1 00:00:14,820 --> 00:00:20,490 [Auto-generated transcript. Edits may have been applied for clarity.] So welcome everyone to the third talk in the third series of our partners, some of the online Tibet Seminar. 2 00:00:21,270 --> 00:00:25,980 We've enjoyed an excellent program this Hilary term. You can find the details on our website. 3 00:00:26,490 --> 00:00:33,790 And we still have one more talk to come on the 11th of March. All our talks are published as video podcasts. 4 00:00:33,810 --> 00:00:38,640 They are freely available from our website, from Apple Podcasts and from many other sites too. 5 00:00:39,510 --> 00:00:42,150 So please try not to interrupt during the recording. 6 00:00:43,960 --> 00:00:49,930 However, the discussion periods after the talks will not be podcast and are open to the entire audience. 7 00:00:50,230 --> 00:00:53,470 So please feel free to express yourselves and to ask questions then. 8 00:00:56,780 --> 00:00:59,390 Today we are delighted to welcome Doctor Ben Williams. 9 00:01:00,290 --> 00:01:06,140 Ben Williams is an intellectual historian focussed on South Asian religions and the history of cyber tantra. 10 00:01:06,920 --> 00:01:12,530 He's received extensive training in Indian philosophy, literature and aesthetics in Sanskrit sources, 11 00:01:13,040 --> 00:01:17,810 and completed his PhD in the Department of South Asian Studies at Harvard University. 12 00:01:19,850 --> 00:01:29,590 Ben is currently. An associate professor of Hinduism at Naropa University and serves as the faculty lead for Naropa M.A. Program in Yoga Studies. 13 00:01:30,490 --> 00:01:36,700 In 2025, he became the first scholar in residence for the Buddha in the Logical Research Institute, 14 00:01:37,030 --> 00:01:42,010 where he's guiding a number of initiatives related to preservation of Sanskrit texts. 15 00:01:43,360 --> 00:01:51,700 This position coincides with the funding of a motorboat, a chair of yoga studies at Naropa University, which Ben will hold until spring 2028. 16 00:01:52,840 --> 00:01:56,980 Ben has published a number of articles and book chapters, including several AP Novel Gupta, 17 00:01:57,190 --> 00:02:03,210 and has also produced a number of translations from the Sanskrit, including um written and is Kitzmiller. 18 00:02:03,640 --> 00:02:04,510 Should be lost? 19 00:02:05,410 --> 00:02:13,450 Should we lost a stabber or him to the play of consciousness and shipping, and is subjected to a stutter or prays to the heart of auspiciousness? 20 00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:19,480 Ben also has two books forthcoming, one of them entitled The Secrets of Shiva, a new edition, 21 00:02:19,590 --> 00:02:25,360 annotated translation of the Shiva suitably Makhni, and the other hymns of the Chola lineage. 22 00:02:25,570 --> 00:02:29,140 Critical editions, translations and studies from Early modern Kashmir. 23 00:02:30,860 --> 00:02:34,720 I should add, Ben is a close associate of our previous speaker, John Nimitz. 24 00:02:34,790 --> 00:02:40,340 He gave us such a wonderful and erudite talk on Kashmir inside ism around the late 18th century on February 11th. 25 00:02:40,550 --> 00:02:44,900 So it's great to have this continuity. Thank you very much. Been for coming and talking to us. 26 00:02:45,140 --> 00:02:48,640 Over to you. Great. Thank you so much, Rob. 27 00:02:48,970 --> 00:02:53,049 Thank you, Rob and Cathy for the invitation to join this series. 28 00:02:53,050 --> 00:02:58,959 And I just want to share my appreciation for the way that this lecture series has brought together 29 00:02:58,960 --> 00:03:04,060 to metallurgists and intelligence people working on Tibetan Buddhism and travel and talk to Tantra. 30 00:03:04,720 --> 00:03:09,960 It's such an important intersection of research. I want to also begin with a few acknowledgements. 31 00:03:09,970 --> 00:03:17,500 One is to Jon Nemec. As Rob mentioned, he's a close colleague and his talk really inspired this talk. 32 00:03:17,600 --> 00:03:24,070 Um, I'm looking at the next two centuries, uh, of, you know, what's happening in the region of Kashmir in Swat Valley. 33 00:03:24,820 --> 00:03:33,760 And John, uh, explored a lot of geographical, political and archaeological resources in his talk. 34 00:03:33,760 --> 00:03:42,879 And so he's inspired me to look at those sources as well. In some ways, that's going beyond my wheelhouse, which is as a textual scholar. 35 00:03:42,880 --> 00:03:53,170 So, um, um, I might be a little, um, unsteady footing in some of that material, but I just want to begin with an appreciation for John. 36 00:03:53,170 --> 00:03:56,470 And also just he's been an incredible, encouraging encouragement. 37 00:03:56,800 --> 00:04:03,460 Um, he's been an encouragement for me over the years. I also want to acknowledge Alexis Sanderson. 38 00:04:04,270 --> 00:04:11,860 A lot of what I'm going to be focusing on is deeply indebted to his foundational work on the history of this lineage called the Crema. 39 00:04:12,550 --> 00:04:19,720 And, um, there's an anecdote I once heard, I think it might have been from Dan Davidson, um, 40 00:04:19,900 --> 00:04:28,990 that the entire last century of scholarship on Dharma Shastra is footnotes to the work of P.V. Khan, 41 00:04:29,920 --> 00:04:33,700 who wrote the History of Dharma Shastra, volumes one and two. 42 00:04:34,330 --> 00:04:41,530 And I think the same could probably be said about Alexis Henderson the last 30 years of scholarship, 43 00:04:41,710 --> 00:04:48,400 in some ways of the next 30 years of scholarship, will be footnotes on his monumental contributions. 44 00:04:49,510 --> 00:05:01,660 I also want to acknowledge Adam Krug, who recently published this book, The Seven City Texts Um Muhammad's Instructions from the Odeon of Maha as I. 45 00:05:01,690 --> 00:05:04,270 In preparation for this talk, I read this book closely. 46 00:05:04,720 --> 00:05:12,730 I met with Adam twice and his scholarship is and his his work is really informing some of the comparative things I'll do. 47 00:05:13,180 --> 00:05:22,000 And finally, um, look at Oliviera, um, in the Italian Archaeological Mission and Pakistan has been on there scholarship, 48 00:05:22,630 --> 00:05:27,970 uh, especially archaeological research, has been, um, incredibly useful at this time. 49 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:31,000 All right. Are you ready? Okay. 50 00:05:32,280 --> 00:05:37,910 So. First of all, Ludhiana in the shotgun lineages of the Croma is the name of the talk. 51 00:05:38,630 --> 00:05:44,020 So I'm going to be looking at this valley in Kashmir predominantly in the ninth and 10th centuries. 52 00:05:44,030 --> 00:05:50,360 The plan of the talk is that I'm going to be looking at this 13th century travelogue of origin power, 53 00:05:50,870 --> 00:05:54,200 which was originally translated by a G as a, B, two G. 54 00:05:54,890 --> 00:05:58,040 That's going to kind of create a setting to then look at the political, 55 00:05:58,040 --> 00:06:02,989 archaeological and scriptural evidence of, uh, Swat Valley during this time period. 56 00:06:02,990 --> 00:06:08,540 And then, um, I want to look at some textual sources, early chroma sources and some, 57 00:06:08,540 --> 00:06:11,990 uh, Vajrayana Buddhist sources that identified themselves with good Guyana. 58 00:06:12,560 --> 00:06:17,690 And I'm calling that section a kind of look at what we might call the textual corpus of Ludhiana. 59 00:06:18,530 --> 00:06:28,370 And what I'm really trying to show is that the chroma tradition, um, some of its earliest sources identify themselves with Ludhiana, 60 00:06:29,150 --> 00:06:38,390 and those traditions come to flourish most significantly for centuries within Kashmir following those early revelations. 61 00:06:38,870 --> 00:06:46,999 And Sanderson has made a really compelling argument that the audience of those early sources is the Swat Valley and Pakistan, 62 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:50,390 which is not far west of Kashmir, the veil of Kashmir. 63 00:06:50,780 --> 00:06:59,300 And so I'm going to kind of. Articulate Sanderson's argument and then add some more evidence to support that. 64 00:06:59,810 --> 00:07:12,650 And, um, really explore the role of Orianna in this, in these early chroma sources as an actual, um, landscape, as an actual geographical location. 65 00:07:13,040 --> 00:07:20,040 It's pretty clear in the early history of the tundra that Orianna comes to be more of a symbolic place, 66 00:07:20,040 --> 00:07:22,970 that it becomes mapped onto different geographies. 67 00:07:23,420 --> 00:07:30,380 It's mapped onto the body, and it also comes to be described as a kind of state of consciousness in a lot of different texts. 68 00:07:30,740 --> 00:07:38,120 So this there's a kind of tension between a kind of a toponym, a geographical location, 69 00:07:38,120 --> 00:07:44,870 and then an ideal location that can be projected into different places that I'm going to be exploring. 70 00:07:45,260 --> 00:07:53,400 So in this travelogue, this itinerary of Oregon part, this Tibetan work, it's an extraordinary document. 71 00:07:53,420 --> 00:07:59,030 I just want to highlight some of the things that this Tibetan pilgrim describes when he travels to Diana. 72 00:07:59,270 --> 00:08:04,760 Again, this is summarised in Sanderson. It's referenced a lot, and it's translated by two. 73 00:08:06,230 --> 00:08:12,470 So, um, he describes his journey to, uh, to Swat Valley, to which he calls Juliana. 74 00:08:12,890 --> 00:08:23,150 He goes through, um, Merlot, which is in, uh, Punjab province of modern Pakistan, and in the kind of salt range. 75 00:08:23,150 --> 00:08:30,650 We'll speak about this region in a moment. And he reaches a place called Raja Hora, and he describes it as one of the four gates to Diana. 76 00:08:31,400 --> 00:08:36,740 Um, and he this is, um, very close to the Indus River. 77 00:08:37,700 --> 00:08:47,370 Um. He receives a letter from a Raja Deva, which gives him permission to proceed to the Holy Place of Tumut. 78 00:08:48,120 --> 00:08:53,010 Um or grandpa sees Tumut as the kind of core of Ludhiana. 79 00:08:53,760 --> 00:09:03,480 He passes by a mountain below which has been defined, uh, identified subsequently as in the mountain which is near Bharat Code in the Swat Valley. 80 00:09:04,080 --> 00:09:12,360 And then he reaches what have reached a place he calls a car, which is, uh, he describes as the capital of the king in Djibouti. 81 00:09:13,290 --> 00:09:18,690 And he mentions two towns there and to the north he says there's a town. 82 00:09:18,930 --> 00:09:21,990 Uh, and he calls it Mangalore or Mangalore. 83 00:09:22,740 --> 00:09:26,370 And in it he says there's a temple founded by in Djibouti. 84 00:09:26,910 --> 00:09:30,420 And also various images and stone of the Buddha Tara location. 85 00:09:30,530 --> 00:09:39,060 Uh, and then he has some really beautiful descriptions of his experience when he arrives here and the kind of heart of Ludhiana, the sacred place. 86 00:09:39,930 --> 00:09:47,640 Um, he says, when I saw from afar the country of Diana, my good inclinations became very strong. 87 00:09:48,630 --> 00:09:56,880 Um, in these places, as soon as anyone has a realisation, various dokkan is come privately in front of you as a spouse. 88 00:09:57,780 --> 00:10:01,380 Um, this is an interesting little anecdote that he describes. 89 00:10:01,800 --> 00:10:05,040 Um, and then he kind of arrives, he described. 90 00:10:05,070 --> 00:10:10,300 He describes his arrival in two months. And this is a kind of suburb. 91 00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:16,710 It's identified as Bukhara by two chiefs and a town called Mingora in Swat Valley. 92 00:10:17,130 --> 00:10:23,640 We'll be looking at maps in a moment. Um, and he says some really exciting things about his arrival there. 93 00:10:23,640 --> 00:10:27,120 He says, by the mere view of this country, our cries of joy could not be counted. 94 00:10:27,540 --> 00:10:36,720 And he says, in front of that place there is a image of the goddess called mangala divi, and it's made of sandalwood. 95 00:10:37,140 --> 00:10:42,600 This is a very important detail. He describes himself as sleeping before the statue. 96 00:10:43,350 --> 00:10:46,410 He has an interesting encounter with a Ducati there. 97 00:10:46,830 --> 00:10:55,469 Um, all of these anecdotes kind of describe that. Even in the 13th century, when this region was under, uh, the governance of Muslim rulers, 98 00:10:55,470 --> 00:11:00,750 there's clearly still a kind of culture of yoga knees, uh, in this region. 99 00:11:01,380 --> 00:11:07,830 Um, and then he proceeds to a cremation ground, which he calls Bierce, Bierce, 100 00:11:07,830 --> 00:11:15,300 massa, which Alexis Anderson argues is a name for kind of Veera Shmash Asthana. 101 00:11:16,340 --> 00:11:24,440 Um, the Chantal Branch mugshots and I called Chi Riviera and, um, he describes it, uh, in his travelogue. 102 00:11:24,470 --> 00:11:33,170 He says it's crowded by terrific assemblages of dangerous tackiness who have the shapes of boars, poisonous snakes, kites, crows and jackals. 103 00:11:33,830 --> 00:11:38,600 And then he says, a little north of it, this tree is called, uh, Bookish of Russia. 104 00:11:38,600 --> 00:11:44,510 And there's trees called Mongolia. Brookshire. And the proximity of a spring called Mangala pani. 105 00:11:45,520 --> 00:11:48,940 And he also mentions a mountain to the east called the Sri Parvati. 106 00:11:49,330 --> 00:11:52,890 Okay, all of that information will be relevant in a moment. 107 00:11:52,900 --> 00:12:00,970 I just wanted to kind of review it really quickly. Um, what I want to kind of focus in on now is the geography of this region. 108 00:12:01,510 --> 00:12:04,990 Um, here we have highlighted the Swat Valley. 109 00:12:06,390 --> 00:12:10,980 And the swamp river runs through it. And you can also see here the Indus River. 110 00:12:11,640 --> 00:12:15,220 Um, and so this is the particular region where the traveller went to. 111 00:12:15,240 --> 00:12:20,220 This is also the region where the two principal scriptures of the chroma tradition. 112 00:12:20,430 --> 00:12:27,780 Identify themselves as originating from. And here we have Kashmir, the veil of Kashmir. 113 00:12:28,080 --> 00:12:33,720 And Jon's talk, he spoke. He spoke about these different duros or entryways into the valley. 114 00:12:34,290 --> 00:12:41,910 Um, and the journey of, uh, or Empire kind of came south of Kashmir. 115 00:12:41,940 --> 00:12:46,650 He actually went to Kashmir after his visit to Oceana in the 13th century. 116 00:12:47,700 --> 00:12:53,160 Um, this is actually the modern town of Hund, which was originally called Buddha Panda. 117 00:12:53,460 --> 00:13:00,150 And this is the capital of the Shah. He kings who ruled this region from the ninth to 10th century. 118 00:13:01,560 --> 00:13:07,560 And so this is the town where in Swat Valley on the Swat River of Mingora. 119 00:13:08,100 --> 00:13:12,570 And so this is where, um, bargaining power arrive to you. 120 00:13:12,870 --> 00:13:17,130 The kind of place that he describes, uh, has been identified. 121 00:13:17,150 --> 00:13:20,760 Uh, Dumont has been identified with this suburb here. Bukhara. 122 00:13:21,510 --> 00:13:29,180 Um. And then he describes going to a further place north, um, where there's stone images of the Buddha location here. 123 00:13:29,630 --> 00:13:37,460 And that's been identified here as Mangalore. Um, and there's also this town of Odd Grama, which might be one of the villages he refers to. 124 00:13:37,880 --> 00:13:43,910 So this is kind of what he sees as the sacred centre of the region of Ludhiana. 125 00:13:45,300 --> 00:13:48,420 And in the town that's further north. Mangalore. 126 00:13:48,420 --> 00:13:54,630 Mangalore. Um, it's described as a place where Indra Booty founded a temple. 127 00:13:55,290 --> 00:14:00,310 And it has this extraordinary, um, Buddha that's been carved into the stone. 128 00:14:00,330 --> 00:14:05,219 This is one of the features of a lot of the carvings in this region. 129 00:14:05,220 --> 00:14:10,200 Sometimes they're kind of carved into the mountain to make, ah, into stones or cliffs, 130 00:14:10,200 --> 00:14:14,220 to appear as if they're symbol kind of self manifested or appearing. 131 00:14:14,940 --> 00:14:22,469 And oral. Stein visited this, but in 1926, and you complained about how difficult it was to capture it by photo. 132 00:14:22,470 --> 00:14:27,480 And it's partly because you have to actually be ten metres below it to kind of see the relief of the image. 133 00:14:28,230 --> 00:14:32,100 Um, and this is one of the larger Buddhas in this region. 134 00:14:32,100 --> 00:14:37,800 Um, and it's actually the largest, um, except for the ones that are in Bamiyan and Afghanistan. 135 00:14:38,370 --> 00:14:43,080 And the face was actually destroyed by the Taliban, but it's since been repaired. 136 00:14:44,590 --> 00:14:48,760 And so there's above this. There's evidence of an old stupa. 137 00:14:49,210 --> 00:14:54,100 Um, this was clearly, uh, an important place in the time period that we're looking at. 138 00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:58,450 Um, here's another map of the Swat Valley in the Swat River. 139 00:14:59,620 --> 00:15:04,320 Um Bukhara, where, uh, grandpa arrived is right here. 140 00:15:04,330 --> 00:15:08,409 Number one, uh, Woody Graham or Odie Graham is here. 141 00:15:08,410 --> 00:15:11,469 Number three. And there's also, um, barcode. 142 00:15:11,470 --> 00:15:19,450 Barcode. There's inscription here in body code and a Sheridan inscription from the 10th century. 143 00:15:20,230 --> 00:15:27,610 And, um, it describes the town of Barrett code as Virgil Preston or Bud Preston. 144 00:15:27,610 --> 00:15:31,690 And it also mentions the King China parlour and it's in Sheridan. 145 00:15:31,720 --> 00:15:35,560 And so this is really important 10th century evidence of a few things. 146 00:15:35,560 --> 00:15:44,170 One, that the Sharkey kings or rulers of this region at that time, and another this interesting name, but just on that is, 147 00:15:44,320 --> 00:15:51,010 uh, this this town has been the site of a lot of archaeological work by the Italian Archaeological Survey. 148 00:15:51,850 --> 00:15:56,800 Um, and there's actually two books, I think, that recently came out studying that region. 149 00:15:58,590 --> 00:16:03,120 So we have this identification of Woody Allen with this region. 150 00:16:03,780 --> 00:16:08,489 Um, at one level, we can think of this as a Peter. 151 00:16:08,490 --> 00:16:15,600 That's an identifiable, identifiable topography that's marked as a dynamic site for esoteric religious culture. 152 00:16:16,290 --> 00:16:22,230 But as I mentioned earlier, it's also an experiential locus that's projected onto the human body. 153 00:16:23,010 --> 00:16:27,080 It's a site, um, where the body is the site where you worship the pizza. 154 00:16:27,660 --> 00:16:34,530 It's also something that's worshipped externally within a mandala, and it's also a site of memory. 155 00:16:34,920 --> 00:16:37,409 Um, particularly in the Vajrayana Buddhist traditions, 156 00:16:37,410 --> 00:16:47,190 there's a number of narratives of sitters and Yogi knees who flourished in Oriana, and the hagiography of them are quite extraordinary. 157 00:16:47,700 --> 00:16:57,230 And so one of the ways that Orrick Krug has worked on those texts describes with Diana is a chronic trope of myth and history. 158 00:16:57,240 --> 00:17:02,700 And in this talk, I'm really going to be looking more and more at it as a historical site. 159 00:17:04,520 --> 00:17:11,600 Okay, so here it goes. I'm venturing beyond my comfort zone into the political history of the region of Diana. 160 00:17:12,170 --> 00:17:16,430 And I'm going to I want to tell you a little about a little bit about the Hindu Shahi dynasty. 161 00:17:17,690 --> 00:17:25,220 Um, this is based on a dissertation. The last two dynasties of the Shah is by Abdur Rahman, which he wrote in 1976. 162 00:17:25,230 --> 00:17:30,440 It's an extraordinary work of scholarship, but I've also updated it with some of his later scholarship. 163 00:17:31,190 --> 00:17:35,240 Um, and he is bringing together archaeological evidence, 164 00:17:35,570 --> 00:17:43,940 the writings of Persian and Arabic authors describing this time period, the Raja to run Ghani and other sources. 165 00:17:43,940 --> 00:17:52,160 It's a really extraordinary synthesis. But before I look at, you know, these kings of the ninth to 10th century and early 11th century, 166 00:17:52,460 --> 00:17:57,240 I just want to say something about the region in which they ruled there. 167 00:17:57,320 --> 00:18:04,400 This region is home to some of the most extraordinary archaeological treasures in world history. 168 00:18:04,430 --> 00:18:07,850 Pakistan is an incredible site for world history. 169 00:18:08,390 --> 00:18:12,740 Um, there's evidence of Gandhara grave culture going back to 800 BCE. 170 00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:17,000 Alexander the Great travelled through this region and ruled this region. 171 00:18:17,180 --> 00:18:24,469 He visited Oda. Grammar. This is um studied by Oral Stein after Alexander the Great. 172 00:18:24,470 --> 00:18:30,140 The Seleucid Empire, a great Hellenistic state, was founded in the wake of Alexander. 173 00:18:30,620 --> 00:18:38,090 There's evidence of the Marian Empire here. There's rock edicts of the ancient Indian king Ashoka written in this script. 174 00:18:38,360 --> 00:18:41,720 And there's also evidence of the layer of the Kushan Empire. 175 00:18:41,930 --> 00:18:47,209 And so what I want to focus on here is the Shahi dynasty, the Hindu Shahi dynasty, 176 00:18:47,210 --> 00:18:51,650 which came on the heels of the Turk Shahi dynasty that John Nemec spoke about. 177 00:18:52,710 --> 00:18:58,470 Um, in terms of it being called Hindu. Um, there's a couple of reasons why they call it. 178 00:18:58,500 --> 00:19:06,870 One is that the historian, uh, Al-Biruni was writing in Arabic, and it was a part of the court of, uh, Mahmud of Ghazni. 179 00:19:07,500 --> 00:19:11,490 Um, describes it that way. He describes it as Shahi at All India. 180 00:19:12,270 --> 00:19:17,730 Um, and he mentions that the first king of this dynasty was a Brahmin. 181 00:19:18,860 --> 00:19:27,460 But Abdul Rahman, in his dissertation, proposes that these kings were actually originally of the odd or odd clans, 182 00:19:27,470 --> 00:19:31,670 and this is an ancient tribe from the region in the broader region of Gandhara. 183 00:19:32,120 --> 00:19:35,360 The hoodies and the hoodies were powerful kings during the Kushan period. 184 00:19:35,900 --> 00:19:44,810 And this may also be the source of the very name Diana, and several villages that exist in Guntur that bear the name with the grammar. 185 00:19:45,380 --> 00:19:53,570 And as I mentioned, Alexander. In 326 BC he visited a village in Swat called Udi Grammar. 186 00:19:55,060 --> 00:19:58,390 The CIA dynasty had a winter capital ad fund, 187 00:19:58,630 --> 00:20:07,750 which is on the Indus River south of Orianna and the summer capital and Kabul and, and, uh, Pakistan and sorry, Afghanistan. 188 00:20:08,350 --> 00:20:13,300 And the first king colour usurped the crown from the last Turk Shahi king. 189 00:20:13,720 --> 00:20:19,960 Um, he did that through power gleaned from the discovery of a treasure, according to an interesting myth. 190 00:20:20,530 --> 00:20:23,620 Um, then there's not much else known about colour. 191 00:20:23,890 --> 00:20:27,490 But the next king, Salman to Devore. There's a number of coins. 192 00:20:27,490 --> 00:20:35,350 We have a couple here. And these new numismatics reveal that, um, his name was common throughout this entire dynasty. 193 00:20:35,350 --> 00:20:41,860 This these coins were not only found from his period, but also later periods and were used in later periods. 194 00:20:42,550 --> 00:20:48,400 Um, one feature of his reign is that he lost Kabul to an invasion of Yaqoob. 195 00:20:49,270 --> 00:20:54,610 Um. He most likely appointed his successor, uh, could uh, could arise as a governor. 196 00:20:55,480 --> 00:21:04,959 Um, given that we have coins in his name from this period, and Malia is the first king who's actually mentioned by Carl and the Raja to run. 197 00:21:04,960 --> 00:21:12,250 Ghani, this great author of the River of Kings, describing the dynasties of Kashmir he's described. 198 00:21:12,610 --> 00:21:19,210 Uh, so here we are, Malea. He's described as a great ruler whose enormous strength and power, um, 199 00:21:19,450 --> 00:21:24,700 made other kings of the region take refuge in him, which is classic kind of rhetoric. 200 00:21:25,090 --> 00:21:31,630 Uh, he held power in Gandhara and in Kabul in 900 C.E. he had an alliance with the Gorgias. 201 00:21:32,170 --> 00:21:37,909 And, um, his town is described in Raja Terengganu in chapter five as being good. 202 00:21:37,910 --> 00:21:45,610 The Banda that's kind of his main centre of his kingdom. Um, there's a story how Shankara Rahman, the Kashmiri and king of that time, 203 00:21:45,610 --> 00:21:49,420 decided to remove him from his position, but died before he could accomplish it. 204 00:21:49,900 --> 00:21:54,160 And then Prabhakara Deva, who is the minister of Gopala Burman in Kashmir, 205 00:21:54,520 --> 00:22:02,320 plundered the riches of the of an amorous queen and the court and vanquished the Shah, he king and with the Banda. 206 00:22:02,740 --> 00:22:08,320 So we have a war. According to Raja Terengganu, between the Kashmiri um. 207 00:22:09,350 --> 00:22:15,170 Political powers and, um. And lovelier. 208 00:22:15,890 --> 00:22:21,590 And this is really clearly a time where there's kind of competition between the empires. 209 00:22:22,160 --> 00:22:32,300 Um, after that conquering of love, the, uh, uh, Twitter mana or Kamala was kind of established by the Kashmiri and, uh, conquest her as the king. 210 00:22:32,750 --> 00:22:39,110 And this really marks a transformation in the relationship between the Shahi kings and the kings of Kashmir. 211 00:22:39,680 --> 00:22:44,839 Um, Bhima Deva, uh, is described in certain sources. 212 00:22:44,840 --> 00:22:52,700 He's the next king. There's not much on come a clue. Um, as Parama Botanica maharaj Ji wrote. 213 00:22:52,730 --> 00:22:57,230 Uh, Raja. Raja pada mishra. Shri Bhima Deva Shah. 214 00:22:57,230 --> 00:23:01,880 He. He was the son of, uh Kamala Burman or Kamala. 215 00:23:02,360 --> 00:23:06,559 And the name? The title. Parameswaran describes him as having Shiv. 216 00:23:06,560 --> 00:23:12,350 Affiliations. Um. The Raja Terengganu mentions that with the Banda was his capital. 217 00:23:13,340 --> 00:23:19,070 His name is also mentioned in the Shahada inscription from Hund, which is with the Banda that region. 218 00:23:19,340 --> 00:23:29,299 A slab inscription dated to 989 C.E. and, uh, he's an he's identified, um, as the um, 219 00:23:29,300 --> 00:23:37,700 predecessor of Apollo Deva and also as the grandfather of a Kashmiri and Queen data. 220 00:23:38,180 --> 00:23:44,210 And this is because his daughter married Simha Raja, who is a Lo Hara chief of southern Kashmir. 221 00:23:44,600 --> 00:23:50,480 So it's really in Bhima Diva's reign that we have a kind of marriage or marriage alliance between these two kingdoms. 222 00:23:51,020 --> 00:23:55,700 Um, and the daughter did, uh, became the queen of Kashmir, and she actually ruled, 223 00:23:56,090 --> 00:24:00,860 um, somewhat ruthlessly, ruthlessly during the life of Abhinav Gupta. 224 00:24:01,910 --> 00:24:08,630 And so from this marriage alliance onwards, the relationship between the Shaheed Kingdom and the Kashmir poverty continually improved. 225 00:24:08,960 --> 00:24:15,110 Kashmir became a source of assistance and even a place to seek refuge for later Shanghai kings, 226 00:24:15,500 --> 00:24:21,260 when they were faced with military onslaught of the Garden of Empire. 227 00:24:22,010 --> 00:24:27,470 Um, so and then we have Jay a but we have a number of inscriptions. 228 00:24:27,890 --> 00:24:35,750 Um, during his time he had a number of battles, um, with Mahmud of Ghazni and also his father before him. 229 00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:44,509 Um Mahmud of Ghazni attacked India and 1000 CE and the Shah's were really the first kings, 230 00:24:44,510 --> 00:24:49,430 the first dynasties who opposed his, uh, the spread of his military power. 231 00:24:49,820 --> 00:24:59,720 Um, and basically the next kings, uh, saw the territory of the Shah dynasty reduced from the attacks of Mahmud of Ghazni, 232 00:25:00,140 --> 00:25:04,640 and eventually many of these kings had to take refuge in Kashmir. 233 00:25:04,640 --> 00:25:08,480 And there was also military alliances with Kashmiri kings at that time. 234 00:25:09,500 --> 00:25:12,840 Okay, that's a really quick snapshot of the Shah dynasty. 235 00:25:12,860 --> 00:25:17,330 I could have done an entire talk on them, but I want to transition to some of the inscriptions from this era. 236 00:25:17,600 --> 00:25:23,150 This is the slab inscription from Hund. This is a description in Sharada script. 237 00:25:24,050 --> 00:25:27,800 Another interesting thing about the two dynasties is that they share the same script. 238 00:25:28,550 --> 00:25:32,060 And, uh, just a little bit about this inscription. 239 00:25:32,480 --> 00:25:38,900 Um, it's an inscription of a grandson of a minister of the king, Jay Pala. 240 00:25:39,470 --> 00:25:47,270 And it's a description where he's describing the, uh, establishment of an image of Shiva and the Shiva temple. 241 00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:50,060 And it begins with this beautiful benediction to Shiva. 242 00:25:50,420 --> 00:25:56,570 I bow to the third eye of Shiva, the lord of spirits, the Buddha Nata, which abides on his forehead. 243 00:25:56,750 --> 00:26:05,420 The third eye. Even today, enemies fear that I would scorch Comma Deva and then first bowing my head to eternal Shiva. 244 00:26:06,230 --> 00:26:11,570 Um, may I add the son of Pongal to generate Shiva's fame through my own powers in this realm? 245 00:26:12,230 --> 00:26:19,340 Um, through the establishment of this image of Shiva, there's a reference to Bima Jaya palace predecessor. 246 00:26:19,700 --> 00:26:22,939 There's a reference to Jaya Pala at the end. Um. 247 00:26:22,940 --> 00:26:28,459 And this is in his home place of with the panda. 248 00:26:28,460 --> 00:26:34,370 And we have a number of other descriptions from the panda. It's, um, modern hund in Pakistan. 249 00:26:34,370 --> 00:26:45,589 You can see it here. You can see that it's pivoted, uh, kind of between Kashmir over here to the east and Kabul over here to the west. 250 00:26:45,590 --> 00:26:51,590 So this was originally their, um, one of their main strongholds, which was taken over. 251 00:26:51,860 --> 00:26:56,270 And then we have up here, um, this one. 252 00:26:56,450 --> 00:27:00,140 Sorry. Let's see. Yeah, up here, the Swat Valley. 253 00:27:00,440 --> 00:27:04,290 So this is the general region that was ruled by the Shah. 254 00:27:04,300 --> 00:27:08,390 His. There was some tension along this border, um, with Kashmiri kings. 255 00:27:08,720 --> 00:27:15,560 And then really, they got kind of got pushed east because of the attacks of Mohammad of Ghazni. 256 00:27:16,400 --> 00:27:23,390 They also ruled down into Punjab region as well. Um, I want to just share briefly some of the other inscriptions. 257 00:27:23,690 --> 00:27:27,620 These are all brought together by Noemi Verdon. 258 00:27:28,430 --> 00:27:34,570 Um, she mentions one that honours Shiva under several epithets as Buddha nature. 259 00:27:34,580 --> 00:27:40,300 These are all from the period of the Shah dynasty, but not the Shah, but Shattuck and uh, Pinnock in Umah not. 260 00:27:40,970 --> 00:27:47,270 It refers to the town of Wood Banda as located by the Indus River, and having houses of learned men. 261 00:27:47,810 --> 00:27:51,050 Uh. It celebrates and praises the water of the Indus. 262 00:27:51,470 --> 00:27:57,740 And it's written in Sharda script in 1989 C.E. um, there's another one, um, 263 00:27:58,310 --> 00:28:05,150 which is called the bar code inscription, and that's the one that mentions this, uh, town of, uh, but just honour. 264 00:28:05,500 --> 00:28:10,549 Our biggest honour. Um, there's one by a queen named Maharani. 265 00:28:10,550 --> 00:28:14,210 She. Commentary. Divi is dedicated to the construction of a temple. 266 00:28:14,840 --> 00:28:23,299 Um, it describes the architect, um, and, um, one of the scribes of the inscription who's a Suri and which, 267 00:28:23,300 --> 00:28:29,810 uh, probably a Brahmin, uh, devoted to Surya. Another inscription is called the Isra inscription. 268 00:28:29,810 --> 00:28:32,840 It's possibly dedicated to the construction of the temple of Shiva, 269 00:28:33,350 --> 00:28:38,930 and the last inscription is a Proto Sharda inscription dated between the seventh and ninth century, 270 00:28:39,440 --> 00:28:43,940 and it also alludes to meritorious deeds of establishing a temple. 271 00:28:44,630 --> 00:28:55,700 Um, and what's interesting in all of these inscriptions is the common reference to Shiva's, uh, to temples devoted to Shiva. 272 00:28:56,480 --> 00:29:01,010 And we have this really beautiful ecumenical linga from the Shahi. 273 00:29:01,260 --> 00:29:06,239 The state, which is currently in the Metropolitan Museum, um, from this time period. 274 00:29:06,240 --> 00:29:15,479 So clearly these kings, not only in their title and in the inscription of evidence, were at the very least patrons of Shire. 275 00:29:15,480 --> 00:29:21,540 But then, um, John Nemec mentioned Michael Meister's book temples of the Indus. 276 00:29:22,080 --> 00:29:31,080 And there's this really extraordinary temple in Malad, which is in the region of the Shah, his that they constructed, um, from this time period. 277 00:29:31,740 --> 00:29:39,690 And what's interesting about it is that it mimics the architectural plan and style of the temples of Kashmir. 278 00:29:40,960 --> 00:29:51,510 It has, um. Uh, architectonic massing and the roof, which, uh, is found in Kashmir. 279 00:29:51,750 --> 00:29:59,400 And it's unique in doing so in all of the temples along the Indus, uh, river that Michael Meister studies. 280 00:30:00,030 --> 00:30:05,400 Um, only the Shiv Ganga temple also seems to have this pyramidal roof structure. 281 00:30:05,730 --> 00:30:15,420 And these were built at a time. Michael. Master nodes of matrimonial, matrimonial and political links between the Odisha's and the kings of Kashmir. 282 00:30:16,050 --> 00:30:18,600 And, um. Yeah. 283 00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:29,309 So not only do we have marital political alliances, but we also have shared architectural practices related to religious establishment of temples. 284 00:30:29,310 --> 00:30:34,920 And so I think that's also just an extraordinary piece of evidence of their relationship. 285 00:30:35,640 --> 00:30:36,930 Okay, I did it. 286 00:30:36,930 --> 00:30:44,850 I made it through all of my study of the material culture in the political and archaeological history and the epigraphy of that region. 287 00:30:44,860 --> 00:30:51,810 Now I can move to my comfort zone, which are the texts. So I want to look at the textual corpus of Ludhiana, as I'm calling it. 288 00:30:52,290 --> 00:30:58,079 Um, but this textual corpus is not only the early Christmas scriptures that I'll focus on in 289 00:30:58,080 --> 00:31:03,290 the beginning that describe this cremation ground that's in the travelogue of Origin Palm, 290 00:31:03,900 --> 00:31:10,200 but it also includes many Vajrayana Buddhist sources that identify themselves with this region. 291 00:31:10,560 --> 00:31:15,540 And what's interesting is all of these texts are not only claiming to be from the same region, 292 00:31:15,810 --> 00:31:19,560 so they had the same locality, but they're also from the same time period. 293 00:31:19,860 --> 00:31:23,280 The time period I'm focusing on, which is the ninth to 10th centuries. 294 00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:30,780 So all of these texts together across those traditions, I'm calling the textual Corpus of Oceania. 295 00:31:32,010 --> 00:31:38,940 And one of the things I've noted by studying them, uh, initially are extraordinary parallels between them. 296 00:31:39,420 --> 00:31:45,659 Um, we have a really interesting focus, uh, of narrative accounts of citizen yoga. 297 00:31:45,660 --> 00:31:53,370 These, these texts all have share what we might call a trans ritual orientation to describe more in detail. 298 00:31:53,970 --> 00:32:03,180 Um, these texts also are really important early sources that give unambiguous, um, teachings or doctrines of non-duality. 299 00:32:04,050 --> 00:32:13,440 And there's a prevalence as well of female authors and not only female authors, but female gurus and female lineage holders across this corpus. 300 00:32:14,160 --> 00:32:18,510 And there's also an interesting theme of a kind of critique of intellectual study. 301 00:32:18,840 --> 00:32:23,070 A lot more could be said about parallels, but that these are the things I'm going to focus on. 302 00:32:26,900 --> 00:32:30,830 Okay, so there's this early shark, the tradition called the chroma. 303 00:32:31,340 --> 00:32:35,240 It's based on various forms of the goddess Kali. 304 00:32:35,990 --> 00:32:39,680 And this is a scriptural corpus of the Crema as we have it. 305 00:32:40,070 --> 00:32:45,530 And the text I'm going to focus on are these three the Derby, Patricia Tikka, the chrome set Baba and the unique Guevarra. 306 00:32:45,890 --> 00:32:50,810 I'm dating them all to the ninth and 10th to 10th century. I'll give some evidence on that in a moment. 307 00:32:51,320 --> 00:32:57,290 Um, the David Patricia tikka and the crumbs, said Baba, are often given the prefix kali kula. 308 00:32:57,290 --> 00:33:01,460 But instead of that long name, I'm just going to call them by the short name. 309 00:33:01,760 --> 00:33:07,910 We have this earlier sauce, which Olga Sahiba has done a lot of really important work on the gender at the Amala. 310 00:33:08,420 --> 00:33:18,470 She also dates it between the ninth and 10th century. But there's parts of it that clearly have something like a proto form of the Crema tradition. 311 00:33:19,430 --> 00:33:28,880 But the DV puncher shot the cut and the Croma said Baba are really seen by Alexa Sanderson as the principal scriptures of the chroma tradition. 312 00:33:29,840 --> 00:33:32,210 The unique Abra is a little more random. 313 00:33:32,420 --> 00:33:40,850 We also have a David Tamada Shaka which is extant, and a lost Davy Sadhu Shaka that I'm really going to focus on these three. 314 00:33:41,360 --> 00:33:49,130 And one thing I'll just say at the outset this early is, um, the chroma set bhava in the Yoni Guevarra. 315 00:33:49,340 --> 00:33:53,840 We have a basic organising principle for understanding what the chroma tradition is, 316 00:33:54,410 --> 00:34:02,219 and it's described by three elements a katana and some Ramana and Pugin. 317 00:34:02,220 --> 00:34:06,620 A refers to the worship of different series of colleagues. 318 00:34:07,040 --> 00:34:17,269 There's early evidence of worshipping these forms of Kali externally in the mandala, but by the time we get to the princess principle scriptures, 319 00:34:17,270 --> 00:34:24,050 they start to be worshipped as phases or sequences of the practitioner's own perception or cognition. 320 00:34:24,650 --> 00:34:29,020 And so we have this kind of internalised mode of worship or puja. 321 00:34:29,540 --> 00:34:32,960 A lot of the chroma sources are focussed upon that practice. 322 00:34:33,350 --> 00:34:37,910 We also have katana, which are oral teachings, pith instructions. 323 00:34:38,300 --> 00:34:44,840 We have an extraordinary element of the chroma tradition that preserves these pith instructions, which I'll be highlighting. 324 00:34:45,140 --> 00:34:50,540 And then Ramana is a kind of direct transmission and non-verbal, uh, 325 00:34:51,110 --> 00:35:01,340 kind of awakening that can be detonated by something as simple as a glance of the guru and is seen as kind of the most expedient form of transmission. 326 00:35:02,830 --> 00:35:08,290 When it comes to chroma sources that relate to Ludhiana and cut vida, 327 00:35:08,530 --> 00:35:18,030 and specifically this revelation that happened there between this yogini or form of Kali named Mangala and Gyanendra, 328 00:35:18,050 --> 00:35:22,180 who is really the kind of first siddha who is honoured within the chroma tradition, 329 00:35:22,180 --> 00:35:29,440 who's kind of outside of the mist of mythology, who we can kind of date historically and who we have a text by. 330 00:35:30,100 --> 00:35:39,070 Um, there's a number of sources you could say that this, uh, particular lineage of the chroma is the most influential one. 331 00:35:39,610 --> 00:35:49,570 This this is a quick list of texts that either, uh, are in this lineage that come from Mangala and Ganon, or at least refer to them. 332 00:35:50,290 --> 00:35:56,550 Um, and it's not comprehensive. I just didn't have time to write more texts, but it's an initial list. 333 00:35:56,560 --> 00:36:01,180 So we have a large body of literature related to this particular transmission. 334 00:36:02,230 --> 00:36:09,760 And so, uh, you could say that this is an extended part of what I'm calling the Ludhiana corpus or the Textual Corpus of Indiana. 335 00:36:09,760 --> 00:36:15,850 But when it comes to the chroma in terms of the ninth and 10th century, I'm really focusing on these scriptures. 336 00:36:17,110 --> 00:36:21,530 And then on the Buddhist side, we have in the same period a number of texts. 337 00:36:21,550 --> 00:36:23,170 Importantly, the seven city texts, 338 00:36:23,170 --> 00:36:31,110 which are all identified as this early Maha mudra teaching that comes from Indiana and is from the same time period and then other sources. 339 00:36:31,120 --> 00:36:38,920 And here's a list from Orrick Cragg of a number of sources that are actually attributed to women authors from Diana. 340 00:36:39,730 --> 00:36:44,200 Um, but many, many more sources could be added to this list. 341 00:36:44,230 --> 00:36:48,280 Again, this is just a small sample. How do we know these texts came from Ludhiana? 342 00:36:49,540 --> 00:36:57,279 Uh, the side just Silly Putty, which is only preserved in Tibetan of luxury in Korea, gives really interesting, uh, hagiography of a lineage. 343 00:36:57,280 --> 00:37:06,280 Indiana and short stories of the members of that lineage, including an autobiographical description of her own sadhana, which is really extraordinary. 344 00:37:06,700 --> 00:37:17,799 But not only that, we have the name of Diana in some of the texts, um, and the colour phones of the texts also mention that this text veneer guitar. 345 00:37:17,800 --> 00:37:20,350 Or you'd have, uh, a rose in with Diana. 346 00:37:21,070 --> 00:37:30,070 Another fascinating thing which allows this corpus to be studied by somebody like me is that many of these texts are preserved in Sanskrit sources, 347 00:37:30,880 --> 00:37:38,460 especially in Nepal. Okay. So I want to look at these two Principal Kromer scriptures. 348 00:37:38,470 --> 00:37:44,890 As I mentioned, they they locate themselves in kind of via the cremation ground in Odeon. 349 00:37:45,970 --> 00:37:49,390 And the first is the calico, the debut punch of Shut The. 350 00:37:50,140 --> 00:37:55,390 It begins with this benediction, which is also found in two other early Christmas scriptures. 351 00:37:55,390 --> 00:38:00,280 So we have a kind of textual parallel there, and it's a benediction to Kali. 352 00:38:01,440 --> 00:38:05,489 And then immediately it describes a setting of the revelation of the Scripture. 353 00:38:05,490 --> 00:38:10,950 And I'm just going to read this. The cremation ground cut a vertical of the auspicious northern seat. 354 00:38:11,130 --> 00:38:15,990 Treatment under a Peter is venerated by Shiva, the god of gods, the supreme self. 355 00:38:16,350 --> 00:38:22,080 That cremation ground is blazing with a great funeral pyre frequented by great yogis, 356 00:38:22,380 --> 00:38:26,880 thronged with powerful ghosts and attended by the great Mother goddesses. 357 00:38:27,060 --> 00:38:37,110 It is full of practitioners whose yoga is profound, venerated by great cities filled with excellent ascetic huts and resounding with intense howling, 358 00:38:37,530 --> 00:38:46,320 bestowing the best cities crowded with powerful buyer of us, fierce because it is utterly terrifying and is filled with a powerful radiance. 359 00:38:46,680 --> 00:38:52,770 Buyer of who is present there is terrific conforming to the gross and subtle realms. 360 00:38:52,770 --> 00:38:57,960 She is accompanied by the trees and encircled by cedars. 361 00:38:58,740 --> 00:39:04,530 So here we have an extraordinary description of a cremation ground in Indiana, 362 00:39:04,740 --> 00:39:13,050 which potentially corresponds to the one from our 13th century itinerary, the Tibetan, um, travelogue. 363 00:39:14,920 --> 00:39:25,270 The series will discuss in a moment, but, uh, the Daily Punch article continues, and a description of Carly Hooper Papaya V, who is present there. 364 00:39:25,420 --> 00:39:30,930 She is immersed in profound bliss, and she destroys cruel great terror that supreme Shiva, 365 00:39:30,970 --> 00:39:36,550 utterly quiescent, is expanding with intense radiance connected to a set of empire of us. 366 00:39:36,790 --> 00:39:42,480 She is associated with eight sets of eight yoga knees, 64 yoga knees by river, 367 00:39:42,490 --> 00:39:47,770 the deity who is a terraform terrifying form of Shiva, clasp the two feet of the goddess. 368 00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:54,490 Bowing his head down to the goddess, he said these words, which were prefaced by a studious song of praise. 369 00:39:54,730 --> 00:40:00,880 So in this frame story of this scripture, there's a really interesting feature that Alexis Anderson describes, 370 00:40:01,330 --> 00:40:08,980 which is that by Ravi or Kali is actually the teacher of the Scripture, and by Ravi is the questioner. 371 00:40:09,550 --> 00:40:15,010 For those of you familiar with Shiv in shock to Tantra, this is a reversal of the normal role, 372 00:40:15,010 --> 00:40:22,120 and I think it's the earliest scripture we have where the goddess is the teacher and buyer of a Shiva is the one who's ignorant. 373 00:40:22,570 --> 00:40:30,969 And so the frame story begins in kind of via the buyer of is there and he clasps her feet and he gifts. 374 00:40:30,970 --> 00:40:36,700 He sings this really beautiful study, which I've translated here, which I won't read for time. 375 00:40:37,450 --> 00:40:46,270 And then, uh, he goes on to ask her for the teaching, and then she reveals it, which is basically the content of that scripture. 376 00:40:46,870 --> 00:40:52,570 The other text, the other principal chroma scripture that identifies itself with Kavita is a promise at bhava. 377 00:40:53,230 --> 00:40:58,270 And I want to read this in that auspicious part of the northern region, 378 00:40:58,270 --> 00:41:04,150 there is a great pizza called Oceana, the best scene of the goddess attended by Citizen Hopkins. 379 00:41:05,130 --> 00:41:14,580 I want to highlight something here. This Peeta of Oceana is described as being in the ultra Dick burger. 380 00:41:15,180 --> 00:41:22,380 This, uh, Alexis Anderson mentions that this is a really important reference to a regional location. 381 00:41:22,390 --> 00:41:27,270 It's in the, uh, ultra dick Pagar, which literally means the northern region. 382 00:41:28,050 --> 00:41:33,870 Um, this is further evidence that we're talking about most likely Swat Valley and 383 00:41:33,870 --> 00:41:39,060 not other places where there are where Udine has been visualised or mapped, 384 00:41:39,360 --> 00:41:44,280 or other places where there are cut of, uh, cremation grounds, like in the Deccan. 385 00:41:45,120 --> 00:41:51,440 Um, so in that pre-eminent and lovely pizza, there is the kind of viticultural ground and, uh, 386 00:41:51,450 --> 00:41:56,220 with great funeral pyres and surrounded by a powerful mother goddesses extraordinary depths, 387 00:41:56,520 --> 00:42:02,280 your actions can arise, her actions as vital as throngs of ghost ghouls and brummer auctions of spirits and cameras. 388 00:42:02,970 --> 00:42:05,790 They're all. They're terrifying and extremely powerful. 389 00:42:06,060 --> 00:42:15,810 There is darkened irony, laconic cockney Saucony surrounded by Hockneys and many Putin's, uh, you know, demons. 390 00:42:16,800 --> 00:42:21,170 Um, this particular list is also found in the Yoni Guevarra and the Dave. 391 00:42:21,300 --> 00:42:27,780 Uh, David, we are the shortcut. Um, that cremation is residence in every part to a buyer of us. 392 00:42:28,080 --> 00:42:33,660 It's thronged with tantric heroes. Um, great depths and endowed with great sky. 393 00:42:33,720 --> 00:42:38,340 Hearing yoga. Knees with root, resounding with the house of jackals was another powerful roars. 394 00:42:38,860 --> 00:42:42,460 It is dancing with hordes of countless actions on all sides. 395 00:42:42,480 --> 00:42:48,680 I love these descriptions and it's so amazing. Um, some people there are attracted to the chakra observance. 396 00:42:48,690 --> 00:42:57,809 Others are fully devoted to meditation. Some are drawn to the libations of tantric heroes and others to an intense, ecstatic gatherings. 397 00:42:57,810 --> 00:43:04,490 Hotmail. Alpaca. And that utterly terrifying circle filled with great mothers. 398 00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:11,360 The Supreme Goddess abides. Clearly established at the limit of the state of self-reflective awareness. 399 00:43:11,960 --> 00:43:17,330 Um, she's enthroned upon power of, uh. She has the nature of the void, the power. 400 00:43:17,930 --> 00:43:25,400 She is infinite. And the eight form Shiva. She is ornamented by 50 writers and well attended by 64 yogis. 401 00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:33,460 Brahma, Vishnu, Rudresh, Rosedale, Shiva and buyer of a um are all corpses that form her throne. 402 00:43:33,470 --> 00:43:39,110 Although a buyer of a ends up not completely becoming a corpse, but remains comatose. 403 00:43:39,560 --> 00:43:48,180 This. You know, the way in which these gods are turned into practice or corpses is a symbolic understanding that 404 00:43:48,180 --> 00:43:55,070 this tradition transcends all of the earlier traditions and including the idea of a tendrils. 405 00:43:56,790 --> 00:44:01,830 Um, similarly to the debut punch of shut, the compiler of A clasps the two feet of the goddess. 406 00:44:02,190 --> 00:44:06,599 And then before you ask your question, um, gives us duty. 407 00:44:06,600 --> 00:44:09,629 So we have a parallel structure across across these two scriptures. 408 00:44:09,630 --> 00:44:13,670 In terms of the frame story, that's duty as much longer in the Croma, said Baba. 409 00:44:13,680 --> 00:44:18,390 It's actually really interesting and has a lot of fascinating epithets for Kali. 410 00:44:19,020 --> 00:44:22,980 Um, and then the question of bar over here is really interesting. 411 00:44:23,520 --> 00:44:30,060 He asks, why did these 64 powerful yoga knees born of tantric heroes all come to this terrifying seat of the goddess, 412 00:44:30,540 --> 00:44:36,000 intent on your veneration and eager to celebrate the Maha Yaga, the great sacrifice? 413 00:44:36,630 --> 00:44:39,930 Um. And then he asks about the highest reality. 414 00:44:39,930 --> 00:44:43,560 And then the last thing he says here is teach me that supreme secret. 415 00:44:44,190 --> 00:44:48,150 Bring to light the teaching, abiding in the heart of the Yogi knees. 416 00:44:48,750 --> 00:44:50,219 Who are these 64 yoga names? 417 00:44:50,220 --> 00:45:00,480 Well, in in the Cromer tradition, they're described as Peter's phrase, um, female adepts or divinities of the Peta of Indiana Peta. 418 00:45:01,110 --> 00:45:04,590 And in the chroma said bhava. 419 00:45:04,920 --> 00:45:09,780 The revelation is understood not to just be with by Ravi, who is Kali, 420 00:45:10,050 --> 00:45:15,720 but actually with these female adepts, this group of 64, it's residing in their hearts. 421 00:45:16,350 --> 00:45:24,240 And this is really important that these kind of female, uh, retinue of the goddess are the ones who have the revelation. 422 00:45:26,800 --> 00:45:34,210 Okay. So yeah, that was that last line. Uh, in terms of the yogini Diana, um, the premise above, uh, 423 00:45:34,240 --> 00:45:42,250 is unique in that it actually gives this categorisation of the 64 Yogi knees or Peters phrase, 424 00:45:42,430 --> 00:45:46,600 and it describes them as sitars, a unique feminine form of Siddha, 425 00:45:47,560 --> 00:45:53,560 and presents them there and currently at a cremation ground, once again as a source of revelation. 426 00:45:53,980 --> 00:45:57,040 And in chapter two it describes 16. Janice. 427 00:45:57,040 --> 00:46:02,259 It does 24 mantras, it does 12 mill opposite does, and eight Shakti does. 428 00:46:02,260 --> 00:46:10,330 And for some of us it does. These come to be corresponded to different mothers and many other things in the later Croma tradition. 429 00:46:10,900 --> 00:46:20,860 Um, the Croma said, Baba doesn't give us the name of the 64 Yogi knees, but interestingly, we do have texts that give the names. 430 00:46:21,250 --> 00:46:26,740 There's the Caligula Chrome Arjuna, which is the subject of a. 431 00:46:27,990 --> 00:46:33,420 Awesome dissertation that recently came out of Oxford by punks, punks three Vonk City. 432 00:46:34,440 --> 00:46:39,149 And it's by, um, a Buddha. 433 00:46:39,150 --> 00:46:42,870 And it's a Nepali work and the Kali cool a tradition. 434 00:46:43,560 --> 00:46:50,370 And it is unique in that it gives a lot of the ritual details of the Kali cool, 435 00:46:50,370 --> 00:46:57,060 the tradition and of the chroma tradition, and it gives names for all 64 yoga names. 436 00:46:57,390 --> 00:47:09,209 Another source that does is a text called the Nitya Puja, which is actually from Kerala, and this text is a study of an article by much occurrence. 437 00:47:09,210 --> 00:47:17,550 And she is currently at Stanford working with Alain Fischer, but also did a PhD in Calicut in, um, Kerala. 438 00:47:18,120 --> 00:47:22,920 And it's really interesting in that it's has Sanskrit and, uh, and Malayalam, 439 00:47:23,610 --> 00:47:29,100 and it represents a tradition of the chroma that flourishes to this day in Kerala. 440 00:47:29,670 --> 00:47:34,230 And it also actually gives the names of these 64 yoga names. 441 00:47:35,530 --> 00:47:45,129 The Commons above itself says one should obtain the names which are the guru vector Agartha, which are basically the preserve of the oral tradition. 442 00:47:45,130 --> 00:47:48,670 So basically, I'm not going to tell you the names, you have to get them from your guru. 443 00:47:49,630 --> 00:47:57,880 Finally, I just want to mention about these yoga knees that Haresh Wallace has kind of collated all of these different lists of these 64 yoga knees. 444 00:47:58,150 --> 00:48:04,210 And one of the things he's shown is that even though the number 64 is quite stereotypical when it comes to yoga knees, 445 00:48:04,810 --> 00:48:10,480 these names do not correspond to other lists of 64 yoga knees that are associated with a 446 00:48:10,480 --> 00:48:14,950 lot of the yogini temples that start flourishing in the 11th centuries and afterwards. 447 00:48:15,250 --> 00:48:23,480 And so. We potentially have a list of non-typical names of female adepts from Colavita. 448 00:48:23,630 --> 00:48:29,780 Cremation ground. I say that with a pinch of salt, but it's an interesting thing to consider. 449 00:48:32,970 --> 00:48:37,380 The David Punch article does not describe the 64 yojanas, 450 00:48:37,560 --> 00:48:46,350 but it gives a list of cities that are central to the lineage and worshipped within the mandala, and this is in chapter five of the debut punch. 451 00:48:46,800 --> 00:48:54,990 It corresponds to chapter 29 of the Tantra Loca. We get this really important list which is recapitulated in many countless sources afterwards. 452 00:48:55,410 --> 00:49:01,020 Uh, for Uganda for different masters of the for ages. 453 00:49:01,560 --> 00:49:06,750 Uh, Kendra, Nathan the Jamba Quarterman, Nathan Mangalam bar nation of the Incomer. 454 00:49:06,750 --> 00:49:11,880 Mangalore and mean Ananda and Concannon bar mean Ananda is mentioned Ananda famously. 455 00:49:12,090 --> 00:49:17,160 Chandra. Nathan. Um. They have 12 sons, six are celibate and six are non celibate. 456 00:49:17,880 --> 00:49:22,560 And they're all kind of included within the mandala of this early tradition. 457 00:49:24,460 --> 00:49:29,200 After that, the debut punch of shelter. God gives another list of cities and their consorts. 458 00:49:29,860 --> 00:49:33,729 This list is quite important for us. This Korean and Indian, a deep, deep Indian. 459 00:49:33,730 --> 00:49:36,750 And then Radha shut down. And then Mohan and Shivan under. 460 00:49:36,760 --> 00:49:41,620 And somehow. Tantra local refers to this obliquely with this verse, 461 00:49:41,620 --> 00:49:48,310 that there are other gurus and their wives that are taught in the Srimad Kaleka Kola, our Srimad Kali cooler, 462 00:49:48,760 --> 00:49:53,200 referring to the David Bunch of shuttlecock and Shivan under, 463 00:49:53,200 --> 00:50:02,499 is the name that's most important for us because it's an alias of Giana Nidra and Ghana, as I mentioned, flourished from 850 to 900. 464 00:50:02,500 --> 00:50:06,550 We have one text by him the Kaleka Astra and. 465 00:50:07,880 --> 00:50:16,040 Um. He has an alias, which is Siobhan. Under, uh, Sanderson gives a number of examples of where he's described the Siobhan under. 466 00:50:16,310 --> 00:50:22,610 And so we have a name of a historical identifiable group within a scriptural list of CID. 467 00:50:22,620 --> 00:50:31,659 Those. Miscreant under is also important in the early Croma, and also in later texts affiliated with the chroma. 468 00:50:31,660 --> 00:50:40,750 Just to go back here, his two generations before Shivan under his less clearly identifiable as a historical author. 469 00:50:41,080 --> 00:50:44,530 But we had this early cougar work, a very important text. 470 00:50:44,530 --> 00:50:48,879 The tensioning methods are so much a it actually gives a revelation narrative 471 00:50:48,880 --> 00:50:54,280 of how necessary Ananda taught the Kali cook from a teaching to Vidya Ananda. 472 00:50:54,850 --> 00:51:03,400 And there's two text embedded in the seventh chapter of the Cheney, um, that are kind of go with this revelation narrative. 473 00:51:03,730 --> 00:51:08,110 And we have the Calico Chroma. She look at one that she cut in the calico chrome up. 474 00:51:08,110 --> 00:51:11,650 And this is a really important, uh, lineage. 475 00:51:11,890 --> 00:51:15,250 And one thing that's important about it is that it's not located in the DNA. 476 00:51:16,060 --> 00:51:21,820 It's identified instead with the one of the famous pitas, Sri Shalom. 477 00:51:22,910 --> 00:51:31,490 Uh, which is in Andhra Pradesh. And so we have another kind of lineage and seat of the goddess, 478 00:51:31,700 --> 00:51:38,299 where an important early lineage of the chroma emanates in terms of other sources related to Michigan. 479 00:51:38,300 --> 00:51:45,320 And there's a lot of achievements in sutra texts, these oral teaching texts related to katana that mention him, importantly, 480 00:51:45,320 --> 00:51:50,120 that you mustn't get the percussion where there's a fascinating narrative of his, uh, 481 00:51:50,120 --> 00:51:56,570 reception of the teachings from a sit in outer and then his kind of elucidation of those teachings. 482 00:51:57,200 --> 00:52:02,509 Um, there's the colour sutras in both these texts in Korean, and it's interesting. 483 00:52:02,510 --> 00:52:06,050 They identified it with their bosses, the great irascible sage. 484 00:52:06,410 --> 00:52:13,790 And then the Bottle Ananda Sutra doesn't mention him, but mentions about to another who may be a reference to, um, metadata. 485 00:52:14,210 --> 00:52:16,520 Who's found in the colour superdense. 486 00:52:18,280 --> 00:52:26,860 But if we look at Shivan under in Anitra, we have this extraordinary lineage that flourishes in Kashmir for many, many centuries. 487 00:52:27,790 --> 00:52:31,180 There's unanimity, uh, unanimity. 488 00:52:31,420 --> 00:52:38,620 Um, there's a unanimous conclusion across all of the texts in this lineage that Gyanendra received, 489 00:52:38,980 --> 00:52:48,070 the kaleka chroma or the chroma revelation from Mangala in Cairo, bitter cremation ground in Indiana and the northern pita. 490 00:52:48,700 --> 00:52:56,040 And. Interestingly, uh, again, Anitra and his colleague Castro ends it with these two verses. 491 00:52:56,730 --> 00:53:03,540 And the very way I witness or I perceive, the transcendent nature of the goddess and the great cremation ground. 492 00:53:03,990 --> 00:53:09,300 May this entire universe be seen in that way through your grace or mother. 493 00:53:09,630 --> 00:53:14,580 Thus, the praise of the nature of the goddess Kaleka has been set forth by me, Shiva, 494 00:53:15,330 --> 00:53:22,830 or by me who is, and one with Shiva under the influence of the state of perfect immersion in it. 495 00:53:23,250 --> 00:53:28,140 May it be a true blessing for all who are in fact me, O goddess named Mangala. 496 00:53:28,530 --> 00:53:31,500 So here we have this important reference to Maha Sharma shining. 497 00:53:31,800 --> 00:53:38,940 So what I want to do now, really briefly, is try to date the baby genetica hypothetically. 498 00:53:38,940 --> 00:53:44,490 And that is. I'm not on really firm ground here, but there's a lot of extraordinary evidence just worth kind of synthesising. 499 00:53:45,240 --> 00:53:55,400 Um, Yan Anitra has a firm date. Um, and the colleague has throw that he wrote synonyms, chose one place where it clearly echoes the colleague. 500 00:53:55,560 --> 00:53:59,040 Uh, the debut punch of one of the principal crime scriptures. 501 00:53:59,610 --> 00:54:09,030 Um, in addition to that, the colleague has stood the draws for a couple of things on the David Punches protocol and on the chroma, said Bava. 502 00:54:09,720 --> 00:54:10,980 On the chroma, said Bava. 503 00:54:10,980 --> 00:54:19,380 He draws on this idea of the Vrinda Chakra, which are the 64 yoga knees plus one who is their leader, who is Kali or Mangala? 504 00:54:20,010 --> 00:54:26,430 And from the debut punch of Show Taka, it draws on the worship of 13 colleagues. 505 00:54:27,060 --> 00:54:31,410 The Christmas above is different that it worships 17 colleagues in that same figures. 506 00:54:31,590 --> 00:54:36,610 So there's textual evidence that these two texts are earlier then. 507 00:54:36,630 --> 00:54:44,760 Yeah. And Anita, which would make them ninth century. Um, we know that at least 10th century because as I mentioned, I've never go to sites. 508 00:54:44,970 --> 00:54:49,940 Um, the text, one of the really interesting citations is in chapter 35 of the Tantra halacha. 509 00:54:50,190 --> 00:54:53,100 So we know it's at least 10th century. Um. 510 00:54:54,250 --> 00:55:00,520 But then we have the colophon to both the principal scriptures which claim to be revealed by a certain Sri Natha. 511 00:55:01,120 --> 00:55:06,880 So these texts are said to be revealed of authority by Sri Nanda, who is Srinath. 512 00:55:07,360 --> 00:55:10,600 Sanderson proposes that it might actually be given Anitra. 513 00:55:10,930 --> 00:55:15,399 And this is because in the tantra look of Yuvika, I've been able. 514 00:55:15,400 --> 00:55:18,840 Gupta's commentator describes him as an avatar ka sita. 515 00:55:19,450 --> 00:55:28,450 And we do have one scripture, the unique cover that said that places itself inside of you to smash Asana and Oceana, 516 00:55:28,870 --> 00:55:31,899 and says that it's been brought to light on Earth. 517 00:55:31,900 --> 00:55:35,260 Boutella some Prakash Itum by Jaan Anitra. 518 00:55:36,220 --> 00:55:47,020 So if he is an avatar of this scripture, at least one part of it, then maybe he is the Sri Natha who revealed or redacted these other scriptures. 519 00:55:47,410 --> 00:55:49,930 There's some additional evidence that might make this compelling. 520 00:55:50,650 --> 00:56:02,620 One is that, um, the unique cover up has the same list of sitters as the David Bunch of Shanika, and it has the same mangala as I mentioned. 521 00:56:02,860 --> 00:56:06,200 And the end of the text parallels the end of the debut punch of shut. 522 00:56:06,940 --> 00:56:11,200 There is a series of verses. It's probably like seven verses that are parallel. 523 00:56:11,500 --> 00:56:21,549 I haven't done it, uh, like an an a large analysis of their relationship, but that's, um, some evidence that Sri not may in fact be given. 524 00:56:21,550 --> 00:56:29,800 Anitra. So we can confidently say these two principal scriptures were before 850 to 900 or sometime at that time, 525 00:56:30,490 --> 00:56:34,180 um Madhav let me Chunni did a Nepali edition, 526 00:56:34,180 --> 00:56:42,010 uh, sorry, a critical edition and a Nepali translation recently of the debut punch of Satoko, which is an incredible contribution. 527 00:56:42,700 --> 00:56:45,700 And he surmises that since. 528 00:56:46,770 --> 00:56:51,390 Shivan Nanda is mentioned as one of the sisters and the debut punch of Shotokan. 529 00:56:52,170 --> 00:57:00,150 It's most likely that the doctor underneath there would not mention himself, and so he thinks that it must be a little later than Janani. 530 00:57:00,510 --> 00:57:03,900 But anyways, it's a pretty small time range. 531 00:57:04,870 --> 00:57:09,370 Uh, the only cover is composite. As Sanderson notes, there's another lineage and another teaching. 532 00:57:09,370 --> 00:57:17,649 That's a chroma. It comes from Vera SIM housewarming. Another name from Mangalore to Rueben and, uh, a yogini, and then to a sister named Ogun. 533 00:57:17,650 --> 00:57:28,000 And. Okay, very briefly, to conclude, I just want to look at a few comparative passages with these Vajrayana texts from this region. 534 00:57:28,390 --> 00:57:33,880 One is that. Across these texts, we have what we might call the trans racial orientation. 535 00:57:33,900 --> 00:57:41,390 It doesn't mean that there aren't references to rituals, ascetic observances, and, um, worshipping with mandalas. 536 00:57:41,400 --> 00:57:42,870 There are those elements. 537 00:57:42,870 --> 00:57:50,850 But for the most part, there's this common theme, you could say a late motif across these texts of going beyond outer ritual. 538 00:57:51,270 --> 00:57:58,139 We see this in the city of Lakshmi in Cairo, with parallels on the Greek city of Padma Vajra, um, 539 00:57:58,140 --> 00:58:07,980 where we have basically this idea, then this sadhana, the supreme sadhana is Veena without any reference to, uh, ritual location, 540 00:58:07,980 --> 00:58:19,889 to ritual times, to lunar phases or the lunar calendar, to different, um, use of mandalas, uh, to fasting, to actual utara, 541 00:58:19,890 --> 00:58:27,750 to the kind of upward recitation of mantras, even to forms of meditation, uh, and to numerous different restrictions. 542 00:58:28,170 --> 00:58:34,260 Um, anyways, so we have a number of things that this teaching has seemed to be beyond, 543 00:58:34,770 --> 00:58:39,749 um, and then this really interesting thing with the actions of body, 544 00:58:39,750 --> 00:58:48,300 speech or mind, one should not build charges or other edifices made of stone or clay, take delight in a book, or create mandalas. 545 00:58:48,570 --> 00:58:54,570 Even in a dream we see this, um, more of this theme. 546 00:58:54,570 --> 00:59:01,950 I didn't have time to translate these, but here's another set of passages for you all to take note of and check out, the Croma said. 547 00:59:01,950 --> 00:59:09,359 Baba echoes this extraordinarily when the goddess gives the teaching, uh, actually, when buyer of a ask for it, 548 00:59:09,360 --> 00:59:15,000 he says, teach me that secret, supreme secret, incomprehensible by reason, guileless. 549 00:59:15,210 --> 00:59:19,080 Um, the teaching that is free of considerations of lunar calendar. 550 00:59:19,290 --> 00:59:26,699 The propitious hour, free of considerations of place, time beyond the conventions of ritual sites, alignments of constellations, 551 00:59:26,700 --> 00:59:29,340 planets devoid of murals and mandalas, 552 00:59:29,580 --> 00:59:37,709 beyond the use of coloured powders to make mandalas free of the need to invoke deities into the mandalas without vows. 553 00:59:37,710 --> 00:59:41,640 Post initiatory observances A lot of this language is really parallel. 554 00:59:41,640 --> 00:59:49,410 We have a lot of the same terms dasha, kala nakshatra, Dhana mudra, mandala, etc. 555 00:59:50,710 --> 00:59:54,010 There's another fascinating thing that I don't have time to explore now, 556 00:59:54,010 --> 01:00:01,470 but both of these texts have extraordinary narratives of sitters and yoga knees as mediators of revelation. 557 01:00:01,480 --> 01:00:07,480 That's something I explore my dissertation. Um, another feature is the doctrine of non-duality. 558 01:00:07,930 --> 01:00:10,600 The Davey punches that the shadow kind of comes at Baba, 559 01:00:10,600 --> 01:00:17,330 are some of the earliest shock to scriptural sources to be explicitly non-dual in their outlook. 560 01:00:17,350 --> 01:00:23,470 They teach this kind of dynamism of conscious non-dual consciousness as their basic cosmology, 561 01:00:23,860 --> 01:00:27,669 and a number of sources from both texts are synthesised. 562 01:00:27,670 --> 01:00:31,600 In Udit Talks article Non Dualism An Early Shock to Touches. 563 01:00:31,870 --> 01:00:39,250 And she describes a kind of progression of the emergence of the doctrine of non-duality with an early shock to traditions. 564 01:00:40,300 --> 01:00:45,580 Um, we see this across the on the sources associated with Vedanta as well. 565 01:00:46,180 --> 01:00:49,280 Um. I'm not going to reference them now. 566 01:00:49,280 --> 01:00:54,000 I just want to show one more thing, which is really fun. This is really interesting critique of intellectual study. 567 01:00:54,020 --> 01:00:59,270 I don't think I've been of a group that would dig it, or maybe some more scholastic Vajrayana scholars. 568 01:00:59,780 --> 01:01:05,930 Um, the Croma said, Baba teaches, you know, teach me the secret that is up to takum incomprehensible by reason. 569 01:01:06,380 --> 01:01:10,200 The Swapo, the city by Abhinav Gupta's guru. Says. 570 01:01:10,200 --> 01:01:17,790 What can the perplexities of roaming through technical knowledge systems accomplish for one who abides in the self continuously in all states? 571 01:01:18,240 --> 01:01:24,120 This repeated wonder, she says, the goddesses of the cremation ground called cut of Utica, are supreme. 572 01:01:24,420 --> 01:01:28,170 They dispelled the networks of concepts belonging to philosophical doctrines. 573 01:01:29,330 --> 01:01:35,270 We see the same thing in the city of Indra, but the one who has gained wisdom should not give a teaching from a book. 574 01:01:35,540 --> 01:01:39,950 And the adversity and the good Cassidy do not delight in a book. 575 01:01:40,980 --> 01:01:47,100 Not only this, I've been of a group did not agree with that, I think. I don't agree with that, but, uh, there you have it. 576 01:01:47,640 --> 01:01:54,120 Um, I'm going to skip this and go straight to my conclusion, but I just briefly tell you what it is. 577 01:01:54,660 --> 01:01:59,940 There's evidence of, uh, kind of two directions of influence between the Corpuses, 578 01:02:00,300 --> 01:02:04,950 the Buddhist, and the chapter on the Buddhist side in the Google City, 579 01:02:05,190 --> 01:02:14,280 there's this extraordinary passage where, um, an adept and advanced practitioner does an unmatched right, the kind of madman observance. 580 01:02:15,230 --> 01:02:21,530 And what they do is they enter a share of a community, a low cash tribe, a community. 581 01:02:22,280 --> 01:02:31,530 They dress up like a Shabbat ascetic. They with all of the different accoutrements for the tiger skin, with various ornaments or bone ornaments, 582 01:02:31,530 --> 01:02:37,620 with the drum around the drum associated with Shiva, adorned with fragments of bone. 583 01:02:38,550 --> 01:02:49,770 And they. Teach that community uh, tantric teachings from to share the text, the calacara and the dishwasher. 584 01:02:50,190 --> 01:02:57,260 So a clear reference that whoever's doing this observance, you know, in Indiana, is clearly versed in private tantra. 585 01:02:57,270 --> 01:03:05,220 But not only that, do they do that they actually initiate the community, uh, in the mandalas of those systems in order to gain their trust. 586 01:03:05,490 --> 01:03:08,340 And then they take one of their daughters as a consort. 587 01:03:09,210 --> 01:03:17,550 It's just an extraordinary piece of evidence that clearly there's shared knowledge between these esoteric traditions. 588 01:03:18,240 --> 01:03:27,930 And then on the chroma side, there's a lot of language in the city texts, which is pretty clearly the source for language in the common texts. 589 01:03:28,320 --> 01:03:38,490 Um, the chroma sources, both the scriptural and all later ones, continually talk about going beyond set and assert existence and non-existence. 590 01:03:38,490 --> 01:03:44,760 And we find this teaching not only in the city texts of the Buddhist corpus, but also in many other earlier Buddhist sources. 591 01:03:45,180 --> 01:03:47,790 Sanderson also mentions the chroma is unique, 592 01:03:48,000 --> 01:03:58,440 and that it frequently uses the term near swappable or free of inherent nature that is completely unique within Shiva and to literature. 593 01:03:58,980 --> 01:04:08,410 Um, there's other terminological things that Goddess Kali is often described as maha union or union, the union beyond the Shona. 594 01:04:08,730 --> 01:04:16,950 So you clearly have the influence, or maybe the kind of influx of certain Buddhist concepts that are influencing the chroma. 595 01:04:17,640 --> 01:04:21,630 Okay. Thank you for your patience. Here are my conclusions. 596 01:04:22,470 --> 01:04:28,379 Um, first of all, there is an early reference to Diana before these chroma scriptures. 597 01:04:28,380 --> 01:04:33,270 It's found in the Tantra set bhava. I discovered it recently, and I thought it was a great discovery, 598 01:04:33,270 --> 01:04:40,930 only to realise that it's there in Martin Scorsese's introduction to the Montana power of a Tantra, in an obscure footnote. 599 01:04:40,950 --> 01:04:50,190 So thank you, Mark G. Um. Oriana plays a vital role in the Object Hunters and in the post scriptural literature of Sri Vidya. 600 01:04:50,610 --> 01:04:55,380 This is something I'm just noting, but I don't have time to go into it because I focussed on the chroma. 601 01:04:56,070 --> 01:04:59,010 However, of all of the early shot, the traditions. 602 01:05:00,330 --> 01:05:06,900 It's the principal scriptures of the crema which identify themselves as being revealed in kind, a vertical cremation ground. 603 01:05:07,170 --> 01:05:13,410 These are the best candidates for a shave, a shock to tradition with historical connection to the Swat Valley. 604 01:05:13,890 --> 01:05:18,570 This is further bolstered by a deep consensus across many chroma sources that 605 01:05:18,570 --> 01:05:22,890 John Anitra in the ninth century received the chroma there from Mangalore, 606 01:05:23,790 --> 01:05:29,730 as if you remember going all the way back to the beginning, we have Mangalore or Mangalore Bar or Mangala Pura. 607 01:05:30,030 --> 01:05:35,910 The image of the goddess Mangalore there that scene in the 13th century by origin Pan um. 608 01:05:36,240 --> 01:05:42,780 Further proof is found in the description of gun Anitra as the revealer of the unique cover and cut of view to Indiana. 609 01:05:43,260 --> 01:05:48,989 The relationship between Swat Valley and Kashmir was clearly political and also religious. 610 01:05:48,990 --> 01:05:57,690 In the ninth and 10th centuries, there were marital and military alliances, a shared script and shaheed temples with Kashmir and influence. 611 01:05:57,690 --> 01:06:04,050 During this time period. The inscription L record also shows evidence of the Shah's patronising shave and temples. 612 01:06:04,470 --> 01:06:14,880 There's a significant, finally, a significant body of textual evidence awaiting further comparative study from the ninth 10th century, 613 01:06:15,030 --> 01:06:19,410 which I've dubbed the Textual Corpus of Oceana. 614 01:06:19,860 --> 01:06:28,170 A final note why do we not find a lot of material evidence for these actual traditions, its esoteric traditions that flourish there? 615 01:06:28,590 --> 01:06:34,620 I think the verse from the advisor city of Lakshmi Kara is really instructive here. 616 01:06:35,250 --> 01:06:43,560 It says, you know, do not build ideas, do not build images made of clay or stone. 617 01:06:43,770 --> 01:06:49,499 These are traditions. And you see this also in the chroma that are not focussed on the worship in temples. 618 01:06:49,500 --> 01:06:51,690 They're not focussed on the worship of images. 619 01:06:52,020 --> 01:07:00,210 In fact, the body itself becomes the mandala, the source and the kind of a locus of worshipping all the deities. 620 01:07:01,480 --> 01:07:03,250 So thank you so much.