1 00:00:01,720 --> 00:00:06,960 Before, except to say that when you finish speaking with 100 of one where we can discuss. 2 00:00:06,960 --> 00:00:10,650 But I know also wants to tell us about speed. 3 00:00:10,650 --> 00:00:17,440 Well, thank you very much because I think the the title is actually the law of Paris high speed dating from above that. 4 00:00:17,440 --> 00:00:26,130 Well, how to get people in the room. So we will get into the speed dating as the paper proceeds. 5 00:00:26,130 --> 00:00:35,940 Is there anybody in this room who's never been to Paris? Well, speaking to. 6 00:00:35,940 --> 00:00:36,980 That's all for the Gulf War, 7 00:00:36,980 --> 00:00:49,830 when I first went to Paris when I was 16 and it was the first time I'd ever been abroad and I was absolutely bowled over by the place. 8 00:00:49,830 --> 00:00:59,440 Having spent five years at school having French thrust, it was interesting to see what people actually did speak this language somewhere in Europe. 9 00:00:59,440 --> 00:01:00,390 Of course, in those days, 10 00:01:00,390 --> 00:01:09,360 one had no contact really with anywhere outside the UK and they spoke it and they were actually vaguely understanding as well. 11 00:01:09,360 --> 00:01:17,250 So I enjoyed myself immensely for the week I was there, and I've been going back ever since. 12 00:01:17,250 --> 00:01:21,240 I suppose I should just confess at this point that there is a slight family 13 00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:26,880 connexion all this and that my my great uncle who goes under the name of J. 14 00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:34,980 Frank, this sounded very pompous, was one of the pioneers of the cinema in the silent era. 15 00:01:34,980 --> 00:01:42,480 And before the war, the firm had offices in London, Strasbourg and Paris. 16 00:01:42,480 --> 00:01:50,280 And he did make some silent films in France, including Lara and Elisabet, 17 00:01:50,280 --> 00:01:55,490 which is quite well known for the film with French cinema starring Sarah Banhart. 18 00:01:55,490 --> 00:02:01,200 But that time, as far as I know, just had one leg, so I want to know how they managed to get it to wander around. 19 00:02:01,200 --> 00:02:07,050 But anyway, I've been so brought up to this idea that Paris was an interesting, exotic place, 20 00:02:07,050 --> 00:02:12,540 and it was probably inevitable that when I eventually got down to being a researcher myself, 21 00:02:12,540 --> 00:02:17,400 that I would be concentrating on Paris and I think that probably therefore it's only 22 00:02:17,400 --> 00:02:24,570 only right that my last appearance on the stage in my my guises at Oxford chews up. 23 00:02:24,570 --> 00:02:34,230 I should again speak about about Paris and Paris in the 18th century, which is the period I've worked on the most. 24 00:02:34,230 --> 00:02:47,850 Now the paper really is built around an assertion which any of you could charge if you wish, but I suspect it is difficult to do so. 25 00:02:47,850 --> 00:02:58,050 And that assertion is that of all the cities in 18th century Europe north of the Alps, Paris was the most visited in the 18th century. 26 00:02:58,050 --> 00:03:06,330 Am I? What I will do is really talk a bit about the visitors, which is not particularly novel or original, 27 00:03:06,330 --> 00:03:15,660 but then drops to suggestions as to why that might be. And this will wasn't up to speed dating the Republic of Letters. 28 00:03:15,660 --> 00:03:23,490 Paris, like most cities, not just big cities in 18th century, attracted lots and lots of migrants, 29 00:03:23,490 --> 00:03:27,970 people who came in for six months or a year and went back home again. 30 00:03:27,970 --> 00:03:29,970 But I'm going to talk about the workers. 31 00:03:29,970 --> 00:03:35,100 If I would have to say I'm sure she could tell you everything you want to know about Paris migrants in the 18th century. 32 00:03:35,100 --> 00:03:40,260 Well, I would talk about all the people who come from relatively well-to-do backgrounds. 33 00:03:40,260 --> 00:03:47,100 I've come to Paris for study or for entertainment and delight. 34 00:03:47,100 --> 00:03:54,000 And I'm going to start off with the student body, and that's what the first overhead is referring to, 35 00:03:54,000 --> 00:04:05,580 because I think that there were at least three to 400 foreigners studying in Paris on the eve of the French Revolution. 36 00:04:05,580 --> 00:04:12,720 Some of them are studying in the the Faculty of Theology of Paris and in the Faculty of Law. 37 00:04:12,720 --> 00:04:27,150 And as you can see from the slide you've got on the screen, something like that ten point eight percent of the people who get a degree in theology, 38 00:04:27,150 --> 00:04:31,410 Paris faculty only if the revolution come from outside France. 39 00:04:31,410 --> 00:04:38,580 It sounds very grand so far, and in fact, there are large. They come from one particular part of Europe. 40 00:04:38,580 --> 00:04:46,410 And that simply because the University of Paris in the 18th century serves as the University for Irish Catholics. 41 00:04:46,410 --> 00:04:52,410 So virtually all of the the foreigners to be found in any of the faculties. 42 00:04:52,410 --> 00:05:01,770 The University of Paris in the 18th century come from Ireland as an Irish college at Paris College in Mumbai, 43 00:05:01,770 --> 00:05:08,580 which used to belong to the Italian college to people from Lombardy until it became the Irish college. 44 00:05:08,580 --> 00:05:11,250 And numbers vary, 45 00:05:11,250 --> 00:05:22,680 but there's probably at least 200 to 300 people living in that college or living in buildings attached that college on the eve of the revolution. 46 00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:28,920 But there are lots more foreigners in Paris studying than simply those University of Paris. 47 00:05:28,920 --> 00:05:36,040 But there are lots of other educational institutions, both private and public, which attract. 48 00:05:36,040 --> 00:05:48,640 People from around the continent. I can't give you exact numbers, but there is one institution that did attract followers where there are numbers, 49 00:05:48,640 --> 00:05:53,080 and I will then give you those and that's the lookalike of surgery. 50 00:05:53,080 --> 00:06:04,660 Is not at the university totally dependent stitution set up in the 17 twenties and across the 40 year period from 17 50 to 70 90, 51 00:06:04,660 --> 00:06:08,900 something like a thousand foreigners pass through it. 52 00:06:08,900 --> 00:06:14,230 And obviously there are only about 24 there per year in 1785 91. 53 00:06:14,230 --> 00:06:24,760 But across the period, there's a steady surge of people coming to Paris to study surgery, 54 00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:28,670 and they come from all over Europe, not just, of course, from Ireland or even from Britain. 55 00:06:28,670 --> 00:06:36,460 So that's a much more sort of cosmopolitan institution. Now on top of that, you'll find foreigners studying at the World Duval Technical Garden, 56 00:06:36,460 --> 00:06:43,030 which teaches chemistry and surgery, anatomy as well as botany and various other places, 57 00:06:43,030 --> 00:06:47,680 especially crabbing schools that were preparing people for mathematical examinations so they 58 00:06:47,680 --> 00:06:55,180 could enter the various branches of the French ministration already admitted through exam. 59 00:06:55,180 --> 00:07:05,800 So this is one of the people from around Europe could be found in Paris on the evolution that that group I don't much about. 60 00:07:05,800 --> 00:07:12,970 But there's another group which I spent most of you know about with the tourists who are there for some reason or other. 61 00:07:12,970 --> 00:07:16,390 In the months leading up to the revolution and before now, 62 00:07:16,390 --> 00:07:27,460 I think it's been about four or five different groups of so tourists in Paris in the second half of the 18th century. 63 00:07:27,460 --> 00:07:33,580 There are certainly people on business who come from all around Europe. Then there are the health tourists, the interesting group, 64 00:07:33,580 --> 00:07:39,640 the health stores that they are the people who go over to spas or go to another watering hole in Europe 65 00:07:39,640 --> 00:07:47,710 and all the way back home tend to pass through Paris to spend a couple of weeks or months there. 66 00:07:47,710 --> 00:07:53,920 Then there are the people again from all parts of northern Europe who are heading south to Italy in the summer, 67 00:07:53,920 --> 00:07:58,690 and they tend to pass through Paris on the way down. 68 00:07:58,690 --> 00:08:04,990 There are certainly people there too, who are just taking in Paris, not really going anywhere except Paris. 69 00:08:04,990 --> 00:08:10,300 The other ones are on the wrong price is clearly a place where quite a few people go to 70 00:08:10,300 --> 00:08:16,360 Toulouse themselves for a few months when life gets so hot in the places they come from. 71 00:08:16,360 --> 00:08:23,440 And then, of course, they're all people trying to make money. The boats are carrying Ostrov Mesmer now. 72 00:08:23,440 --> 00:08:30,970 The list of names of people who pass through Paris in the second half of the 18th century try to make a quick buck is Ilija. 73 00:08:30,970 --> 00:08:38,980 Now often they're doing a bit of everything sightseeing, making money in fun with studying at the same time. 74 00:08:38,980 --> 00:08:42,130 Now how many of these people there are in any one year? 75 00:08:42,130 --> 00:08:50,020 It's impossible to say, but I'm sure that all of you around this room can give me a few names of people you know, 76 00:08:50,020 --> 00:08:57,430 who spent some time in Paris in the second half of the 18th century. I'm just sort of set the ball rolling to get you thinking I throughout. 77 00:08:57,430 --> 00:09:08,320 If you had Anglo American names, both was there in 1760 for the future Surgeon General America, but Benjamin Rush is there in 1769. 78 00:09:08,320 --> 00:09:19,390 Dr. Johnson of all people is there in 1775, spends two months in the place, but the great socialite Francis and crew are great to wake. 79 00:09:19,390 --> 00:09:28,980 Madame is there and 796 of the young 13, 17, 19 would go on and on and give list as some would keep on coming. 80 00:09:28,980 --> 00:09:35,640 This chap. No, yes, he's William Beckford follow through, I mean, 81 00:09:35,640 --> 00:09:41,820 because we've had to pay for breakfast fairly recently, so I thought he thriving for an example. 82 00:09:41,820 --> 00:09:48,690 He comes in 1777 with his chooser en route to Switzerland to finish his education, then 784. 83 00:09:48,690 --> 00:09:55,890 He's back with his wife, Margaret. Not a good and happy relationship, I must say. 84 00:09:55,890 --> 00:10:05,820 And amongst other things, he gets up. So he supposedly goes to the Shahram du Bois and enters the cage of the lion in order to pet it. 85 00:10:05,820 --> 00:10:15,600 He's also attending the South by Dominica. At the same time, he visits the great neoclassical architect Ladoo. 86 00:10:15,600 --> 00:10:19,650 And then he's back again, you said in 88 93, and you say that because now he's on the run. 87 00:10:19,650 --> 00:10:30,750 At this point, he's he's unfortunately been discovered making homosexual advances to the son of the Earl of Devon Powder Room, 88 00:10:30,750 --> 00:10:33,850 so he decides to retire to the continent. And while he's in the car, 89 00:10:33,850 --> 00:10:39,720 all the content he does very nicely for himself because he sits out the revolution and he spends most of his 90 00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:47,130 days buying up art from aristocrats who are in need of a few pennies and somehow or other during the terror. 91 00:10:47,130 --> 00:10:54,180 He managed to ship it all the way across from Calais to Dover. And so it's set up his own very nice architecture itself a lot as well. 92 00:10:54,180 --> 00:10:58,980 So he he was one of the people who was busy buying up. 93 00:10:58,980 --> 00:11:05,270 French objects are getting them across the channel as soon as the revolution breaks out. 94 00:11:05,270 --> 00:11:10,800 That's it. We don't know how many people there are, but according to the great Daniel Rausch, 95 00:11:10,800 --> 00:11:17,700 who has counted the number of people who in any one year are given passports to stay in Paris. 96 00:11:17,700 --> 00:11:25,680 I believe the French authorities there are 12 and seventy nine two thousand six hundred two foreigners in the city. 97 00:11:25,680 --> 00:11:29,010 Two hundred eighty six Englishmen follow these people on British Isles, 98 00:11:29,010 --> 00:11:35,460 generally in hotels and another one hundred sixty two a sort of floating and set up in the police reports. 99 00:11:35,460 --> 00:11:42,420 So there's probably only 400 people from this island in in Paris on the eve of the revolution. 100 00:11:42,420 --> 00:11:52,140 And if you still throw the students so that there must be still three to four thousand foreigners floating around in Paris when the Basti falls. 101 00:11:52,140 --> 00:12:00,420 Now I would want to argue the other big cities in Europe do not attract lots of people. 102 00:12:00,420 --> 00:12:06,960 They could. They do, but I don't think that they ever attract numbers in such quantity. 103 00:12:06,960 --> 00:12:11,940 It's very difficult to find other universities or educational institutions 104 00:12:11,940 --> 00:12:16,860 that attract foreigners in the way that the Paris seems to do in this period. 105 00:12:16,860 --> 00:12:22,260 There are plenty of people floating around in London attending the various hospitals, according to Susan Lawrence. 106 00:12:22,260 --> 00:12:27,330 About two hundred and twenty three of them who sign up in eighteen hundred. But they're all from the British Isles. 107 00:12:27,330 --> 00:12:31,530 None were from abroad. So what? 108 00:12:31,530 --> 00:12:36,240 What is the attraction? The price? This may seem a totally ridiculous question to ask, 109 00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:45,840 but I think it's useful to enquire why there are so many people in Paris because I suspect that in the 17th century and 16th century, 110 00:12:45,840 --> 00:12:53,040 this was not the case at all. Where used to the world, everybody goes to Paris, but I think it really begins in the 18th century. 111 00:12:53,040 --> 00:12:58,950 So let me suggest a few reasons. And this will gradually get down to people. 112 00:12:58,950 --> 00:13:10,050 First of all, location, it happens to be very handily placed for all those from northern Europe moving southwards to Italy, 113 00:13:10,050 --> 00:13:19,170 as I've always kind of implied. And a lot of them, in fact, a growing number of people are moving south in the 18th century. 114 00:13:19,170 --> 00:13:24,720 There are people moving in the other direction, so say there's not a grand tour that goes the other way. 115 00:13:24,720 --> 00:13:26,670 But there are not many of them. 116 00:13:26,670 --> 00:13:39,270 And if they are going in that direction, then if they're going anywhere, they frequently don't go to many of the great northern cities. 117 00:13:39,270 --> 00:13:44,100 Here's one man who was moving north with this chap. 118 00:13:44,100 --> 00:13:54,450 He's the Italian Scipio de Matvey Varanasi antiquarian and naturalist 7:36. 119 00:13:54,450 --> 00:14:03,570 He moved north to see the forlorn world, spends three years in Paris and then he to go somewhere else. 120 00:14:03,570 --> 00:14:05,910 So he spends about two months over here. 121 00:14:05,910 --> 00:14:14,160 Visits Oxford, by the way, very briefly at Cambridge, and then he goes back across the North Sea and goes to Amsterdam and Vienna on the way up. 122 00:14:14,160 --> 00:14:20,050 But he basically comes to Paris. He does have a northern tour, but it's not really a long tour. 123 00:14:20,050 --> 00:14:28,980 It's it's a visit to the French capital to do a bit about him and his his pal at the. 124 00:14:28,980 --> 00:14:37,080 Of the two, but these are a classic example of a classic example of something is on the wall who thought is someone that our Russian is selling well. 125 00:14:37,080 --> 00:14:45,210 They are the famous Madam Dash, the princesses Princess Laura. 126 00:14:45,210 --> 00:15:00,280 I would call that that sugar man Madame discover that she's in Paris in 17, her 1769 she passes through from Brussels, and she's there again in 1780. 127 00:15:00,280 --> 00:15:08,650 She's a very interesting character. She's the only person I've ever encountered on the The Foreign Grand Tour Lorca's who goes to Dublin in Dublin. 128 00:15:08,650 --> 00:15:13,840 This is massive city of 200000 people, but nobody ever visits the place. 129 00:15:13,840 --> 00:15:18,810 I go to research that moment. He's working on the Republic of Letters in Dublin, the 18th century. 130 00:15:18,810 --> 00:15:26,700 She very kindly sent me her latest list of people who actually go to Dublin and it crosses in, 131 00:15:26,700 --> 00:15:32,490 so narrows down to about 20 people, all of them, except about three from Britain. 132 00:15:32,490 --> 00:15:36,780 Dublin is not a place that anybody goes to visit. 133 00:15:36,780 --> 00:15:40,950 People move from Dublin into Europe, but they don't go visit and they stay. 134 00:15:40,950 --> 00:15:49,150 But Copenhagen or Uppsala or any of these places, but they are not places that people go to visit at all. 135 00:15:49,150 --> 00:15:52,290 St. Petersburg people go to the beach, but with all that, many thought so, 136 00:15:52,290 --> 00:15:58,980 Paris is very different amongst golden cities in that it does attract an awful lot of people. 137 00:15:58,980 --> 00:16:08,490 Now that's one point. Second point more frivolous is it is both expensive and difficult to stay there. 138 00:16:08,490 --> 00:16:12,240 As everyone knows, it's very easy to move to London and stay there for the rest of your life. 139 00:16:12,240 --> 00:16:17,700 As Dr. Jonathan rather rudely pointed out, at one point got the. 140 00:16:17,700 --> 00:16:22,950 Actually, it's quite difficult to move to Paris permanently in the 18th century. 141 00:16:22,950 --> 00:16:35,790 This is because it is a city that is very incorporated in its various activities, and you can't move to Paris permanently and set your self up. 142 00:16:35,790 --> 00:16:38,580 Some people try to, but they frequently come to grief. 143 00:16:38,580 --> 00:16:44,760 If they do, it's very, very expensive to do it by yourself into any of us or POC professional guilds. 144 00:16:44,760 --> 00:16:53,160 So it's the kind of place that parents didn't mind their children going to for a bit because they knew they'd come back home. 145 00:16:53,160 --> 00:16:57,210 Some, of course, went back reluctantly, including the great Robespierre, 146 00:16:57,210 --> 00:17:03,120 who spent a long time in Paris as a student trying to be a lawyer got his law degree, 147 00:17:03,120 --> 00:17:10,420 but unfortunately had then goes back home that sleepy Brathwaite that came from enjoying the corp of lawyers that explains the French Revolution. 148 00:17:10,420 --> 00:17:14,490 All these people had to go back home after they spent years in Paris. 149 00:17:14,490 --> 00:17:21,390 So if you are a nobleman or anybody with money who said that their kids off on the grounds, 150 00:17:21,390 --> 00:17:26,260 you didn't mind them going to private school because you knew they wanted to stay there for more than two or three months. 151 00:17:26,260 --> 00:17:32,040 It also very expensive. So the money ran out pretty quickly. So you're going to have to come home after that. 152 00:17:32,040 --> 00:17:38,340 So I think that's a frivolous but important point. It was a place you passed through all spent time in. 153 00:17:38,340 --> 00:17:44,490 You didn't stay there permanently. That, of course, is the language many people from abroad. 154 00:17:44,490 --> 00:17:54,060 Now, any language French, no French. And no, I could end up in a big French city rather than anywhere else. 155 00:17:54,060 --> 00:18:00,780 I thought I'd try to demonstrate just how hard it could be for the poor Brits when they were in Paris in the 18th century. 156 00:18:00,780 --> 00:18:08,850 This is a letter of a diary, which is a letter from France's Cru, who tells it I read it outlet. 157 00:18:08,850 --> 00:18:15,780 So she spends a night at the English ambassador. You see, well, there is great comfort, I think, in being down. 158 00:18:15,780 --> 00:18:22,960 They released from a library expressing oneself in a foreign language, which, by the way, is often very fatiguing but embarrassing. 159 00:18:22,960 --> 00:18:31,350 Likewise, I feel for this poor woman who was forced to speak French while she was in Paris. 160 00:18:31,350 --> 00:18:38,370 But no. So the language for another reason of people going to Paris and then that the city lights in 161 00:18:38,370 --> 00:18:43,890 which what do you think of things you see and there are lots of things to say in your knickers? 162 00:18:43,890 --> 00:18:51,000 Remember that we had a talk a couple of years go by chap who told us about how Paris is being built before the the French Revolution. 163 00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:55,350 It was a built building site. So many things going on for you, for you to see. 164 00:18:55,350 --> 00:19:01,240 But what most people who came to Paris to do was to see the king eat. 165 00:19:01,240 --> 00:19:09,480 I don't know what other princely family in the 18th century allowed the hoi polloi to have a look at him munching. 166 00:19:09,480 --> 00:19:14,520 But Louis, the sixteenth clearly did, and they all did it. Dijakovic went to see it. 167 00:19:14,520 --> 00:19:23,070 Even Johnson went to see Louis, not below the 50, but it's a kind of look at the 16 eating a fold to play rather beside. 168 00:19:23,070 --> 00:19:29,170 And I thought I would just put up on the board. Johnson's view of the French just looked. 169 00:19:29,170 --> 00:19:44,140 He really was a Brexiteer having to let his description of attending the ISI be like the king fed himself with his left hand as we saw Louis, 170 00:19:44,140 --> 00:19:47,770 the sixteenth lieutenant. Anyway, this is this is what this is, what he says. 171 00:19:47,770 --> 00:19:53,590 The bulk of it, the great enthrals liberated magnificently, but the rest miserably. 172 00:19:53,590 --> 00:19:58,400 There's no happy middle state in England. The shots of Paris mean the meat markets. 173 00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:03,010 The stock should be sent to a jail in England and Mr Thrilled just the absurd cookery 174 00:20:03,010 --> 00:20:09,010 of the French was for a country that was for something rather a problem by necessity. 175 00:20:09,010 --> 00:20:13,180 But they could not eat their meat unless they added some taste to it. 176 00:20:13,180 --> 00:20:17,060 The French are delicate people they will spit upon. 177 00:20:17,060 --> 00:20:21,220 Actually, I better look at my own textural education. 178 00:20:21,220 --> 00:20:30,160 Nature has done more for the French, but they have less for themselves than the Scotch have done, 179 00:20:30,160 --> 00:20:39,280 largely for you when you got back that much, the French, but you actually did go to the king. 180 00:20:39,280 --> 00:20:48,430 Eating is a good, you know, the Kirsten Dunst still writes with that, but I think they they all carry that look. 181 00:20:48,430 --> 00:20:54,310 So everybody went to see the king that that was the great, great site. They all went to. 182 00:20:54,310 --> 00:21:00,310 And if you wanted to get off the tourist road, there were lots of other things to do and I thought, 183 00:21:00,310 --> 00:21:07,150 This is breakfast, who knew how to get around in life? This is his view of Paris. 184 00:21:07,150 --> 00:21:10,850 More Fiesta bought glittering, more probably deprived than ever walls. 185 00:21:10,850 --> 00:21:20,200 Those pieces, the pious era, a kind of shame Baba Catherine, the modiji, the petrol noise of bottles of theatre ballrooms and gaming houses, 186 00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:26,470 pausing all idea of the capital, perhaps as never before so thickly or effervescent, the people is trapped. 187 00:21:26,470 --> 00:21:28,290 Continue set, I think, 188 00:21:28,290 --> 00:21:36,360 to continue to catch victims these new dens of corruption that lacerating and some shape rather frequent and you got to get the picture. 189 00:21:36,360 --> 00:21:46,600 But Paris, even in the 6:52 capital, it was a place for people kind of went to to enjoy themselves in ways they couldn't do, 190 00:21:46,600 --> 00:21:51,590 even in London, which was a puritanical city in many ways that we could have got away with feeling about. 191 00:21:51,590 --> 00:21:57,580 But so a lot of people do gather because it got a lot to do. 192 00:21:57,580 --> 00:22:00,820 I suppose I should mention the cellar, but you know, the cellar will be overhyped. 193 00:22:00,820 --> 00:22:06,280 And thanks to Liberty, we now know that there really is nothing more than places worthy of the would be. 194 00:22:06,280 --> 00:22:09,940 Writers got together with our stones to be patronised. 195 00:22:09,940 --> 00:22:12,400 That really being patronised. But nonetheless, 196 00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:21,370 I think one should say about the summer when this comes out in Benjamin Rush's manuscript memoir is the four of us could get into the rise in London, 197 00:22:21,370 --> 00:22:25,120 whether that's also southern in London and lots of places as well. 198 00:22:25,120 --> 00:22:30,670 You thought we just weren't allowed in even America Rush come down to London. 199 00:22:30,670 --> 00:22:35,020 He's not really allowed to mix with these very select groups in Paris. 200 00:22:35,020 --> 00:22:40,900 On the other hand, although he's come anonymous American, he seems to attend a wide variety of sound. 201 00:22:40,900 --> 00:22:45,430 Now we know that there are big facilities, but he's coming in for tea and coming in for dinner. 202 00:22:45,430 --> 00:22:49,870 But they do seem to be relatively open. And that again, is, I think, great attraction. 203 00:22:49,870 --> 00:22:54,850 You would actually at least go and stare at the great and good, if nothing else. 204 00:22:54,850 --> 00:23:06,210 Anyway, the point that moves me on to speed dating is the the intellectual side for this because what 205 00:23:06,210 --> 00:23:14,230 but my point of view interests me about Paris is the sheer number of members paid up members, 206 00:23:14,230 --> 00:23:18,350 active members, the Republic letters that one could find in Paris. 207 00:23:18,350 --> 00:23:26,680 I do think that if you add up all the people in the various academies and members of the Just Academy of Sciences, 208 00:23:26,680 --> 00:23:33,010 it's one of the descriptions as well of surgery by the end of the regime is one for medicine, 209 00:23:33,010 --> 00:23:41,410 plus all the if you think of all of the collections, the libraries and the museums that exist, 210 00:23:41,410 --> 00:23:45,040 all the different private collections there, and they're all kind of listed in the guidebooks. 211 00:23:45,040 --> 00:23:49,870 Then there's nowhere else like it in Europe that you could possibly go visit. 212 00:23:49,870 --> 00:24:00,650 And this is actually very important if you are a parvenu in the Republic lectures and you want to get all. 213 00:24:00,650 --> 00:24:08,690 There are different ways of getting old, the public letters, but the most obvious way is actually to meet other people before we get them. 214 00:24:08,690 --> 00:24:15,410 Let me talk about another way. This is just such and such a good quotation in some people. 215 00:24:15,410 --> 00:24:22,940 If they want you to get to know big fish when they started out would just write them a letter. 216 00:24:22,940 --> 00:24:28,490 And one man does this in 1731, is this guy? 217 00:24:28,490 --> 00:24:34,240 That's not the nice of this man, but it is so bad most people have heard of it. 218 00:24:34,240 --> 00:24:39,860 But but he he is the father of mythology, supposedly professor at Montpellier. 219 00:24:39,860 --> 00:24:51,080 And he points six. So in 1731, he's a very young man indeed, and he's just published the the first go at producing an anthology. 220 00:24:51,080 --> 00:25:02,480 So what's he do? He immediately sends a copy to the Great Baba, who's the leading professor of medicine in the early 18th century in Europe by Leiden. 221 00:25:02,480 --> 00:25:08,900 We sent him a copy of this book, which is called Invitation to enter into a Correspondence, 222 00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:14,510 and it looks at both of our replies positively because we know from Bletchley, 223 00:25:14,510 --> 00:25:20,570 who sabotages letters to his pal in the Manko book that he's getting letters above all. 224 00:25:20,570 --> 00:25:30,500 Now, a few years later, in 1737, another would be member of the public letters. 225 00:25:30,500 --> 00:25:38,370 Let's get back on the nice, who has had to come away from Sweden to get to know people. 226 00:25:38,370 --> 00:25:43,100 He's based in Amsterdam. He writes the questions of age. 227 00:25:43,100 --> 00:25:48,590 I'm asking if essentially they can begin a correspondence. 228 00:25:48,590 --> 00:25:55,970 And he writes the most [INAUDIBLE] letter I have ever come across in my life. 229 00:25:55,970 --> 00:26:04,850 I'm sorry this is Latin, but the the only bit you really need to know is the bit, 230 00:26:04,850 --> 00:26:14,020 but he says he's he's he's been looking for the nose ology that the to survive. 231 00:26:14,020 --> 00:26:24,050 He knows about this, but he says I've looked everywhere. No sweet Lapland, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, England. 232 00:26:24,050 --> 00:26:33,110 Their dad knows the title. He's got this book and then he he's recently been enlightened and he's he's seen a copy. 233 00:26:33,110 --> 00:26:39,590 I have seen it. I've inspected and I have been overwhelmed by it. 234 00:26:39,590 --> 00:26:42,650 And yeah, I have. I have felt awful. 235 00:26:42,650 --> 00:26:53,120 But the my in most of them in a breath struck as a result by some anxiety, having to wait to see how it goes on, though, 236 00:26:53,120 --> 00:27:09,380 as it says up the right at the bottom of I'm able therefore to like your book every day the torture, but I don't have a copy. 237 00:27:09,380 --> 00:27:16,710 So what he wants is a copy of this book, and he says If you send it to me, I'll pay for the postage. 238 00:27:16,710 --> 00:27:22,880 And there's a wonderful I was this I will never die of the being. 239 00:27:22,880 --> 00:27:30,160 I'm grateful for your favour and I know that your your method. 240 00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:33,660 I can't wait until their methods to be used in botany. It's rather amusing. 241 00:27:33,660 --> 00:27:51,060 But the nurses to go do i boleyn's sex anyway if I like him in return, my own books include My Lachlan Flora, his first edition of his plant again. 242 00:27:51,060 --> 00:27:56,240 Anyway, I've just never come across a letter in the Republic. 243 00:27:56,240 --> 00:28:04,820 Someone says these two little pieces that basically struck down when you look for the book, that is all this wonderful. 244 00:28:04,820 --> 00:28:17,030 But anyway, it does seem to work. And thereafter, last year, Linnaeus to enter into correspondence, but generally put it This doesn't work. 245 00:28:17,030 --> 00:28:27,200 And Linnaeus very quickly becomes very famous. And we have essentially applied a complete lidi in correspondence these days. 246 00:28:27,200 --> 00:28:30,890 So we know everybody who writes into it. And he writes out, I might be, write it. 247 00:28:30,890 --> 00:28:34,600 And basically, he doesn't answer any of his letters at all. 248 00:28:34,600 --> 00:28:40,100 He is far too important by the 70 Forties to correspond with anybody, 249 00:28:40,100 --> 00:28:49,010 and anybody would include the Oxford professor of Botany Paul 6:04, who does write with in 70 forties and never gets reply at all. 250 00:28:49,010 --> 00:28:58,460 So just writing letters, unless I suppose you can come up with something that's unbeatable like that, you've got to get nowhere. 251 00:28:58,460 --> 00:29:02,720 You need to meet people. And the other way you meet people is you go on the road. 252 00:29:02,720 --> 00:29:06,440 And in the second half of the 18th century, there are hundreds, if not thousands, 253 00:29:06,440 --> 00:29:12,500 of tiro Republican of letters tripping up and down Europe trying to meet people. 254 00:29:12,500 --> 00:29:24,290 At this speed, dating comes in because the one thing you learn pretty quickly is that even if you've got a letter of introduction, 255 00:29:24,290 --> 00:29:33,140 even if you are looking to be face to face with one right and good, the chances are that they will not let you in. 256 00:29:33,140 --> 00:29:42,740 And this is not really because they are particularly uncivil, but because they are overwhelmed by the number of people who come knocking on the door. 257 00:29:42,740 --> 00:29:47,090 And we know a lot about Voltaire and the way he was always sick with them when he came to see it. 258 00:29:47,090 --> 00:29:56,990 Well, sickness is the obvious way of dealing with this. Politeness demands that if someone turns up with a letter, you've seen them, 259 00:29:56,990 --> 00:30:07,310 so you have to develop some kind of strategy for dealing with the important and being ill is most obvious one. 260 00:30:07,310 --> 00:30:15,950 So when one reads continually that the people of letters are ill, people write books about sickness in public letters. 261 00:30:15,950 --> 00:30:20,330 No one really seems to pick up the fact that this is a strategy rather than anything else. 262 00:30:20,330 --> 00:30:29,300 They are sick by design. But if that's the case, if you know that most of the people whose doors you lock on are not going to answer, 263 00:30:29,300 --> 00:30:33,710 you've got to maximise the number of hits really. 264 00:30:33,710 --> 00:30:40,460 And the way you do that is by going to a place where there are the largest number of people who thought you could knock on. 265 00:30:40,460 --> 00:30:47,900 You do not go to fanny or knock on one door. You go to Paris, where all the hundreds knock off and it usually works. 266 00:30:47,900 --> 00:30:54,420 So let me now talk about the person whose autobiography in the middle of publishing, Oh, you are in the middle of publishing. 267 00:30:54,420 --> 00:30:59,070 Pierre Joseph, Amira, Amira, is it. 268 00:30:59,070 --> 00:31:07,080 I'm a college degree at Montpellier in the early 70s 60s, he's already becoming somebody in Montpellier, 269 00:31:07,080 --> 00:31:12,480 member of that, the local academy, and he's already trying to to branch out. 270 00:31:12,480 --> 00:31:19,770 Inevitably, he writes in the NAIAS and doesn't get a reply. Try setting the nice the copy of his bachelor's thesis. 271 00:31:19,770 --> 00:31:30,010 Not a very good move, I suspect. So if he's decided not to give, he decides not to go down that route. 272 00:31:30,010 --> 00:31:34,800 He's going to go up to Paris status, followed by him to go. So happy go. 273 00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:40,620 And I won't go through all the things that I can take from his autobiography. 274 00:31:40,620 --> 00:31:47,400 But you can see from rapidly looking at this that he does pretty well. 275 00:31:47,400 --> 00:31:55,230 I believe that the usual play, the dilemmas as you are fed a visit and I can see a mistake already, I am anyway. 276 00:31:55,230 --> 00:32:01,380 It means we've got letters of introduction to it by broad people. He makes the astronomer Laurent. 277 00:32:01,380 --> 00:32:04,140 He makes a great experiment, physicist Abdullah. 278 00:32:04,140 --> 00:32:15,930 And above all, he he turns up with a letter from one of his pals go to Bernard, juicio the right botanist at any event. 279 00:32:15,930 --> 00:32:19,560 And from then on, he's meeting Joshua all the time. 280 00:32:19,560 --> 00:32:25,200 He's going up what is actually all around Paris and him getting to know the the botanical world in Paris. 281 00:32:25,200 --> 00:32:33,480 So you fight. But it's not that easy, and it's quite clear from the Charles Barkley that frequently there are problems. 282 00:32:33,480 --> 00:32:37,260 One point he goes out to our side to try to meet with the Senate. 283 00:32:37,260 --> 00:32:41,250 Who's the king's chief physician? 284 00:32:41,250 --> 00:32:45,390 Unfortunately, now he's out with nothing and might be sick. 285 00:32:45,390 --> 00:32:50,040 They might be out of the apartment if you actually work at a barbecue letters. 286 00:32:50,040 --> 00:32:59,220 The number of times that individuals pass through a town and knock on the door of somebody they know pretty well and that person is 287 00:32:59,220 --> 00:33:07,320 not there amazes me frequently case like truly miss each other because they don't have this instantaneous communication that we have. 288 00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:18,180 So you just knock on doors anyway. Poor old Albert goes to Versailles at Sendak is out and you have to put up with his wife and clean. 289 00:33:18,180 --> 00:33:21,720 His wife is not too happy with having to beat these people the whole time. 290 00:33:21,720 --> 00:33:33,030 And here she is, she says. Well, she's pretty disrespectful about Montpellier and how some was actually gone down there for a degree. 291 00:33:33,030 --> 00:33:41,880 So anyway, that you get get get the message that they insult on already claims they insult another, so it's not easy for him. 292 00:33:41,880 --> 00:33:46,740 And sometimes you have to be very crafty and this is what happens. 293 00:33:46,740 --> 00:33:58,320 Another case I gather one three three dollars on Beale is the is the expert of the classification of showers, and he's old PUFA, supposedly. 294 00:33:58,320 --> 00:34:10,320 And he partly no longer receives amateur Shea Louis anyway because he turns up and he's are being told that he's too thick to see. 295 00:34:10,320 --> 00:34:12,660 So he has to change tack. 296 00:34:12,660 --> 00:34:25,560 And this is to say that he belongs to the Academy of Sciences and in Montpellier that doesn't feel has written about our own father's collection. 297 00:34:25,560 --> 00:34:35,010 So that piece he is an acceptable member of the public debt is and apparently that that that then opens doors. 298 00:34:35,010 --> 00:34:40,500 I suspect is much more complicated than that. But you get the sense that the way you have to negotiate your way in. 299 00:34:40,500 --> 00:34:51,720 My favourite example this is nothing to do with Amara, but to do with a Geneva body scandal who is in Paris the 1790s. 300 00:34:51,720 --> 00:35:02,100 And he needs to meet lamarck. He wants to enter the world of botany and zoology, and he's desperate to meet that mark. 301 00:35:02,100 --> 00:35:10,770 But he hasn't got a letter. No instructions at all. So this is for all of you graduate students who want to know how to get on in the world. 302 00:35:10,770 --> 00:35:14,690 That's kind of that's Mark. 303 00:35:14,690 --> 00:35:23,580 And this is how he makes it. He stalks him, essentially and finds out where he's gone. 304 00:35:23,580 --> 00:35:28,510 So he finds out where he goes to meet and hear the POW compete. 305 00:35:28,510 --> 00:35:37,740 They grab the table next week and begin talking about landmarks of French flora come out just before the revolution. 306 00:35:37,740 --> 00:35:43,620 And may just go all alone talking about this book. I tell them I can't stand it anymore. 307 00:35:43,620 --> 00:35:49,230 And it turns and gives up a conversation with them, and it works with that. 308 00:35:49,230 --> 00:35:56,080 From then onwards, he knows Levorg. Now, I don't know how long it would take. 309 00:35:56,080 --> 00:36:06,670 Positioning satellites, but you really do have to do some quite fancy footwork to to get yourself introduced in even in some like Paris. 310 00:36:06,670 --> 00:36:10,960 So put in front of visit. Paris is the place. 311 00:36:10,960 --> 00:36:17,440 There are so many of these people that as you rush around the two months you're there that we try to make contact with people, 312 00:36:17,440 --> 00:36:21,250 you like to find some people who take you in. 313 00:36:21,250 --> 00:36:23,470 How many times you rejected. 314 00:36:23,470 --> 00:36:31,600 So working on the principle that you, you maximise your chances, then all places you could go to meet people in the Republic letters. 315 00:36:31,600 --> 00:36:42,010 I would think that is not lawful. Certainly, Paris is the place you go to now and I don't go too long and I want to win this up in five minutes or so. 316 00:36:42,010 --> 00:36:49,150 But I want to turn the whole thing this point and say that there are exceptions to this rule, 317 00:36:49,150 --> 00:36:58,150 but that there are some relatively small towns where people do go in great numbers, not very small towns. 318 00:36:58,150 --> 00:37:02,140 No one comes to Oxford in the 18th century, actually, didn't they have come to Oxford? 319 00:37:02,140 --> 00:37:11,290 But you don't generally come to Oxford, if you could possibly help it if you come home of the law and talk. 320 00:37:11,290 --> 00:37:18,520 The chap I mentioned before he comes to Oxford and he comes with about about the measurement CPA from the. 321 00:37:18,520 --> 00:37:27,610 And they spent about two or three days here, and there's only one person in the whole universe who's a fellow queens that they actually meet and 322 00:37:27,610 --> 00:37:32,200 have a conversation with rest of the time they go around looking at buildings and or look at the body. 323 00:37:32,200 --> 00:37:39,520 But that's clearly nobody in Oxford in the 18th century, the 17th thirties that any respect republic lessons actually want to get to know. 324 00:37:39,520 --> 00:37:47,200 This doesn't mean there's nobody in Oxford at some time in their lives who is of significance in the European Republic letters, 325 00:37:47,200 --> 00:37:51,370 but they're never here. You about down to navigate, but they've never here. 326 00:37:51,370 --> 00:37:59,650 It ought to be either that they're usually in London or somewhere else, perhaps on the ground to themselves slightly. 327 00:37:59,650 --> 00:38:11,050 The more we follow Richard Chandler, who goes off to the Ottoman Empire and goes out collecting inscriptions in the 1760s, and Susie gets married. 328 00:38:11,050 --> 00:38:20,980 Yes, to the man who gets married, puts down his fellowship and takes his wife on their honeymoon to Italy to collect inscriptions. 329 00:38:20,980 --> 00:38:27,550 And and so do we get to know all the people who then copy inscriptions for him that are sent back to England? 330 00:38:27,550 --> 00:38:32,800 His great his great desire was to create the the ultimate edition of Pindar, 331 00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:37,210 and he had people scouring all the libraries, literally for manuscripts of Pindar. 332 00:38:37,210 --> 00:38:48,190 He never finishes his work, by the way. Anyway, there are only a few places where people do turn up because there is somebody there who 333 00:38:48,190 --> 00:38:55,780 isn't Voltaire and isn't sick and actually is willing to talk with just anybody who arrives. 334 00:38:55,780 --> 00:39:00,910 And this is my hero, the one Republican of letters in the whole of my long career. 335 00:39:00,910 --> 00:39:06,640 I would actually have liked to have met because he saved us some half time for everybody. 336 00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:12,160 And this is this man, Jean-Francois seguia about whom we know much more now because his correspondence 337 00:39:12,160 --> 00:39:19,720 is gradually being put up on the web thanks to a group of people down in need. 338 00:39:19,720 --> 00:39:24,610 He's literally picked up by mafia in the 1738 Mafia Party, 339 00:39:24,610 --> 00:39:33,640 threw them on the way north and meets this young man who's in his 20s and says, Be my secretary. 340 00:39:33,640 --> 00:39:40,480 And he says, yes, his family allow him to do this. 341 00:39:40,480 --> 00:39:44,330 He goes, We spend the next 20, 25 years with mafia. 342 00:39:44,330 --> 00:39:52,540 He goes up to Paris with him. His correspondence with Paris is hilariously funny about Voltaire and the things that he's learnt. 343 00:39:52,540 --> 00:39:59,500 He then goes over to England with him and comes back to the Verona and acts as his secretary in Verona until mafia dies the late 1750. 344 00:39:59,500 --> 00:40:02,920 He then goes back to leave. By that time, he's quite famous. 345 00:40:02,920 --> 00:40:08,860 He's not one of the nicest correspondences the potent botanist bibliographic, perhaps more than anything else, 346 00:40:08,860 --> 00:40:17,480 and he comes back and sets up his own collections and his library in his house that he buys from then almost the next 20 years. 347 00:40:17,480 --> 00:40:29,820 He's just somebody who you can go visit in the on the way south and people visit him in droves and. 348 00:40:29,820 --> 00:40:37,500 Between 1773 and 1783, 1402 people visit Savir, so 11 years, 349 00:40:37,500 --> 00:40:45,300 and you can look up to so there are not many days in the year when somebody doesn't knock on the door and have a chat with him. 350 00:40:45,300 --> 00:40:49,500 And it's not just a chat because he takes them round the rooms in need as well. 351 00:40:49,500 --> 00:40:52,980 So you must spend several hours with them and they cover all parts of Europe. 352 00:40:52,980 --> 00:40:58,740 You'll be pleased to see how many Russians, all those twenty three Russians call upon him now. 353 00:40:58,740 --> 00:41:03,030 I presume everybody has to speak in Russian. 354 00:41:03,030 --> 00:41:10,500 They might speak Latin. I don't know if he knows a bit of English, so it must be an interesting little friendship. 355 00:41:10,500 --> 00:41:14,910 But sugar must be friendly and this is quite interesting. 356 00:41:14,910 --> 00:41:20,100 People lined up on his doorstep, including Joseph, the second who's wandering around Europe. 357 00:41:20,100 --> 00:41:37,670 His cap focussed side is quite. But he seems to me to be the the ideal Republican of letters he he he never seems to be that real far, as I can see. 358 00:41:37,670 --> 00:41:43,820 And in the summer months, you see three or four people and that coming with their wives and their children. 359 00:41:43,820 --> 00:41:49,400 But he's always polite, always talk to them. And they also have the visitors book and then they go up. 360 00:41:49,400 --> 00:41:57,350 You. So if you're going to place Spike Lee and they had its own academy, that is 212Pb, this nice little small town, big time. 361 00:41:57,350 --> 00:42:05,300 And of course, it's probably just about majority Protestant as well, so it attracts people from the Protestant parts of Europe. 362 00:42:05,300 --> 00:42:13,580 But if you think about it's not actually a direct route south, you guys could go to Avignon, Paul South, but you have to go to the right. 363 00:42:13,580 --> 00:42:17,720 Once you're there, you have to make the detour to the south. 364 00:42:17,720 --> 00:42:25,130 People who go there, go there because of safety and the fact he's so willing to talk to them and and 365 00:42:25,130 --> 00:42:29,780 offers the chance of joining his quite extensive network of correspondents. 366 00:42:29,780 --> 00:42:35,180 So, so name is the exception that proves the rule as far as I'm concerned. 367 00:42:35,180 --> 00:42:39,440 Normally, towns that size wouldn't attract people at all, 368 00:42:39,440 --> 00:42:44,000 but I thought I'd just introduce you to say gay because it's something that I've worked on on and off for many years, 369 00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:47,420 and he's become more and more known is one great place to fight. 370 00:42:47,420 --> 00:42:57,380 He has won easily. He cracked the description above the well on the pediment of the Music Up cafe. 371 00:42:57,380 --> 00:43:01,730 He he started the rivet holes and worked out with the description that published 372 00:43:01,730 --> 00:43:06,650 this in 1761 that made his name all over Europe and pretty famous anyway. 373 00:43:06,650 --> 00:43:11,900 So that's really all I'm going to say. I said, I'll get it done in just over three goals, so now I have done. 374 00:43:11,900 --> 00:43:18,380 I just want to try to get you thinking, I suppose, spatially about with public letters. 375 00:43:18,380 --> 00:43:23,810 People are on the move more and more after 1750. We're very aware of this. 376 00:43:23,810 --> 00:43:29,720 Where they go is obviously affected by who they are, what they want to do. 377 00:43:29,720 --> 00:43:36,710 But if you are a young man in the Republic letters, there are some places that are much more likely to be useful to you. 378 00:43:36,710 --> 00:43:40,550 The novels, I think of all the places to be used to view in North York, it's Paris, 379 00:43:40,550 --> 00:43:46,550 simply the sheer number of people that are there, but you can make contact with. 380 00:43:46,550 --> 00:43:52,310 I don't think there are many people who come away from Paris who haven't made some contacts with somebody. 381 00:43:52,310 --> 00:44:03,050 It's not in any way without its cost in that when you go back home, you're expecting to find specimens or artefacts. 382 00:44:03,050 --> 00:44:10,430 For these people in Paris, they're using you. They're manipulating the public letters is like that, but it gives you a sort of a toe in the door, 383 00:44:10,430 --> 00:44:18,050 which from then on ones you can exploit to gradually move up the the hierarchy or the ladder yourself. 384 00:44:18,050 --> 00:44:22,370 If you've got the the gumption and the building, the willingness to do it. 385 00:44:22,370 --> 00:44:29,180 This is what they never did. When he came down from from Sweden, he got to know the right people, first of all. 386 00:44:29,180 --> 00:44:34,770 So Paris, I think, is whatever many will say about the Republic. 387 00:44:34,770 --> 00:44:40,580 That was an enlightened beings and now decentralised, and I don't usually stick up for dawn. 388 00:44:40,580 --> 00:44:48,860 But I do think at the end of the day, Paris is at the centre, certainly of one part of the intellectual in the 18th century. 389 00:44:48,860 --> 00:44:52,627 But.