Well, thank you for that very nice introduction and for inviting a Renaissance man to talk about the Enlightenment.
I start, as you can see in 15 60 and I think the last light is from 1744, so I did my best.
Methuselah died in the year of the flood.
But if you follow the Septuagint, then he would have left 14 years after the flood.
I have annotated the whole thing properly in my own work on Eusebius.
All the ancient ancients have noticed.
Djourou has a lot to say about it, and so often those who've used to Scali good, one of Europe's finest humanists,
is struggling with the Old Testament, looking for help in the works of the ancients and then trying to make up his mind.
Scalia devoted much of his life to set out once and for all the historical
chronology of mankind from its very beginning God's creation to the present.
Let's see 519 for the beginning. The Book of Genesis gave many dates and details that was helpful, and it was perplexing.
Take the famous case of mankind's longest living person.
Methuselah is confusing because we don't pronounce it exactly the other way.
As verses 25 to 28 of the fifth chapter of the Book of Genesis tells us, Methuselah only really starts life at the age of hundred eighty seven.
At that point, he becomes father of his son, Lami.
Genesis goes on to explain that from that moment on, Methuselah continues to have an active indeed very rich sex life for many, many years to follow.
He dies at the magnificent age of nine hundred sixty nine years.
This is how my Dutch version of the Old Testament, which I inherited from my Calvinist grandpa tells it today.
But in the late 16th century, comparing different manuscripts,
Scalia found himself in the quandary Methuselah must have died before or in the year of the flood.
After all, only his grandson, Noah and his close family survived in the famous Ark.
But the Septuagint Greek Old Testament complicates things.
First, the sceptre Wiggins states that Methuselah was only a hundred and sixty seven years old when Llama was born.
That was in the year one thousand four hundred fifty four forty five of the creation.
He then lived for another eight hundred two years, according to the SIPTU again,
so Methuselah still achieves his nine hundred sixty nine years and he dies in A. Mundi.
Two thousand two hundred fifty six. If a scholarly good deed, we put all the dates in the Septuagint concerning the lives of lamas and of together.
The flood must have fallen in on those moon, the two thousand two hundred and forty two.
Hence, as Gallagher concluded, the Greek Old Testament contradicts itself.
It made a serious error and Scalia had to set it right, as he did with his usual verse.
As this table shows, Methuselah dies, died in illness, wounded two thousand two hundred and fifty six,
and the flood occurred six years later in AMLO's, wounded two thousand two hundred and sixty two.
For us, Scalia's struggle with the Methuselah problem is it most a nice anecdote,
and that is how I read it for the first time in the scholarly gharana in 1995 in the University Library of Leiden,
together with an exit of rent in Hampshire,
Monk for Scalia to acknowledge that the Septuagint contained serious errors was, however, far more serious.
It was indeed deeply troublesome. Scalia, the son of the famous humanist philologist Julius Caesar, Scalia de la Scala they called themselves,
had joined to the French Protestant Huguenots in fifteen sixty two, and he had become a true Calvinist.
Dismissing not just the Roman Catholics, but also the Lutherans, the McGinest, as he calls them an outspoken term in the EP one,
the John C. Ignorant, a barbarous Alemania is roughly what the movement Tim Costello says.
These these issues in 15 ninety three.
Scalia moved to Holland, the heart of the new Federal Republic of the Dutch provinces,
when he took up the offer to join the University of Leiden, which had opened its doors only eighteen years ago in fifteen seventy five.
The offer was spectacular for those days and for others as well.
Scalia was released from all formal teaching duties and he was able to negotiate an impressive salary.
In other words, Scalia was the first senior research fellow of modern academic history.
Laden was willing to pay such a high price because,
as Tony Grafton has argued in a long series of erudite studies, Scalia was one of Europe's greatest court.
Like his father, he excelled in physiology and with publications, so so these are all them.
And the final synthesis of his work is a Google courtroom chronology full of categorisations and computations.
He had come to dominate the field of historical chronology for Scalia, and his fellow humanist chronology was much more than a collection of dates.
It was the very foundation of human history. It was the grasp of time.
As such, competence in chronology was a distinct hallmark of civil and civilised life.
Scalia was seeking to give mankind its past, not just in the sense of a set of dates, but in a sense of a proper order and coherence.
To do so was a daunting task. Chronology not only required literacy.
It also demanded a sophisticated control of numeracy. And that was not the greatest strength of many humanists, Scalia himself being no exception.
It required the careful comparison, computation and coordination of a phenomenal wide range of ancient sources.
Here we see colleagues struggling to bring the European Julian calendar,
to which he remained faithful to gather with his sources about ancient Egyptian calendar.
As this example indicates,
the set the historical record of mankind scholar Bohr went well beyond the conventional Latin and Greek sources of the European renaissance.
His aim was to cover all of world history, and so he widened his horizon to Persia and Egypt,
to Hebrew and Arab cultures, gathering sources from wherever he could.
In doing so,
he acquired great respect for the achievements of Arab and Jewish scholars and opened the door for them for these cultures in the Dutch Republic.
To do historical analogy was not just giving coherence to time to time past, but also to space.
Scalia's key definitions illustrate. First, Scalia defines time as you can see the interval of celestial motion,
be it lunar or solar, which tells us that astronomy is vital to historical chronology.
Second, Scalia defines his other key concept a poker as a term of time and place in Boden's and scholarly.
Because these questions of the temple, a jumbo don't put it chronology and geography of the two in the eyes of history.
In Boden's and scholarly, because these questions of the temporal space of the world's geography were becoming highly complex at rapid speed,
as the publications of reports from the discoveries of a new world gathered momentum,
the most significant publication was the historian Matthew Rowley, Moral Diller's India's,
written by Jose Costa, who between 15, 72 and 586 had played a leading role into Jesuit mission to Peru.
As the title indicates, Acosta's work owes much to its famous classical predecessor to clean natural history.
Of course, that fully recognises the influence of Pliny quoting him 47 times,
but he is also keen to emphasise the originality of his own approach like Pliny.
He studies the works of nature, but unlike Pliny,
he also analyses the works and customs of man Los Hechos Ecclestone Barrister's Hombres Acosta's historia historia.
Naturally, morale is not just relevant to the study of Historia, but also to filosofia.
The subtle appeal to classical sources shows Acosta as a true unionist scholar, but does more than humanist erudition to it relating.
The study of the new world to that of the classical world enables Acosta to structure his study.
The reader is persuaded to learn about novelties and monstrosities of the new world through the comparison,
which the much more familiar and respectable classical world.
The comparison indicates that in terms of civilisation, the classical world is, of course, superior to America.
But it also shows that when it comes to the study of Balinese nature and what the coastal saw as Aristotle's economics,
the comparison is wholly justified, like the classical world.
America is part of the history of humanity. But how and where does it fit?
While scholarly good arrived at a study,
Grafton put it unsettling destinations due to his discovery of chronological contradictions in biblical and classical.
All sources of to do so more literally due to his growing recognition of blatant contradiction,
contradictions between classical learning and his own observations,
Imperial Acosta learns that the philosopher Aristotle was not much of a weatherman.
Following Aristotle, Peru, as you can infer from this map, should have been part of the zone up to radar between the tropics,
where torrid heat should burn man making life impossible.
But as Acosta finds out in Peru, it's rather cold at the equator.
In fact, it is bitterly cold. Acosta confesses that standing at the Peruvian Ecuador,
he and his fellow travellers had the good laugh at Los Maty orders the Aristotle's E and the Su Filosofia.
The critical attitude this critical attitude characterises the ways,
the way in which Acosta deals with the question that have become central to the debate on the new world and its position in the chronology of mankind.
Where did the Indians come from? In a sense, of course, of course, Gallagher and Acosta knew the answer,
given the unity of mankind to American Indians must be like We all are descendants from Noah.
But how did they find away from Mt. Ararat to America?
Acosta started his response with the frank admission that he had not been able to find a true and certain course.
He dismisses the possibility of a deliberate and sustained colonisation of America by loss ambiguous,
pointing out that thanks to the compass we lost moderne, us are much better at sailing disease.
It is, of course, possible that strong winds and not human industry brought our ancestors to America, but that doesn't solve the riddle.
What about the animals? How had lions and tigers, wolves and foxes found away from Noah's Ark to America?
So when did they fly? Of course, those analysis leads to what he calls on the ground.
Continue to grow. He is, he writes. Forced to contend that the new world is not completely separated from the old world in one or two places,
the two worlds may even be hooked to each other.
In Acosta's hands, the fine blend of human is scholarship,
and empirical observation leads to a new kind of conjecture all history and to a daring proposition, of course.
In the 17th century, both Scalia's chronology and the Costos Grand Konya Tudor are taken up, both by scholars of history, cartography and geography,
and by travellers looking for the origins of the American Indians by French Huguenots such as Theodore double-D by
English pirates such as Walter Rally and by Dutch humanists such as Hugo Gross's brooches and his friend Daniel Haines,
his worst colleagues to start pupils at the end of the 16th century.
They are members of the select group of youth in this duty that scholars have gathered around him,
a group that also included Philip through various and important historical geographer and told us at AP News.
Holland's first Arabist, both anxious and grouches, adorned Scalia's days Augustin Purim,
with grouches contributing to follow folios of epigrams to honour his teacher, which you see here these days.
Grouches is mainly seen as one of the founding fathers of Modern Natural Law Theory in the development
of the Law of Nations enterprises that are often connected with the rise of European overseas expansion.
After all, Grouches wrote his first main study the rebels in the in this they indies,
as he called it, we call it the Jew to pray day for some reason in 60 No.
360, no food at the request of the Amsterdam Chamber of the brand new Dutch East India Company.
His first bestseller, Morally Broom, from 8:44, was commissioned by the zillionth part of the company.
So it is fair to say that Grouches was a bit of a lobbyist for the new Dutch East India company.
Many scholars go much further and read as you would operate a morally broom and
Grouches main attempt to set up a moral framework for the solutions of war and peace.
The league parties as highly ideological justifications, not just of Dutch commerce and trade, but of European colonialism and imperialism in general.
All of these works were steeped in Scalia's humanism. Like all trendy Speight humanists, Grouches opens the issue,
operate within explication of its métodos and order known as follows the method of
enquiry the US is concerned Grouches merely claims to follow the jurists of antiquity.
Cicero, in particular.
His claim to originality, concerns the order, which he defines as the secular order of teaching in terms of persuasion and education.
The strength of Groucho's or the whole, he claims, is that like the mathematician,
he will first set out what is true universally and as a general proposition,
and then narrow this general generalisation, gradually adapting it to the special nature of the court case under consideration.
That is how Grouches sets out his pro-legal manner, moving from the first the most general to the more specific ones he presents.
Nine axiomatic rules and 13 fundamental laws of nature.
Together, they form the foundation of the growth in theory of natural law within this approach.
History is, as Grouches writes in the new rebellion part, she's useful in two ways.
It supplies both illustrations and judgements fully in line with humanist conventions.
Grouches attaches great weight to classical history, as he puts it.
The illustrations have greater weight in proportion as they are taken from better times and better peoples.
Thus, we have preferred ancient examples Greek and Roman grouches, hence moves freely from Greek to Roman to Hebrew history.
So whilst contemporary problems and overseas expansion may have set the primary agenda
for day in this and the issue of rebellion parties in terms of historical examples,
the more recent history of Europe, Asia and America is at most of secondary importance for him.
Grouches main interest is in historical judgements, especially, he writes, when they are in agreement with each other in this distinct sense.
History is central to the grossen approach.
The existence of the law of Nature, he writes, is underpinned by the agreement between historical judgements by no other means, he underlines.
Is it possible to establish the law of nations along these lines?
Grouches writes, with great approval about two Peruvian NGOs who compelled neighbouring peoples to stop acting against the law of Nature,
which is fully in line with Grouches own argument that it is justified to wage war on the count of things done contrary to the law of nature.
In this way, he observes, the Incas won for themselves and empire the most, just of all that we have read off, except in its religion.
Grouches also addresses the customs and religion of the American Indians in the annotations to the very Tatar religion is Christianity,
the book that is the principle expression of Grossen Irony CISM.
As in his moral philosophy, Grouches seeks to solve religious conflicts by emphasising shared our shared foundations.
They vary. Dantes is a ground attempt to elucidate our shared foundations in religion on the basis of rational argument.
And as in the Jew, the belly, Apaches and the Jews replace.
The Grouches supports rational argument,
which says search for agreement between historical judgements again mainly derived from classical history and to an important extent,
more stronger now, also from Jewish history at times.
Grouches also refers to the agreement between his version of rational Christianity and the religious beliefs of American Indians.
When Grouches argues that the history of the flood is universally accepted, he writes with a reference to Acosta.
And many Spaniards affirm that in several parts of America, such as Cuba, Mid-tour Comma and Nicaragua is preserved the memory of the deluge.
The saving the life of animals, especially the raven and the dogs.
In all of this, grouches remains a rather fateful pupil of Scalia.
For both, the unity of mankind is pivotal.
Indeed, most of the works, be it in historical chronology, biblical commentary, religion or moral philosophy.
Our attempts to underpin the historical, moral and religious unity of mankind to settle the Methuselah problem,
as Scalia had done, is not just vital to the unity and the coherence of the historical chronology of mankind.
To set out how mankind develops as unity from Adam to Noah and then beyond after the flood is an unquestionable foundation of moral philosophy,
most notably of the kind of natural law theory that Grouches seeks to develop.
That is why in 16 41, he gets deeply worried by new police genetic interpretations of the origins of mankind,
as proposed by one of his Parisian acquaintances, the libertine Isaac Le Perrier Grouches leads reads La as manuscript,
which circulates in the circle around Madame Xin before it is finally published in 16:55 under the controversial title of Prey at the Meet.
It is in the title of the English translation of 16:50 seeks a discourse upon the 12th,
13th and 14th verses of the fifth chapter of the Pistol of the Apostle Paul to the Romans.
The exegesis Jesus of these verses leads lapaglia to the conclusion that there must have been man before Adam.
He doesn't feel that this purely genetic interpretation violates the the essence of Christianity, it's important to note.
Moreover, the poly genetic interpretation enables us to square the biblical history.
The Biblical story of God's creation with the mystery of the origins of the
american-indians through the phases of poly genesis LA claims that most ancient creation,
which is set down in the first book of Genesis, is reconciled to those of Mexico.
Not long ago, discovered by Columbus. It was, at best, a doubtful claim.
But again, for used to doubt Mona Genesis was the question the historical and moral unity of mankind,
which underlies both his work a moral and civil philosophy in religion.
Moreover, LA is rather odd. Interpretations of some verses of St. Paul to the Romans came amidst an avalanche of travel
accounts and colonial justification that raise other serious doubts about the moral.
Indeed, the natural unity of mankind. The suggestion was much more of moral diversity.
Much had changed in the decades between Groats use passionate defence of the use commonly come the of the freedom of the seas of modern Hebrew,
the freedom of trade as one of the great ways to enhance human civility.
And his reading in 16:40 one of his manuscript in terms of Dutch overseas expansion,
llamada leave room was connected with the activities of the Dutch East India companies,
whose focus was on trade with India, China, Japan and in the long run, especially with the islands that now make up Indonesia.
Well, Grouches and the Dutch were more than willing to recognise and respect Chinese and Japanese civilisation,
which also helped him to question the rightful owners of the Spanish and Portuguese claims on trading monopolies.
The encounter with the Americas was, in this respect, much more perplexing.
As noted, Grouches commented on the inhabitants of the Americans, both in the belly and they very talented, as these comments indicate.
Clearly, Grouches didn't see groups such as the Incas as barbarians.
A view he shared with many others in the Dutch Republic in Holland.
American Indians were initially primarily seen as allies, as fellow victims of the cruelties of Spanish tyranny.
An image that gained wide popularity thanks to the translations of the work of popular
Middle East councils and the powerful illustrations of Theodore Debris in 16 23,
the Dutch set up the West Indian company, the VTC, as we call it, very much as a compliment,
but in fact also a little bit as a rival to its successful East Indian counterpart.
The key focus of the new company was not just on the new Netherlands in North America, but also of perhaps especially on Brazil from 16 to 24.
A series of conquests of Portuguese possessions, most famously those of Ritchie Fur and or Linda in February 16 30.
You see, it meant that the Dutch took over an important sugar producing area of towns and plantations, an area with a highly complex,
a modern parlance hybrid society of Indian indigenous inhabitants, Portuguese colonisers,
their African slaves and many people who was somewhere in between.
The fruits of a rich variety of sexual encounters, the Dutch were bewildered and fairly lost in 16 36,
the way east to West India Company decides to appoint a successful military commander and distinguished member of the Audience National Dynasty.
Johan Mauritz from the Association as Governor-General of Dutch Brazil.
He you see him in the famous Mauritz house that was built for him and in rayce for another story is that he's no longer there in the moat.
It's house. They've taken him away, whilst Johan Modise set out first and foremost to establish military and civil order in Brazil.
His ambition was to create a new kind of colony governed in many ways by what he saw as key humanists principles.
His engineers and architects embarked on town planning, building Mauritz stop Mauricio police very much like an ideal Dutch town on the sea.
As you can see with classical symmetry and of course, a few canals did his scholars and artists document its natural history of Brazil?
His paintings, Frans Post and Albert Account, created grand and pioneering visual representations in paint not just of the landscapes,
but also of the inhabitants of Dutch Brazil.
In 16:37 Post painted this canvas a view on into Morocco, where the Dutch plan to build one of their strongholds,
perhaps even the capital post as the art historian ends from the boycott, has argued.
Not only presents it with the lush and serene landscape,
but also with the scene of everyday life in Dutch Brazil depicting two Portuguese masters with their black slaves.
It is a rather peaceful image, offering a somewhat benign view of the master slave relationship that showed nothing of the hardship that
characterised the life of so many slaves on the sugar plantations of Portuguese and then Dutch Brazil.
Yet it was a strong reminded that the Dutch had taken over a slave holding society indeed right from the start.
Johan Mauritz Co. deeply involved in the slave trade, making a number of military conquests in Africa to guarantee the supply of slaves.
It is estimated that during the period of his tenure as governor, up to 30000 enslaved persons were forcibly transported from Africa to Dutch Brazil.
More than 5000 of them did not survive the journey. The estimate is that between 16,
36 and 16 16:45 Johan Mauritz and the West India Company important around imported around twenty four thousand slaves to Dutch Brazil.
Since the very beginning of their revolt against the government of Philip to second,
slavery was a bad noire for the Dutch from the 50s and 60s, they feared that the policies of their overlord Philip.
The second would make it into words for 50 65 over a group of about 300 nobles of the country,
the citizens and the inhabitants of these countries, eternal and miserable slaves of the acquisition.
The Dutch Declaration of Independence from 581 argued at great length that the representatives of the United Provinces, the Dutch state's general,
were forced to set aside their overlord for the protection of their countrymen,
their wives, their children so that we shall not fall into Spanish slavery.
The main justification of Dutch independence to treat is political education.
Argue two years later that in the view of the Dutch Philip, the second has sold by all means to take away our ancient freedom from these countries,
from our countries, and to bring us into a miserable slavery under the government of the Spanish bloodhounds.
Grouches repeated many of these words in Europe, parading when in 596,
the Dutch captured the Portuguese vessel with of slaves on board and brought it to Middleburg.
The slaves were freed. Throughout the 16,
this grouches followed the Dutch conquest and colonisation of Brazil with intense interest reporting on it as ambassador of Sweden in Paris,
with some frequencies in his with some frequency in these letters to oxen,
Stetler Grouches got his information from a group of close correspondence, such as his brother in law Nicholas fund-Raisers Better, who, for example,
in a letter from 13 January 16 42, informs Grouches about military success in Africa that will guarantee the supply of slaves to Dutch Brazil.
He calls them Zahedan, Blacks and Negroes.
In the letter, encroaches on work concepts of servitude and ownership played an important role in during the 18th century.
For example, in Scotland, his ruminations on servitude were used both to justify and to argue against slavery back in the 60s, 30s and 40s.
What to make of slavery in general and of the slaves in Dutch Brazil in particular perplexed the Dutch.
After his return to Europe, Johan Mauritz commissioned Caspar Barley Use,
one of Holland's leading humanist scholars and a close friend of Grouches to write a history
and justification of his rule over Dutch Brazil in a number of rather awkward passages.
But Elias elucidates Dutch ambivalence on slavery,
combining an insistence on natural freedom of man with the argument that I quote some US subjects to slavery due to a defect of that nature.
Others because of certain laws. End of quote As butler use continues, there are some human beings whose lack of intelligence and skills,
he writes, make it impossible for them to accomplish anything worthy of mankind.
It is better if they lead their lives according to the will and command of others rather than their own.
Whether this applies to the slaves in Dutch Brazil remains unclear.
Perhaps the most powerful images of African slaves in Brazil,
these two paintings by Albert Akoth from 16:40 one, offered little support to the idea of natural slavery.
On the contrary, as ends and from the BOHOT has put it, they project more pride and assurance than natural submission that.
Submissiveness, the image of the woman exemplifies the ambiguity of Dutch perception while set against
the background of the Brazilian beach and sea with clear references to the slave trade.
This African slave is upright and full of dignity. Her obvious affection for her child child indicates a sense of parental responsibility.
Her strong body suggests that she is very good value for hard work.
At the same time,
many Dutch spectators see this as a deeply erotic painting that highlights the beauty of black human beings of black women in particular.
All in all, what we have here are words and images full of ambivalence,
raising questions about the moral status and civility concerning all groups of human beings living in Dutch Brazil,
from the Dutch and Portuguese masters to their African slaves in the light of the ambivalent,
if not confusing, reports coming from all around the world.
Some scholars started to develop more sceptical arguments about the moral, moral unity of mankind within Gross's own Parisian circles.
Scholars such as his good friend Pierre Cassidy,
combined to recognition of the moral diversity across the globe with a more sceptical attitude towards the morality of mankind.
The moral unity of mankind, as Cindy puts it, in 16 49, I quote If you examine things with the degree of attention,
you will not fail to discover that nothing is considered unjust or shameful in one country, which is not deemed almost unjust in another.
Nothing is rejected in one place that is not recommended in another.
To cast away the doubts concerning the unity of mankind, cockroaches in 16:40 one writes his dissertation.
They originate Ghent. You really come out. Scally, a star pupil, returns to his roots.
The main aim is to settle the issue of the origins of the American Indians in terms of both chronology and geography,
and to reaffirm to set in stone the mono genetic unified character of God's creation.
Without much modesty, a virtue which humanist, often priest seldom practised,
Grouches puts his work in the line of zealous strongbow and, of course, policy to the hero of the Dutch study of history.
Following tacit rules on the origins of the Britain's Grouches will instruct us, he writes,
partly from tradition, partly from conjecture based upon the consideration of the language, dress and customs.
Acosta's buy now popular thesis that the Indians came from sketchier great to as Grouches calls it,
and entered America across the street of million+ bearing streets, we call it is dismissed.
It's all about the horses. Well, CETA is a country always full of horses.
It is so gross tells us certain that before the arrival of the Spaniards,
there were no horses at all in America exploring the language and manners of the Indians.
It becomes clear that the northern Americans living north of the Isthmus of Panama, Panama, do not come from Asia, from the Ark of Noah.
They must have reached the new world via Norway.
They first travelled to Iceland from there to Greenland,
then onwards to what Grouches calls a Stotland settling down in the country, which the Spaniards call Nora Maiga.
But that's only because they are unable to use the proper Germanic pronunciation.
Language is extremely important to grow, which is surprising conjecture.
He points out at 55, Indian regions have names such as Chima Plum, Coopt Plum, 10:42am Marguerite Lum Apti Lum.
In all which words he writes, the pronunciation of the Spaniard drops the last letter being from Norwegian, hence Germanic descent.
Naturally, Indians call the regions lumped land.
It is all a bit desperate. We are all in the autumn, so to speak.
The late November days of Dutch humanism back in Holland, Hugo's brother, William, all still homeless.
The lot to look at the manuscript of the desert until the last have been a fellow student in Leider.
Like roaches, he was a pupil of Scalia. After his studies, he combines commerce and scholarship, becoming in fact,
the director of the West Indian company and the office that allows him to indulge in the study of geography and language.
He becomes a Mercato sapiens. His description of the New World from 16 24 is a bestseller, with editions in 16 24 16, 13, 16 43.
The last outline of the order of his own work indicates just how much it diverges from the approach adopted by Grouches.
The law declares that he will first describe the general natural conditions of the
provinces of the new world before exploring the particularities of provinces,
towns and harbours. The Dutch were very keen on the harvest.
The narrative is enriched with many maps because you have to get into those hobbies as the land rights.
The description of these lands cannot be fully grasped without geographical maps.
That approach is not unique. Lots work fits into the new genre of scientific study of observation and description of unknown countries.
The vast bibliography is full of contemporary sources, including the works of Costante, John Oliver, Richard Harcourt and John from Minnesota.
Aristotle, Pliny and Tacitus are absent in 16 43.
The last publishes his notes on This Starts You.
The book starts with a systematic deconstruction of gradation conjectures Norwegian Indians.
The law points out that the population of Norway has always been fairly modest, to put it mildly.
It is unlikely that such a small people could have inhabited such a vast continent.
From Northern Bago to New Mexico. After demography, the law turns to geography with a great sense of irony.
He Democrats two geographical pitfalls in Grouches itinerary.
I quote carefully We proceed on our journey to America, from Norway to Iceland.
From Iceland, we proceed to Greenland via 3th lumpia.
From Greenland, we sit scores to as Astudillo. Truly, we must say no author has urged so strongly in all of these matters.
We should really tell and warn this honourable gentleman about how big the jump is that we have to take from
Friesland deer or groom long to reach asto de la ville de Laat doesn't merely criticise the poor grasp of geography.
Grouches have simply failed to study one of the new Globes, which is own publisher Blow in Amsterdam produced.
More importantly, the loud questions Grouches method its reliance on superficial linguistic similarity.
Let us consider writes the love that works as the equivalent of things give an important indication of their origins.
It is well known that we can find many common words in all languages, and it is true that the people who use them do not have the same origins.
For some reason, it is often mere coincidence. So it doesn't suffice to find similar words, either partially or completely in a variety of dialects.
What is needed is a photo and systematic investigation of the Indian languages.
But even then, the lot argues it is doubtful with the knowledge of languages yields significant conjectures concerning the origins of peoples.
The lab goes on to offer a much more systematic reappraisal of the research on the origins of the American Indians after careful scrutiny.
The Orthodox Church Calvinist, the lot endorses the interpretation of the Spanish Jesuit Jose Costa.
More importantly, like, of course, that the law recognises that the research on the origins of the American Indians is a matter of conjecture.
All history where knowledge is it most probable, always on certain grouches is appalled.
He defends the accuracy of his interpretation and insist that there is no plausible alternative in the case of rejection, he writes.
We will have to believe what Aristotle that man originates from eternity or from the Earth, as the fable from Sparta has it all from the sea.
As Homer wants it, or that as someone has dreamt recently in France, there have been men before,
and the warning is clear endorsing the dreams of love period and dangers Christian piety Grouches despair indicates the highest stake.
Historical chronology, moral philosophy and theology are inseparable intertwined.
On this point, the latter agrees. Naturally, as a faithful Calvinist and Orthodox woman,
he regarded the story of Adam's unique and divine creation and the tale of Noah's Ark as the beginnings of the chronology of mankind.
But the two pupils of good fundamentally disagree about how to settle the question of the origins of mankind.
Of the depths of chronology was grouches still goes back to the fountains of antiquity.
The last underlines the importance of new scientific forms of geographical ethnographic and linguistic observation.
Whilst Grouches blends his reliance on rational conjectures with distrust on ancient authority,
the lab derives his rational conjectures, mainly from the new art of describing.
Liberia's reaction to Grouches is one of fuel with the help of his friend,
the Danish scholar Oliver Slipperier sets about to deconstruct Grouches Norwegian fees as systematically,
the results are the same assumed the guru loaned from 16:40 seven and the
realisation these loomba written in 16:44 published only in sixteen sixty three.
In these pioneering studies of the natural and cultural history of Greenland and Iceland,
Le Perrier emphasises the conjectural nature of the research into the origins of peoples and moves toward a kind of historical scepticism.
The quest for origins is, he writes, then you tell scholarly pu savoir.
Indeed, for the research on origins, Stoup sought, these throughout is insufficient.
All one can say is mainly based on conjecture, he writes.
And those conjectures are uncertain, especially when, as in the case of grouches, they are based on linguistic similarity.
You, Marian, to see Pompeii need them. One solid could the Konark to form the of some blubber, some blabla.
Etymology La Perrier strategy strategy is to cast doubt on historical chronological chronology,
on conjectural history and, by implication, mono genesis.
In doing so, the purely genetic interpretation of creation at least becomes plausible.
The unity of mankind is put into doubt.
Perhaps the last grant attempt to save the unity of human chronology comes again from Leiden in Aachen, Norway.
Published in 16 66, Georg Cornelius moves well beyond scholarly good.
Of course, grouches and dell'arte. Recognising the plurality of historical and cultural developments,
Horniness seeks to integrate them into a comprehensive and systematic universal history.
It is a daring move. History explicitly presented by horror news as the narrative of the things that have happened.
Rear room guestroom Narod SEAL is divided seductively along quasi remis lines,
first between divine and worldly history from worldly history or news moves us to philosophical history.
Then leaving intellectual history aside down to natural history, which concerns the heavens, the air and the Earth putting us on Earth hold.
The US wants to focus on things exterior, including geography, botany and the Bovell.
The Graphika Zwolle graphic history is divided into anatomical, medical, sensual and ethical history.
The latter is of extreme importance. It comprises economics and politics.
This is where we must be. More specifically, we should study universal political history Historia Politica Universal Knowledge,
which makes us focus on the greatest things of Imperium, be they right now or its public.
At this level, the chronology of Mortal Man starts to make sense.
Old news explains. In fact, for the first time, it is appropriate to use the term cronologia in his research, hold the news,
then seeks to square the stories of all human monarchies and republics, moving deftly between Europe, India and China.
The scope is enormous, and it is a real surprise that modern global historians have not yet discovered your core news as their pioneering hero.
Maybe he's still too much of a Calvinist for them. We must recognise horde news.
Insist that our mortal state startles Mundy is threefold.
It includes antediluvian before the flood soup de Luciano and post the Louisiana the period starting with no exit from the Ark until,
as hot news puts it, where our memory reaches of Nostra Memoriam.
Already, the antediluvian turns out to be beset by daunting problems,
as horniest makes abundantly clear by 666, the first 10 books of Genesis have become deeply controversial.
There are even those he writes who read the Septuagint mode using most corrupt numbers
to defend the interpretation that Methuselah survives the flood with 14 years.
That is truly the most stupid error carseat simple error.
It doesn't get much better. As Horney is acknowledged, the three sons of Noah have been sent to all kinds of geographical directions
to geographical precision of these directions being far from clear by 666.
Concepts such as Africa, Asia and Europe have become deeply contested.
The ambition of other to come the way is to restore unity in the universal political history of mankind.
The result is a supreme work of historical breath and erudition.
It is conjectural history at its best. It is also a grand and wonderful failure.
Holding news literally goes mad. He ends his life running naked through the streets of Leiden.
These days, that is normal. But it wasn't the 16 66 between scholarly good and hard news.
Historical chronology unravels and with it, the unity of mankind.
As Horton Hughes argues, chronologies not defined. It is a mere matter of human narrative and memory.
After holding news, European scholars move from the unitary conception of biblical time with its clear beginning and its certain end
to the recognition of the complex and deeply uncertain plurality of historical developments across the globe.
This slow move from biblical to historical time, from mankind's unity to the historicity of human beings, marks,
I feel the autumn of Renaissance humanism and perhaps the beginning of the Enlightenment progress development.
The four stages of the history of civilisation become the cuts which of a new age being enlightened.
We will all move forward that we may no longer know where we will end if we end at all.
We are on the multiple roads towards modernity, as it is called these days,
and we share the renaissance sense of human unity and destiny that has come as a price at the price.
As we now know, the new theories of human plurality and modal diversity of poly, genesis of racial variety of lower and higher races developed,
for example in Göttingen, were used to underpin in Europe's darkest decades the politics of slavery and not so long ago.
Alas, also from getting in. Genocide.
In 16, 71 are no loose Montana's a Calvinist vicar working in the little town of St. Hoven publishes a bestseller,
The Unknown New World Order, a description of the Continent of America.
As the title page indicates, this is a work that wants to amuse and inform amuse above all.
The primary aim is no longer to look for unity and to explore similarities between America and antiquity or between America and Europe around world.
The purpose is to tell thrilling stories about as Montano's never stops emphasising the unknown world so full of mysteries,
monstrosities and magical moments.
The story of how the Americans, as Montanez calls them, came to the New World is one of the four pillars of the book.
They called the new speaker sites with Acosta, with her news and the lot grouches argument that linguistic similarities indicate the
Norwegian origins of the Americans is not only deconstructed with new linguistic research,
but also with visual observation of the animal world. A key example is the EL-AHMAR following grouches.
We would expect to see a lamp with a lump in Dutch El-Ahmar lamp, but visual evidence shows us that this is obviously not the case.
The learnt crowds use, Montano's concludes, was clearly wrong.
Whether Acosta, horn, use and the lot are absolutely right is luckily still uncertain.
It keeps up the tension and he does it throughout his book, The History of America.
He tells us it's an exciting mystery full of more and less probable conjectures throughout the Enlightenment.
The quest for the origins of the American Indians continues, and so does the debate on its proper method.
In 1787, Thomas Jefferson confronts the issue in the notes on the state of Virginia with great caution.
He argues that the resemblance between the Indians of America and the eastern inhabitants
of Asia would induce us to conjecture that the former are the descendants of the latter.
He immediately acknowledges the uncertainty of this conjecture and Grouches and argues that given the durability of language,
more extensive research into the language of the Indians might yield the most certain evidence of their derivation.
So the mystery remains. But luckily, in the heart of the German Enlightenment, there is Konrad Samuel Schultz Flights,
a world-famous professor from Vitamina in 1740 forward in his glorious work.
The short slice ciano short slice poorly is thought.
All in Zuma, as we see on this title page, summarises the entire debate on the origins of the American Indians in less than two pages.
It is true, he concludes, that men emigrated from Asia across the Strait of Hormuz amongst themselves.
The erudite still discussed the question of how the cattle and the animals have managed to make the crossing.
So Grouches was wrong. It's flash fuel, sorry.
He admires the Dutch humanist. He writes Hugo Grouches when he got the book in his hands, he read it copy to love him.
Put to summary upfront and immediately he could remember Uno into it to what he had read.
That is true.
Scholarship in Ghana in 1740 1744 as short flourish tells us cockroaches died on the Baltic coast in the town of Rostock on the 18th of August,
16:45 fired away from his beloved party.
It was a tragic death, he admits. But the police restored from with them better is able to console us.
He dies as a good looter. The autumn of humanism was long and colourful.
A thank you for your attention.