about what that could mean if you had no knowledge of science. 231 00:25:25,100 --> 00:25:31,120 And. It's not only Europe. 232 00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:36,200 It's worldwide. And I'm going to throw Marc back in. 233 00:25:36,290 --> 00:25:49,660 I'm going to hold on to this for a moment. It's always seems to have a very strong connection with life, life and death. 234 00:25:50,470 --> 00:25:59,980 Birth rebirth. And in Australia it is the ultimate spiritual object. 235 00:26:01,150 --> 00:26:04,150 It is the seam of the dream taught. 236 00:26:06,160 --> 00:26:12,280 The ancestors seem left behind. So. 237 00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:18,050 I came to write a book based on fact. 238 00:26:18,070 --> 00:26:22,270 I don't make things up. I find things. 239 00:26:23,680 --> 00:26:28,390 And I'm a five miles from Alderley edge. 240 00:26:29,170 --> 00:26:39,340 There was a man called William Buckley who in 802 was transported for life to Australia. 241 00:26:41,090 --> 00:26:53,740 And the converse. Had a very strange to us now perception of space time that it was quite ordinary to them. 242 00:26:54,340 --> 00:27:04,810 They believe that when they got to Australia, if they walked north to China and turned left, they would come to the elephant and castle. 243 00:27:07,030 --> 00:27:15,820 But of course they needed the map so they would take a piece of shirt, tail scrap of anything, and on it they would draw. 244 00:27:16,890 --> 00:27:27,490 A cross with. The top two at a point, you know, and they would hold the thing like that and follow it. 245 00:27:28,980 --> 00:27:38,220 As a result of which very few of them were ever seen. Again, William Buckley decided that he was going to walk home. 246 00:27:39,500 --> 00:27:46,670 And after the first few minutes, this is regular practice of being shot at. 247 00:27:49,280 --> 00:27:55,280 The guard decided to save their ammunition and William Buckley disappeared. 248 00:27:55,940 --> 00:28:00,480 And to cut the story short. It wasn't short for him. 249 00:28:01,620 --> 00:28:05,760 He must have walked for two years alone. 250 00:28:06,820 --> 00:28:11,920 In that dreadful outback, not knowing where he was. 251 00:28:13,570 --> 00:28:18,190 And at the end of his life, he was cruel. 252 00:28:19,610 --> 00:28:25,190 And he saw stick. In the amount. 253 00:28:25,340 --> 00:28:28,400 Just ahead of him. And he thought that would help him get to China. 254 00:28:29,640 --> 00:28:35,180 He crawled, reached up. And died. 255 00:28:36,720 --> 00:28:44,880 The effort. You. He was found by a group of Aboriginals who had no concept of Europeans. 256 00:28:45,510 --> 00:28:49,420 But they did believe that the dead. Became white. 257 00:28:51,140 --> 00:28:55,490 And the state was not the state. It was a spear on the mound was not a mound. 258 00:28:55,490 --> 00:29:03,910 It was a burial mound of the great Arthurian figure, except that you'd been done a few years only living work. 259 00:29:05,210 --> 00:29:13,350 And they thought Warren would come back. And for 32 years, William Buckley lived as a revolutionary. 260 00:29:14,440 --> 00:29:19,830 Now for the. For the writer in me and the anthropologist. 261 00:29:20,280 --> 00:29:25,670 That's a lot of the story, but it doesn't make sense. If you have come back from the dead. 262 00:29:25,940 --> 00:29:32,270 Okay, we accept that you are six feet, five and 7/8 inches tall, which he was. 263 00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:38,690 We accept your weight and it's quite acceptable that you don't understand a word of what we're saying. 264 00:29:40,220 --> 00:29:48,860 But at the end of the 32 years, William is saying the next whites to appear from being massacred. 265 00:29:50,040 --> 00:30:00,540 Now, the anthropologist in me knows that for him to have the authority to do that, he was an elder, a leader and a shaman. 266 00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:10,850 And to come from being a liberal in Malton Cheshire was a considerable journey. 267 00:30:13,500 --> 00:30:25,920 Now. Roberts is going to read two short passengers one from before the time that William Buckley. 268 00:30:27,520 --> 00:30:33,550 Goes to Australia. He is sitting on the edge of a mirror. 269 00:30:34,620 --> 00:30:41,560 Because the love of his life. And he had seen a rainbow strike the water. 270 00:30:43,060 --> 00:30:48,280 Rainbows again are very important. These things produce rainbows. 271 00:30:50,110 --> 00:30:53,669 And. His love. 272 00:30:53,670 --> 00:31:00,720 Esther wants to go to the end of the rainbow. So they walk along a fallen old log. 273 00:31:01,710 --> 00:31:09,960 And the rainbow, of course, isn't there. And they sit there. And the first section is what happens next. 274 00:31:10,770 --> 00:31:15,900 So Robert will read the first section of links, the to the second section. 275 00:31:15,990 --> 00:31:22,110 So you stay up. Yeah, I will come back. Oh, before you start, Robert. 276 00:31:22,350 --> 00:31:30,780 There's that word. There is a special word which is used as a love token, and it's called Swaddle Reader. 277 00:31:32,370 --> 00:31:37,740 I love to read. This is the first excerpt from Strand Loper. 278 00:31:39,660 --> 00:31:43,530 He caught hold of her wrist and wrote with her hand in the water. 279 00:31:44,100 --> 00:31:47,400 I do love the. 280 00:31:48,420 --> 00:31:53,040 She pulled her hand clear. The water shimmered and was still. 281 00:31:54,350 --> 00:31:59,060 I do love thee, he said. And I do love the she said. 282 00:31:59,840 --> 00:32:04,010 But you'll get that [INAUDIBLE] job first. He tried to kiss her. 283 00:32:04,370 --> 00:32:09,089 No, not. Why do you get that [INAUDIBLE] off? I do love you. 284 00:32:09,090 --> 00:32:12,690 Hit. She laughed and splashed water at him. 285 00:32:13,020 --> 00:32:17,520 She reached down to scoop more, but her fingers caught on a hardness in the mud. 286 00:32:17,790 --> 00:32:21,420 She took it and put it into his hand there. 287 00:32:22,230 --> 00:32:25,890 Don't say I never give you nothing. It was a stone. 288 00:32:26,880 --> 00:32:37,620 A black stone flecked with red part bubbled as a brain part rough as frost, and all stuck about with clear crystals that winked in the light. 289 00:32:38,890 --> 00:32:49,840 He held it on his palm. It's a subtlety that she said from the end of the rainbow, said William, our swaddled giraffe. 290 00:32:49,920 --> 00:32:55,000 She said from me to the. The rainbow was gone. 291 00:32:57,180 --> 00:33:03,690 So when William is sent to Australia, he takes one thing with him. 292 00:33:04,890 --> 00:33:06,180 He keeps a squad leader. 293 00:33:07,020 --> 00:33:16,800 And of course when it when it goes into an Aboriginal context, it changes its function completely and is a sign of great authority. 294 00:33:17,070 --> 00:33:25,050 It is the seaman of the dreaming and he has it in his hand and he is found by the Aborigines. 295 00:33:25,380 --> 00:33:30,180 All the more reason to be certain that this is more than good. 296 00:33:30,720 --> 00:33:40,170 Come back. And he is given a little bag to keep it in while he's recovering. 297 00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:45,630 And the next section is a dream. 298 00:33:45,840 --> 00:34:00,690 Or is it a dream? It's the beginning of his reabsorption into the culture of the Aboriginal mind, and it is his first real initiation. 299 00:34:02,940 --> 00:34:05,950 They were asleep now he knew. But he was dreaming. 300 00:34:06,480 --> 00:34:10,530 He was dreaming. The fires and the sleepers all as they were. 301 00:34:11,550 --> 00:34:15,780 The man with feathers in his hair who had given him the woven bag for the swaddle. 302 00:34:15,840 --> 00:34:23,340 It came towards him. He was painted with red clay and he looked down into his eyes and turned and walked. 303 00:34:23,820 --> 00:34:32,630 William followed him. They walked among the trees, beyond the firelight, under the moon, and came to a lake near. 304 00:34:32,640 --> 00:34:39,830 It was a rock. In front of the rocks at the old man in a circle, and all were painted with the red clay. 305 00:34:40,730 --> 00:34:49,580 They sang and clapped the ringing sticks together. The man led him into the circle and painted him as the man and then stood him before the rock. 306 00:34:50,570 --> 00:34:57,710 He forced his right hand open against the stone and sprayed red clay over it with his mouth. 307 00:34:58,810 --> 00:35:07,690 The print of the hand was sharp on the stove. The man wound a net about his head so that he could not see and held him by the arms from behind. 308 00:35:09,050 --> 00:35:14,630 The old man stopped dissing singing, but still beat the sticks slowly. 309 00:35:15,230 --> 00:35:20,780 And the echo of them bounced off the rock and grew louder until the rock itself was ringing. 310 00:35:21,380 --> 00:35:26,870 And he could no longer hear the sticks behind him. But only the clashing of the rock before. 311 00:35:28,090 --> 00:35:33,520 He felt the hands on his shoulders tighten and they moved him into balance, holding him. 312 00:35:33,640 --> 00:35:40,150 And then as a pause between the echo, he was shoved forward and would have fallen, but for the hands. 313 00:35:40,780 --> 00:35:46,060 And the echo was behind him, then silent everywhere. 314 00:35:47,040 --> 00:35:54,130 The hands unwound the net. He was inside the rock and the old man was sitting in a circle. 315 00:35:54,280 --> 00:35:57,760 And the walls and the roof were all of shining crystals. 316 00:35:58,790 --> 00:36:02,420 He turned around. There was no way out of the cave. 317 00:36:03,230 --> 00:36:06,350 He was in a scrap of brightness and humming light. 318 00:36:07,540 --> 00:36:11,710 Each crystal fitted the next, though they were of different size and shape. 319 00:36:11,890 --> 00:36:18,100 But he saw that they had five sides. Even the smallest made a clutch of five. 320 00:36:19,170 --> 00:36:24,479 But the war was not right. There was a hole. He went to it and touched it. 321 00:36:24,480 --> 00:36:30,690 Yet, though, he could see the hole. He could not put his fingers in the air, would not yield. 322 00:36:31,700 --> 00:36:35,930 He looked at the man. The man looked at him. He looked again at the hole. 323 00:36:36,080 --> 00:36:42,500 He knew the shape. It was not five sides, but an egg, rough and black. 324 00:36:43,330 --> 00:36:49,180 There was no moon outside, but the black was full of stars and it was not one sky. 325 00:36:49,180 --> 00:36:53,110 But many bubbled as a brain, and every sky had stars. 326 00:36:53,110 --> 00:37:00,840 And the stars were of the humming. He took the swatted it off from the back of his shoulder and placed it against the hole. 327 00:37:01,590 --> 00:37:05,580 The shape fit it and the air held it. 328 00:37:06,450 --> 00:37:11,100 The swirl did off, left no gap. The wall was made. 329 00:37:13,660 --> 00:37:20,580 The reading tells us that the meanings of things are not grafted onto objects after the fact. 330 00:37:20,590 --> 00:37:27,070 They are the fact. And that what we want to try and understand why things are treated the way they are or the deposited in the way that they are, 331 00:37:27,550 --> 00:37:34,629 and why that picked up again over time. It's because we need to think directly about the perception of those things, 332 00:37:34,630 --> 00:37:38,980 the way they were given meaning by people in pre-history, a right way through to the present. 333 00:37:40,070 --> 00:37:42,910 The first time I read that I had read that passage, 334 00:37:44,050 --> 00:37:52,330 I just bowled me over because I was working on the study of a stone source in Cumbria at the time and I was just it just chimes so strongly, 335 00:37:52,510 --> 00:37:56,200 so much so that it's now on my reading list at university. 336 00:37:57,640 --> 00:38:12,100 Let's move on to the to the third object now and again up here on the on the screen, a little dimly lit, a small stone book, family feud. 337 00:38:15,370 --> 00:38:22,780 Anybody who gets involved with our family changes. 338 00:38:23,700 --> 00:38:36,250 We and we were looking for extending our medieval hovel so that it had a septic tank, 339 00:38:36,350 --> 00:38:49,150 an extra room as a result of which we ended up dismantling a ten room Tudor apothecaries house 18 miles away and redirecting it. 340 00:38:51,250 --> 00:38:57,340 And one of the men who was working on that, who started off as an unemployed, 341 00:38:57,340 --> 00:39:03,700 lowest level, cheapest we can get off the dole queue at the labour exchange. 342 00:39:03,700 --> 00:39:14,140 A crew, please. She and his brother in law were employed as muscle, and they ended up being skilled craftsmen. 343 00:39:14,220 --> 00:39:24,810 They knew how that house came down because they took it down like it was a Tudor level and they put it back up again. 344 00:39:25,920 --> 00:39:29,610 And in doing so, they they found the things in the house. 345 00:39:30,150 --> 00:39:34,950 That is another subject we could spend a whole day on the things that have been placed 346 00:39:34,950 --> 00:39:42,840 into the House various periods from its building in around 1500 to protect the house. 347 00:39:43,960 --> 00:39:56,140 So Cedric. Cedric Wheeler said the great said took to spending weekends looking at old buildings. 348 00:39:58,090 --> 00:40:02,980 And he appears one Monday morning with this. 349 00:40:04,370 --> 00:40:11,600 Which he found in an old crumbling shed in an old, crumbling farmyard. 350 00:40:13,980 --> 00:40:22,920 And as you can see it. It is it works as a book is actually credible up to within about a foot. 351 00:40:24,510 --> 00:40:29,990 It will have had a brass. Cross set into it. 352 00:40:31,060 --> 00:40:36,220 That was gone. It's also been damaged. 353 00:40:37,740 --> 00:40:40,350 There are groups that are being cut. 354 00:40:41,610 --> 00:40:48,810 And they would have either been behind the cross if they predate the cross or they are part of the removal of the cross. 355 00:40:49,080 --> 00:40:57,360 And what was done to the stone? Now if you're going to take a stone walk. 356 00:40:58,500 --> 00:41:01,560 And take the cross off. Perhaps you're going to recycle it? 357 00:41:02,220 --> 00:41:05,670 Don't know. But why attack the book? 358 00:41:06,710 --> 00:41:10,910 And what is the point of having a book that you can't read? 359 00:41:14,670 --> 00:41:23,450 Well, I've written a few of those and I've seen things of this nature before, 360 00:41:24,090 --> 00:41:30,510 and they crop up at various times in the history and they're interpret in lots of different ways. 361 00:41:30,930 --> 00:41:37,739 This one, made of Slate is very similar in its general character to a number of pieces that I've 362 00:41:37,740 --> 00:41:43,350 seen working on quarries in the northern part of Wales around Penryn and Llanberis. 363 00:41:44,340 --> 00:41:52,170 And one possible suggestion as to how these things come into being and why they come into being is that they're apprentice pieces. 364 00:41:52,920 --> 00:42:02,100 The people learning to work of given an opportunity to not just late at the roofing where they're arriving and splitting sheets of slate, 365 00:42:02,100 --> 00:42:06,660 but when they're actually making more decorative slate for the houses and particularly in the Victorian period, 366 00:42:07,620 --> 00:42:12,810 that they would be expected to make something to demonstrate that they had skills in working against the grain of the slate. 367 00:42:13,170 --> 00:42:22,559 And so something like this might be the sort of apprentice piece that would be created, but that actually isn't usually what happens. 368 00:42:22,560 --> 00:42:25,740 Apprentice pieces tend to be rather more rather more flamboyant than that. 369 00:42:26,250 --> 00:42:30,569 And what we often find in North Wales and indeed in other parts of the country is that 370 00:42:30,570 --> 00:42:34,920 people make these for themselves and they make them for themselves for other reasons. 371 00:42:35,870 --> 00:42:39,139 And there are several different reasons, 372 00:42:39,140 --> 00:42:46,460 but several of them within that take the point of departure from Alan's point about what's the point of the book and can't read. 373 00:42:47,800 --> 00:42:53,350 One suggestion that's been made by historians is that books like this matter 374 00:42:53,350 --> 00:42:57,400 because they are owned by and carried into church by people who can't read. 375 00:42:58,470 --> 00:43:03,150 They are a symbol of the boat which they carry or Psalter or hymnal. 376 00:43:03,640 --> 00:43:07,620 And it doesn't matter that you can't open it in the conventional sense, 377 00:43:07,950 --> 00:43:14,490 because what it signifies is your adherence to the word, even if the word on it's printed is printed in this case. 378 00:43:15,570 --> 00:43:25,230 That's certainly one one possibility. Another possibility is that their campus has memorials and a book that cannot be opened. 379 00:43:25,620 --> 00:43:30,240 Certainly in terms of the sort of iconography, the symbolism of memorials in the Victorian era, 380 00:43:30,660 --> 00:43:37,320 it's very common to find books in stone where that's the kind of imagery that's being evoked. 381 00:43:37,680 --> 00:43:42,210 A book that can't be, can't be open to book that can't be read. A life that's been drawn to a close. 382 00:43:42,840 --> 00:43:50,160 So these things in that character might say something about adherence to a particular set of values, a particular set of beliefs. 383 00:43:50,700 --> 00:43:55,830 They might also hold in the pages that you can't read the memory of particular people. 384 00:43:56,790 --> 00:44:00,360 And of course, they stay in the house and in the family. 385 00:44:00,690 --> 00:44:03,330 Handed on, handed down, perhaps through the generations. 386 00:44:03,780 --> 00:44:11,670 Which brings us back to the point that Alan made at the at the beginning of his description about why these things are found in houses. 387 00:44:12,090 --> 00:44:23,040 You said little bit more about it. It's a big subject, but I shall not make it be the magic. 388 00:44:23,250 --> 00:44:27,690 I like to think of it as it's the science that we've not yet discovered. 389 00:44:29,520 --> 00:44:35,280 And if you think of all the things that can go wrong when you have no sense of science whatsoever. 390 00:44:37,820 --> 00:44:41,480 Your cow drops dead for no apparent reason. 391 00:44:42,200 --> 00:44:51,800 And the only connection you can think of is that old Biddy Garner looked at you strangely. 392 00:44:55,000 --> 00:44:58,260 But it happened. 393 00:44:58,400 --> 00:45:06,080 I mean, this is behind a great deal of the horror of the witch trials. 394 00:45:08,840 --> 00:45:18,770 And so we find and I mean, we because of the work we did on dismantling the house and adding it to an earlier house, 395 00:45:18,770 --> 00:45:27,380 a medieval house, we have found in the fabric of both buildings what are called aperture paint objects. 396 00:45:28,650 --> 00:45:37,320 And even marking little scratches in the wood and these objects or place the weak points of the house. 397 00:45:38,770 --> 00:45:46,780 Usually in the context of a doorway or a window, a chimney, if there is one. 398 00:45:48,570 --> 00:45:54,120 And very commonly. And we have them worn shoes. 399 00:45:55,020 --> 00:46:04,090 They are at the chimney. Why? Is it a kind of distraction for the witch or the manoeuvre? 400 00:46:04,150 --> 00:46:14,980 Malevolence? We don't know. Are these because these also have been found in the context of the building. 401 00:46:15,610 --> 00:46:19,240 And they haven't been lost. They have been placed. 402 00:46:20,580 --> 00:46:24,330 They've actually been placed behind wood, solid timber. 403 00:46:25,550 --> 00:46:29,860 So. They're powerful in themselves. 404 00:46:30,910 --> 00:46:39,610 And before we end this session, because Robert is going to give you the whole works on this, 405 00:46:42,850 --> 00:46:46,390 I'd still like to have Mark's thoughts because I don't have any. 406 00:46:46,630 --> 00:46:50,080 And I promise you, we have not set this up beforehand. 407 00:46:50,560 --> 00:46:58,130 This is coming cold. Why would anybody set out to damage the book? 408 00:46:59,840 --> 00:47:08,990 The scratches that you can see. On the surface that you can't see, that you cannot see on the surface are really deep. 409 00:47:09,560 --> 00:47:16,010 I put my thumbnail backwards and forwards in them several times when we've had this conversation about why these deep gouges should be there, 410 00:47:16,220 --> 00:47:21,410 whether they're before the cross, whether they're as a function of taking the cross off where they are after. 411 00:47:21,650 --> 00:47:25,880 On balance, I'd say probably that they've been gouged into it after the cross has come up. 412 00:47:26,980 --> 00:47:30,090 I don't know. Nothing wrong with admitting. I don't know. 413 00:47:30,220 --> 00:47:35,640 Doesn't mean to say I can't make up a story. But if this is an object that matters to people. 414 00:47:35,910 --> 00:47:41,100 If this is an object that is important to somebody, that importance might be marked by treating with reverence. 415 00:47:41,430 --> 00:47:47,490 Treating it with respect. Placing it somewhere where it serving useful purpose in protecting the household. 416 00:47:48,410 --> 00:47:51,710 But things change. People die bad deaths. 417 00:47:52,010 --> 00:47:57,800 People fall out of favour. And objects that are somehow connected to them have some kind of biographical link. 418 00:47:58,070 --> 00:47:59,600 Sometimes they need to be dealt with. 419 00:48:00,230 --> 00:48:11,510 Sometimes you need to scratch away the familiar surface and take the the negative connotations out of an object before it can be used, 420 00:48:11,510 --> 00:48:18,680 treated or handled in different ways. When we talk about Australia and Aboriginal understandings of the world in stone, 421 00:48:18,950 --> 00:48:24,500 our imaginations are perhaps more inclined to accept that that might well be the case that people thought about and think about things in that way. 422 00:48:24,890 --> 00:48:31,850 It's exactly the same for us and it certainly is a very important thing in understanding people's relationships to seven in the 18th, 423 00:48:31,850 --> 00:48:41,839 19th and even 20th century. People were still putting stone axes in water troughs in the 1950s and 1960s because a 424 00:48:41,840 --> 00:48:45,440 stone axe from the Neolithic in a water trough would protect your cattle from being ill. 425 00:48:46,450 --> 00:48:51,490 And if you scratch the surface of one and put the dust in some milk and gave it to your children that sleep well. 426 00:48:52,480 --> 00:49:00,430 We always making stories about these things and when we're working and reworking those stories, editing as we go along. 427 00:49:02,090 --> 00:49:08,900 But then also to his question, I don't know why, and I think that's important. 428 00:49:09,500 --> 00:49:20,030 Why should we we come into this world and are educated in places and we're always expected to come up with an answer. 429 00:49:20,690 --> 00:49:26,310 Perhaps the answer is something that is beyond our comprehension or beyond our retrieval.